Advance Chemistry Q4 M1

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4
Advanced Chemistry
Quarter 4 – Module 1
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Standard Reduction Potential
(STE Elective)
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Advanced Chemistry – Grade 10
Alternative Delivery Mode
Fourth Quarter- Module 1: Standard Reduction Potential
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Published by the Department of Education
Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
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Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio
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Development Team of the Module
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Editor/s: Imelda V. Canoy (Content), Angel Ruth B. Moran (Language)
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WHAT I NEED TO KNOW
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Good day dear learner!
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This module is solely prepared for you to access and to acquire lessons befitted
in your grade level. The exercises, drills and assessments are carefully made to suit
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your level of understanding. Indeed, this learning resource is for you to fully comprehend
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how to predict redox reactions, given the standard potentials of half-cell reactions.
Independently, you are going to go through this module following its proper sequence.
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Although you are going to do it alone, this is a guided lesson and instructions/directions
on how to do every activity is plotted for your convenience.
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Using this learning resource, you are ought to how to predict redox reactions,
given the standard potentials of half-cell reactions.
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At the end of this module, you are expected to achieve the following objectives:
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1. Evaluate the standard reduction potential of cell;

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2. calculate standard potential using the standard reduction potential table;

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3. show appreciation of the importance of standard reduction potential in
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identifying substances that can be used to supply electrolyte in cells.

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WHAT I KNOW
PRE-ASSESSMENT
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Direction: Read the questions carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the
chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
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1. This is the electrode where the electrons enter the solution in an electrolytic cell;
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what chemical change occurs at this electrode?
a. anode; oxidation
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b. cathode; oxidation
c. anode; reduction
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d. cathode; reduction
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2. All of the following are correct, EXCEPT ____________.
a. at the anode is where oxidation occurs
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b. at the cathode is where reduction occurs
c. the transfer of electrons is involved in all electrochemical reactions.
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d. to initiate nonspontaneous chemical reactions, all voltaic cells involve the

use of electricity.
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3. Which of the following half-reaction occurs at the anode during the electrolysis of
molten sodium bromide?
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a. Na → Na+ + e-
b. Na+ + e- → Na
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c. Br2 + 2e- → 2Br-

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d. 2Br- → Br2 + 2e-

4. Which of the following is the strongest oxidizing agent?
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a. Ag+
b. Pb2+
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c. Pb
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d. I2
5. Which of the following reaction is spontaneous at standard conditions?
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a. 2H2O → 2H2 + O2
b. 2Fe3+ + Fe → 3Fe2+
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c. 2Cl- + Br2 → Cl2 + 2Br-

d. 2Br- + Sn4+ → Sn2+ + Br2
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WHAT’S IN
Oxidation reduction reaction, also referred to as redox reaction, is the basis of
any technology that involves the conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy and
vice versa. Redox is also the basic reaction involved in the two most important life-
sustaining processes – respiration and photosynthesis. In the living cell, oxidation of
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glucose provides the body with much-needed energy. Other important natural
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processes such as decay and burning of fuel are also redox reactions. Knowing that
changes like decomposition, corrosion, or tarnishing of metals are redox reactions that
enable us to keep these reactions under control. Agents of oxidation such as chlorine
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and ozone have been used to destroy microorganisms in water, while hypochlorite and
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peroxides serve as bleaching agents. The breath analyzer instrument used to check if
a driver is intoxicated also involves redox reaction.
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In the previous lesson, you learned that oxidation and reduction reactions always
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occur simultaneously. This means that if one substance is oxidized, another substance
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must be reduced. Combination between any substance and oxygen has since been
described as an oxidation process. By the turn of the 20th century, it was noted that the
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oxidation process always seemed to involve loss of electrons. Consequently, the
accompanying process which involves gaining of electrons is called reduction. Hence,
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redox is viewed as a reaction involving the transfer of electrons from the atom that is
oxidized to the atom that is reduced. An example that clearly shows that the electron
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transfer takes place is the reaction where Zn gives up 2e- and becomes Zn2+ and in
turn, Cu2+ is converted to Cu0 upon gaining 2e-. Although reduction and oxidation take
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place simultaneously, it is often convenient to consider them as separate processes and

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can be represented as two half-reactions. Hence, this redox reaction may be written as:
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Oxidation: Zn0 → Zn2+ + 2e-

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Reduction: Cu2+ + 2e- → Cu0

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Later studies showed, however, that oxidation reduction reactions do not always
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involve loss or gain of electrons, like, for example, the combustion of hydrogen.
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H2 + O2 → H2O
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In this particular reaction, since H2O is not an ionic substance, complete transfer
of electron does not really occur, yet H2 has been oxidized and oxygen reduced. This
gives rise to a new concept which extends the definition of oxidation and reduction to
reactions where electrons are not actually lost or gained. This is called the oxidation
number concept, which defines oxidation as a reaction wherein an atom or ion
undergoes an increase in oxidation number while reduction is a reaction wherein an
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atom or ion undergoes a decrease in oxidation number. Furthermore, the substance
that makes it possible for another substance to be oxidized is called the oxidizing agent
or oxidant. The oxidizing agent acquires the electrons from another substance, causing
it to be reduced. On the other hand, the reducing agent or reductant is oxidized in the
process by giving up its electrons to the substance it will reduce.
Oxidation number is a concept that helps in determining quickly whether the
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substance is undergoing oxidation or reduction. Other terms used to refer oxidation
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number is valence or oxidation state. Oxidation state is the electrical charge assigned
to an atom according to a prescribed set of rules.
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Try This!
A. Directions: Assign the oxidation number of the underlined elements.
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1. N2
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2. Al2(SO4)3
3. NaBiO3
4. NH4+1
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5. HCO3-1
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B. Directions: Write the balanced reaction for the following half-reactions. Specify
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whether it is an oxidation or reduction reaction.

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1. Cr(s) → Cr3+(aq) (acid medium)

2. NO3 (aq) → NO(g) (acid medium)
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3. H2O2(aq) → O2(g) (acid medium)

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WHAT’S NEW
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There are two ways of balancing oxidation reduction reactions. The first method is based
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on the change in oxidation number while the second method is based on the ion-electron
method.
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A. Balancing by oxidation number method

Step 1: Assign oxidation numbers of the elements in the chemical equation.
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Step 2: Determine which elements undergo changes in oxidation state.

Step 3: Determine the total increase and decrease in oxidation number or total number
of electrons lost and gained.
Step 4: Equalize the increase and decrease in oxidation number or total electrons lost
and gained by figuring out the proper multiplier which will become the new coefficients
in the chemical equation.
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Step 5: Finish balancing by counting the number of atoms of each element then
adjusting the coefficients until the same number of atoms are found on both sides of the
equation.
B. Balancing by ion-electron method

Step 1: Write a partial skeleton ionic equation that includes reactants and products
undergoing changes in oxidation state.
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Step 2: Divide the equation into two half-reactions, one for oxidation and the other for
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reduction.
Step 3: Balance each half-reaction atomically.
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Step 4: Balance the charges by adding electrons to the side with the greater total
positive charge. Then, multiply each half-reaction by the lowest possible integer so that
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the number of electrons lost in one half reaction equals the number of electrons gained
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in the other half.
Step 5: Add the two half-reactions algebraically and simplify whenever possible by
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canceling species that appear on both sides of the equation if the reaction takes place
in acid medium. But an additional step has to be carried out when the given reaction
takes place in a basic medium, H+1 should not appear in the final equation.
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Step 6: For basic medium, remove H+1 by using the equation H2O → H+1 + OH-, or the
reverse reaction, then add the 2 equations algebraically. Another technique in balancing
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redox reactions that occur in basic medium is to add OH- to the side deficient in oxygen
and add H2O to the side deficient in hydrogen.
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WHAT IS IT
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To make comparisons as easy as possible when we finally construct a table, we

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will write all half-reactions in the same pattern, just as we wrote acid equilibria in the
same pattern. The pattern shows electrons as reactants in the forward reaction. Thus,
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the forward reactions will be reduction. Each such half-reaction has a reduction
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potential, the potential, relative to the reference, for one of its chemical species to be
reduced. A high positive value for a reduction potential will thus mean a half-reaction
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with some chemical that readily consumes electrons because it is prone to being
reduced. Half-reactions like this will have the more positive numbers in the table. Half-
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reactions with chemicals that easily give up electrons (because they are easily oxidized)
will have lower reduction potentials and many will have negative values in the table.
The reference half-reaction against which all others are rated is the following
equilibrium.
2H+(aq) + 2e- H2(g)
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Notice that it conforms to the pattern; the forward reaction is a reduction and
electrons are shown as reactants. When the solution is exactly 1M in H+, the
temperature is 25°C, and the pressure of the H2 is exactly 1 atm, the reduction potential
for equilibrium 10.1 is defined as 0.00 volt. Any reduction potential that corresponds to
these arbitrary but standard conditions – concentrations of all chemical species of 1M,
a temperature of 25°C, and pressures of any gaseous species at 1 atm – is called a
standard reduction potential, E°.
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As we indicated, the unit for a reduction potential is the volt, V, the SI unit for
electrical potential. The symbol for reduction potential is E except when it refers to a
standard reduction potential, when E° is used. The volt is to flow of electrons in a
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conductor roughly what pressure is to the flow of water in a conduit. We can think of the
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volt as the force that pushes an electrical current through a wire. This force, to
distinguish it from other forces, is called the electromotive force, or the emf, of the
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electrical system.
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Table 1: Standard Reduction Potentials at 25°C (298 K) for Many Common Half-Reactions
Source: https://i.stack.imgur.com/shJUZ.png
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The table from page 6 gives the standard reduction potentials for several
common half-reactions. Those with positive E° values all have greater tendencies to run
as reductions than does the reference 2H +/H2 half-reaction. We already know, for
example, that Cl2 has a strong tendency to change to Cl- ions, which is a reduction. The
half-reaction is:
Cl2(g) + 2e- 2Cl-(aq) E° = +1.36 V
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For this half-reaction, E° = +1.36 V. From chemical knowledge, we know that
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fluorine (also in group VIIA) has an even more powerful tendency than chlorine to
change to its negative ion, F-, and be reduced. So, its reduction potential should have a
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higher positive number than that of chlorine, and it does.
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F2(g) + 2e- 2F-(aq) E° = +2.87 V
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Recall that F2 is the most reactive of all elements and always gets an oxidation
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number of -1. It is also the most electronegative element. No wonder that the reduction
half-reaction for F2 has the highest, most positive reduction potential of all, E° = +2.87
V. Thus, the reduction potentials parallel, as they must, our knowledge of which systems
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are relatively easily reduced.
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The half-reactions in the table above with negative E° values are less able to run
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as reductions than the 2H+/H2 half-reaction. They are, in fact, more prone to run as
oxidations—that is, as the reverse of the half-reactions shown in the table. For example,
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we already know that sodium metal, like all group IA elements, has a powerful tendency
to lose electrons—an oxidation—and change to sodium ions. The equation for the half-
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reaction representing this strong tendency for Na to be oxidized to Na+ has to be shown
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with the electron as a product:

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Na(s) → Na+(aq) + e- E° = +2.71 V
This equation is opposite to the way it is given in the table. Thus, the E° value for
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the half-reaction involving Na given in the table has a negative sign, -2.71 V. The high
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negative value tells us that the reaction, as written in the table, has little tendency to be
spontaneous.
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Standard Reduction Potentials Enable Us to Predict Redox Reactions

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We can now use the tabulated half-reactions to predict whether a given

combination of such reactions, one a reduction as written and one an oxidation and so
written in reverse, can make up a full redox reaction that proceeds spontaneously. There
is a pattern to the way half-reactions cooperate in all spontaneous redox reactions. Let’s
first summarize it and then show how it works.
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Rule for Combining Reduction Half-Reactions. When two reduction half-
reactions are combined into a full redox reaction, the one with the more positive
E° always runs as written, as a reduction, and it forces the other, with the less
positive E°, to run in reverse, as an oxidation.
To illustrate, suppose we came for the first time to the question, “Will sodium
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reacts with chlorine?” Standard reduction potentials of half-reactions can be used to
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answer a question like this. Let’s take relevant data from the table of standard reduction
potential. The product, NaCl, will be shown not as a solid, NaCl(s), but in solution as
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separated, hydrated ions, because the data are presented this way.
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Na+(aq) + e- Na(s) E° = -2.71 V
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Cl2(g) + 2e- 2Cl-(aq) E° = +1.36 V
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The E° for the reaction of chlorine is more positive than the E° for the reaction of
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sodium. This tells us that the reaction involving chlorine will proceed as written, as a
reduction, and that the reaction involving sodium is forced to proceed in the opposite
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direction, as an oxidation. So, let’s rewrite the two half-reactions to reflect these facts.
We have to reverse the reaction for sodium. (We will now use only a forward arrow, not
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equilibrium arrows. We have already learned how powerfully this reaction proceeds.)
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Na(s) Na+(aq) + e- (oxidation)

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Cl2(g) + 2e- 2Cl-(aq) (reduction)

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To get the net reaction, we multiply the coefficients of the first half-reaction by 2.
Then the electrons can cancel as we add the two.
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2Na(s) → 2Na+(aq) + 2e-

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Cl2(g) + 2e- → 2Cl-(aq)

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Sum: 2Na(s) + Cl2(g) → 2Na+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)

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This is the equation for the reaction we would predict, using the standard
reduction potentials, between sodium and chloride. We would not predict that Na + and
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Cl- ions would spontaneously combine to give sodium metal and chlorine gas.
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Sample Problem 1
Predict what will happen if both lead and silver are placed in contact with a
solution that contains both Cu2+ and Ag+ ions.
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Analysis
If anything happens, it will be a redox reaction because we are obviously seeing

these two elements in two different oxidation states. So, we can go to the table provided
for help. The relevant half-reactions from the table are:
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Cu2+(aq) + 2e- Cu(s) E°= +0.34 V
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Ag+(aq) + e- Ag(s) E°= +0.80 V
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The Ag+/Ag system has the more positive reduction potential, so it will run as
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written, as a reduction. It will force the Cu2+/Cu system to run in reverse, as an oxidation.
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Solution
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To balance the two half-reactions so that the electrons cancel as we add the two
equations, we have to multiply the Ag+/Ag half-reaction by 2. When the redox reaction
occurs, the two half-reactions will be:
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2Ag+(aq) + 2e- → 2Ag(s) (reduction)
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Cu(s) → Cu2+(aq) + 2e-
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(oxidation)
2Ag+(aq) + Cu(s) → 2Ag(s) + Cu2+(aq)

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(net reaction)
This is a pretty reaction. A coil of copper wire is immersed into a solution of silver
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nitrate, and crystals of silver metal begin to deposit on the coil as copper atoms change
to ions and go into the solution. Given time, the solution acquires the blue color of the
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newly formed Cu2+(aq) ion.

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A reduction potential is like an elevation stated on a road map. Both represents

a difference from a defined zero value-hydrogen reference half-cell for reduction
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potentials and sea level for elevations.

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The following mnemonics can help you remember the process that occurs at
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each electrode:
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RED CAT — REDuction always occurs at the CAThode
AN OX — OXidation always occurs at the ANode

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This is the relationship between the predicted cell potential and the spontaneity
of the reaction:
1. Spontaneous reaction – A positive value for the cell potential means that the cell
reaction occurs spontaneously.
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2. Reaction at equilibrium – Eventually, the cell potential for an operating cell decreases
to zero.
3. Nonspontaneous reaction – A negative value for the cell potential means that the cell
reaction does not occur spontaneously.
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In summary, the rules for analyzing standard cells can be broken down as
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follows:
1. The cathode is the electrode where the strongest oxidizing agent present in the cell
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reacts. If required, copy the reduction half-reaction for the strongest oxidizing agent and
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its reduction potential.
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2. The anode is the electrode where the strongest reducing agent present in the cell
reacts. If required, copy the oxidation half-reaction for the strongest reducing agent and
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the reduction potential listed on the table.
3. Balance the electrons for the two half-reactions (but do not change the E°) and add
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the half-reaction equations to obtain the overall or net cell reaction.
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4. Calculate the standard cell potential, E°.
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Sample Problem 2
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Consider a galvanic cell based on the reaction:

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Al3+(aq) + Mg(s) → Al(s) + Mg2+(aq)

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The half-reactions are:

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Al3+ + 3e- → Al E° = -1.66 V

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Mg2+ + 2e- → Mg E° = -2.37 V

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Give the balanced cell reaction and calculate E° for the cell.
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Solution:
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The half-reaction involving magnesium must be reversed and since this is the
oxidation process, it is the anode:
Mg → Mg2+ + 2e- -E° (anode) = -(-2.37 V) = 2.37 V
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Also, since the two half-reactions involve different numbers of electrons, they
must be multiplied by integers as follows:
2 (Al3+ + 3e- → Al) E° (cathode) = -1.66 V
3 (Mg → Mg2+ + 2e-) -E° (anode) = 2.37 V
2Al3+(aq) + 3Mg(s) → 2Al(s) + 3Mg2+(aq) E°cell = E° (cathode) - E° (anode)
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= -1.66 V + 2.37 V = 0.71 V
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WHAT’S MORE
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Independent Activity No. 1– Predicting Spontaneous Redox Reactions
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Directions: Read the situation below. Give what is being asked. Show your solution.
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1. If both Cl2 and I2 are present in a solution that contains Cl- and I- ions, what
spontaneous reaction will occur? (The chlorine would have to be bubbled into the
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solution.)
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2. The following is a balanced equation of a redox reaction between copper metal
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and nitric acid. But does it occur?

3Cu(s) +8H+(aq) + 2NO3(aq) → 3Cu2+(aq) + 2NO(aq) + 4H2O
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Independent Activity No. 2 – Calculating E° for the cell

Directions: Read the situation below. Give what is being asked. Show your solution.
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1. A galvanic cell is based on the reaction:

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MnO4-(aq) + H+(aq) + ClO3-(aq) → ClO4-(aq) + Mn2+(aq) + H2O(l)

The half-reactions are
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MnO4- + 5e- + 8H+ → Mn2+ + 4H2O E° = 1.51 V

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ClO4 + 2H + 2e → ClO3 + H2O

+ - - E° = 1.19 V
Give the balanced cell reaction and calculate E° for the cell.
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WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
Directions: Read and answer the following.
Given the following,
Cu2+ + 2e- → Cu +0.34 V
Fe + 2e- → Fe
2+ -0.44 V
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Al + 2e- → Al
3+ -1.66 V
Mg + 2e- → Mg
2+ -2.38 V
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a. Based on the E° values, which metal is the most easily oxidized?
b. Which metal on the list is capable of oxidizing Fe to Fe2+?
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c. Which is the weakest reducing agent?
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d. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction between Al and Cu 2+.
Calculate the E° cell.
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WHAT I CAN DO
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Directions: Read and analyze the following situation. Answer the question that follows.
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Source: https://opentextbc.ca/introductorychemistry/wp-
content/uploads/sites/17/2014/09/Redox-Reaction-With-Voltmeter.png
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One application of redox reactions requires that they be physically separated.

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Even though the two half-reactions are physically separated, a spontaneous redox
reaction still occurs. However, in the image on the left, the electrons transfer through
the wire connecting the two half-reactions; that is, this setup becomes a source of
electricity.
From the situation above, explain how does a light bulb be lit and a motor be
operated.
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ASSESSMENT
Directions: Read the questions carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write
the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
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1. Which reaction represents the anode reaction?
A. Li+ + e− → Li C. Al → Al3+ + 3e−
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B. Li → Li+ + e− D. Al3+ + 3e− → Al
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2. A voltaic cell is based on this reaction: Ni + 2Au+ → Ni2+ + 2Au. If the voltage of the
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cell is 0.33 V, what is the standard reduction potential of the Au+ + e- → Au half-
reaction?
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A. 0.08 V C. 0.28 V
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B. 0.10 V D. 0.30 V
For nos. 3-5, using the Standard Reduction Potential Table, find E° for each of the
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following.
3. 2Al(s) + 3I2(s) → 2Al3+ + 6I1-(aq)
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A. 2.2 V B. 4.0 V C. 5.1 V D. 6.0 V
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4. F2(g) + 2Cl1-(aq) → 2F1-(aq) + Cl2(g)

A. 1.0 V B. 1.51 V C. 2.30 V D. 3.6 V
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5. Sn2+/Sn half-cell and Br2/Br1- half-cell

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A. 0.94 V B. 1.8 V C. 1.94 V D. 2.03 V

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ADDITIONAL ACTIVITY/IES
Directions:
Observe around you. What objects can you see in the environment that makes
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you think of the importance of standard reduction potential. Make a 10-sentence essay
on how useful it is to know the dynamics of standard reduction potential. The following
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rubric will be used in grading your essay.
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Criteria 1-3 4-6 7-8 9-10 Score
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The essay is
The essay poorly The essay is The essay is
focused on topic
Focus/Main addresses the focused on the focused, purposeful,
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and includes few
Point topic and includes topic and includes and reflects clear
loosely related
irrelevant ideas relevant ideas insight and ideas
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ideas
Supports main Supports main Persuasively

Provides little or point with some
m point with supports main point
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Support no support for the underdeveloped developed with well-developed
main point reasons and/or reasons and/or reasons and/or
examples examples examples
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Little or no Some Effectively organizes

Organization organization of organization of Organizes ideas to ideas to build a
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& Format ideas to build an ideas to build an build an argument logical, coherent
argument argument argument
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Effective and creative

Little or no use of
use of elements of
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elements of style Some use of Appropriate use of

style to enhance
elements of style elements of style
Many errors in meaning
Language,
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Use, Style, grammar, spelling, Contains frequent Uses correct

Uses correct
Convention and punctuation, errors in grammar, grammar, spelling,
grammar, spelling,
makes reader’s
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spelling, and punctuation with

punctuation
comprehension punctuation few errors
throughout with very
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difficult
few errors
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Sufficient Distinctive
No Very little experimentation experimentation with
experimentation experimentation with language and language and usage
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nor enhancement to enhance usage to enhance to enhance concepts

Originality of concepts concepts concepts
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Applies higher order

No adherence to Does not exhibit Applies basic thinking and creative
the theme creativity creative skills to skills to relay
relay ideas complex ideas
Adapted from https://www.kpu.ca/sites/default/files/NEVR/High%20School%20Rubrics.pdf
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ANSWER KEYS
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REFERENCES
Published Books
Book/s
Ayson, M. and De Borja, R. “General Chemistry 2 Textbook for Senior High School”.
Vibal Group, Inc. (2016); pp. 184-199
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Hollum, John R. “Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry” 5th
On
edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York. (2013); pp. 300-306
Zumdahl & Zumdahl. “Chemistry: An Atoms First Approach, International Edition”,
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(2012): pp. 803-808
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Web
en
Keeney-Kennicutt, W. (n.d.). Electrochemistry. Retrieved from Chem:
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https://www.chem.tamu.edu/class/fyp/mcquest/ch21.html
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Matthew Bui, W. C. (2020, August 16). Electrochemistry Basics. Retrieved from
Chemistry:
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ve
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_M
odules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Basics_of_Electrochemistry
De
Rubrics for Essay. (n.d.). Retrieved from

he
https://www.kpu.ca/sites/default/files/NEVR/High%20School%20Rubrics.pdf
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Standard Reduction Potentials. (n.d.). Retrieved from latest copy of grade 12 U:

https://grade12uchem.weebly.com/lesson-5-standard-reduction-potentials.html
db
Webster-Incorporated, M. (n.d.). The History of 'Ampersand'. Retrieved from Merriam

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Webster-Incorporated: https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/the-
history-of-ampersand
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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Region VII, Division of Cebu Province
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Office Address: IPHO Bldg., Sudlon, Lahug, Cebu City

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Telefax: (032) 255-6405

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Advance Chemistry Q4 M1

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Advance Chemistry Q4 M1

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10

Writer: Rhea Charisse C. Capus

Reviewer: Clavel D. Salinas

Asst. Schools Division Superintendents:

Anelito A. Bongcawil, EdD CESO VI

Lorenzo M. Dizon, EdD CESO VI

EPS, LRMDS: Isaiash T. Wagas

Printed in the Philippines by:

1. Evaluate the standard reduction potential of cell;

2. calculate standard potential using the standard reduction potential table;

identifying substances that can be used to supply electrolyte in cells.

d. to initiate nonspontaneous chemical reactions, all voltaic cells involve the

c. Br2 + 2e- → 2Br-

d. 2Br- → Br2 + 2e-

c. 2Cl- + Br2 → Cl2 + 2Br-

place simultaneously, it is often convenient to consider them as separate processes and

Oxidation: Zn0 → Zn2+ + 2e-

Reduction: Cu2+ + 2e- → Cu0

Oxidation number is a concept that helps in determining quickly whether the

whether it is an oxidation or reduction reaction.

1. Cr(s) → Cr3+(aq) (acid medium)

3. H2O2(aq) → O2(g) (acid medium)

A. Balancing by oxidation number method

Step 2: Determine which elements undergo changes in oxidation state.

B. Balancing by ion-electron method

To make comparisons as easy as possible when we finally construct a table, we

2H+(aq) + 2e- H2(g)

Cl2(g) + 2e- 2Cl-(aq) E° = +1.36 V

with the electron as a product:

Na(s) → Na+(aq) + e- E° = +2.71 V

Standard Reduction Potentials Enable Us to Predict Redox Reactions

We can now use the tabulated half-reactions to predict whether a given

Na(s) Na+(aq) + e- (oxidation)

Cl2(g) + 2e- 2Cl-(aq) (reduction)

2Na(s) → 2Na+(aq) + 2e-

Cl2(g) + 2e- → 2Cl-(aq)

Sum: 2Na(s) + Cl2(g) → 2Na+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)

If anything happens, it will be a redox reaction because we are obviously seeing

2Ag+(aq) + Cu(s) → 2Ag(s) + Cu2+(aq)

newly formed Cu2+(aq) ion.

A reduction potential is like an elevation stated on a road map. Both represents

potentials and sea level for elevations.

RED CAT — REDuction always occurs at the CAThode

AN OX — OXidation always occurs at the ANode

Consider a galvanic cell based on the reaction:

Al3+(aq) + Mg(s) → Al(s) + Mg2+(aq)

The half-reactions are:

Al3+ + 3e- → Al E° = -1.66 V

Mg2+ + 2e- → Mg E° = -2.37 V

Mg → Mg2+ + 2e- -E° (anode) = -(-2.37 V) = 2.37 V

2 (Al3+ + 3e- → Al) E° (cathode) = -1.66 V

3 (Mg → Mg2+ + 2e-) -E° (anode) = 2.37 V

2Al3+(aq) + 3Mg(s) → 2Al(s) + 3Mg2+(aq) E°cell = E° (cathode) - E° (anode)

and nitric acid. But does it occur?

Independent Activity No. 2 – Calculating E° for the cell

1. A galvanic cell is based on the reaction:

MnO4-(aq) + H+(aq) + ClO3-(aq) → ClO4-(aq) + Mn2+(aq) + H2O(l)

MnO4- + 5e- + 8H+ → Mn2+ + 4H2O E° = 1.51 V

ClO4 + 2H + 2e → ClO3 + H2O

One application of redox reactions requires that they be physically separated.

4. F2(g) + 2Cl1-(aq) → 2F1-(aq) + Cl2(g)

5. Sn2+/Sn half-cell and Br2/Br1- half-cell

A. 0.94 V B. 1.8 V C. 1.94 V D. 2.03 V