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Research II
Quarter 3 – Module 2:
Interpretation of Data
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the process of interpreting data. The scope of this module permits it to be
used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module contains:

● Lesson 1 – Interpretation of Data

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. interpret research data/statistical result;
2. analyze research data; and
3. present interpreted data using power point.

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 Lesson
Interpretation of Data
1
After collecting data, the next step in the research process is data analysis
and interpretation, which precedes reporting of results. Data analysis is a process
that involves examining and investigating collected data for interpretation to discover
relevant information, drawing or proposing conclusions, and supporting decision-
making to solve a research problem (Green, et al., 2007).

What’s In

Recall in your high school mathematics about basic statistical tools and
interpretation of data. Measures of position like percentiles and quartiles give a range
where a certain percentage rage fall. While measures of variability represent the
amount of dispersion in a data set (Frost, 2021) which includes range, interquartile
range, variance and standard deviation. Mean, median and mode are estimate of
typical values which are ways to measure central tendency. Generally, these
parameters are significant in the interpretation of research data.

Column A Column B
1. Mean A. Measure of Central Tendency
2. Deciles B. Measure of Dispersion (Variability)
3. Variance C. Measure of Position
4. Percentiles
5. Standard Deviation
6. Mode
7. Range
8. Quartiles
9. Interquartile range
10. Median

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 What’s New

Read the article below and answer the questions.

Beyond lockdown: Can the Philippines sustain low air-pollution levels?

By: Kristine Sabillo / 20 May 2020

MANILA — On some rainy days, the thick haze would blanket the Philippine capital’s
sprawling metropolis, leaving the city skyline barely visible.

Unfortunately, Filipinos have become used to Metro Manila’s air pollution. So much
so that when air quality improved during the COVID-19 lockdown in March. Many
were surprised to learn that the majestic Sierra Madre mountain range was visible
from the metropolis’ heart.

Photos of clear skies, breathtaking sunsets, and the Sierra Madre as a backdrop
to the sprawling city went viral just a week after the government suspended public
transportation and non-essential businesses to curb the spread of the virus. By
following in the footsteps of other nations battling the COVID-19 pandemic, the
Philippine government inadvertently helped reduce air pollution in Metro Manila.

Cancer-causing pollution

Dr. Mylene Cayetano of the University of the Philippines’ Institute of

Environmental Science and Meteorology (IESM) said that during the first 6 weeks of
the ECQ, fine particulate matter or PM2.5 levels decreased by 40% to 66% compared
to the month of January, based on Airtoday.ph’s monitoring station in Quezon City
in the northern part of Metro Manila.

PM2.5 and PM10 refer to particulate matter that has a diameter of fewer than
2.5 micrometers and 10 micrometers, respectively. They are two kinds of pollutants
that are measured by air monitors. Both have negative health impacts, but PM2.5 is
more dangerous, according to Cayetano, because its small size allows it to reach the
lungs.

PM2.5 has been linked to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. “The

International Agency for Research on Cancer considers PM2.5 a major cause of lung
cancer worldwide,” Cayetano said.

The average PM2.5 levels during the first six weeks of the ECQ saw a 19% to
54% decrease compared to February, explained Cayetano, who is also the technical
adviser of Airtoday.ph, an air monitoring project of the Rotary Club of Makati and
the Lung Center of the Philippines.

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(Access to full article: https://earthjournalism.net/stories/beyond-lockdown-can-
the-philippines-sustain-low-air-pollution-levels January 2, 2021)
Questions:
1. What would be the best title for the image?
2. What interpretation can be made based on the following date/weeks?
a. March 2-8, 2020 (2 weeks before ECQ)
b. March 23-29, 2020 (ECQ week 2)
c. April 20-26, 2020 (ECQ week 6)
3. How does ECQ affects the levels of particulate matter in Metro Manila?
4. Based on the data, can the Philippines sustain air pollution levels?

What is It

Data interpretation refers to the

implementation of processes through which
data is reviewed for the purpose of arriving at
an informed conclusion. The interpretation of
data assigns a meaning to the information
analyzed and determines its signification and
implications. Usually it is presented in various
forms like bar graphs, line charts and tabular
forms and other similar forms and hence needs
an interpretation of some kind (Lebied, 2018).

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In the previous module, you have mastered and utilized the use of qualitative and
quantitative data. Each of this have corresponding methods used in the interpretation
of data collected from research experiments.

Qualitative Data Interpretation - data is described through the use of descriptive

context (i.e., text). The most commonly used data analysis methods are:

● Content analysis - used to analyze documented information in the form of texts,

media, or even physical items; used to analyze responses from interviewees.
● Narrative analysis - used to analyze content from various sources, such as
interviews of respondents, observations from the field, or surveys. It focuses on
using the stories and experiences shared by people to answer the research
questions.
● Discourse analysis - focuses on analyzing the social context in which the
communication between the researcher and the respondent occurred; also looks
at the respondent’s day-to-day environment and uses that information during
analysis.
● Grounded theory - used qualitative data to explain why a certain phenomenon
happened. It does this by studying a variety of similar cases in different settings
and using the data to derive causal explanations. Researchers may alter the
explanations or create new ones as they study more cases until they arrive at
an explanation that fits all cases.

Quantitative Data Interpretation - refers to a set of processes by which numerical

data is analyzed. More often than not, it involves the use of statistical modeling such
as standard deviation, mean and median. There are two commonly used quantitative
data analysis which can be summarized in the figure below:

(Bhatia, 2018)

Careful data analysis and interpretation provide a strong foundation in answering

your research objectives. Trends shown in each table, chart and the like anticipates
the need to current scientific investigations and will give a clear foresight on the
challenges in conducting future researches.

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 Summary Table of Inferential Statistics
Example Statistics Meaning of Reported Statistics/Decision? Interpretation
Report
If the correlation coefficient r>0 is positive correlation, r<0
is negative correlation
Correlation r

(Jaadi, 2019)

The correlation coefficient (r) is judged by its absolute

value. This means that the magnitude or the strength of
the relationship between two variables is the same
regardless of the sign of the correlation coefficient
(Correlational Research).

Regression p-value If p-value is <0.01= highly significant = reject H0

If p-value is ≥0.01 but ≤0.05= significant = reject H0

Analysis of p-value
Variance If p-value is >0.05 = not significant = do NOT reject H0

(Ali and Bala, 2016)

F stat If F-stat is greater than F-critical = significant = reject H0

Both one-way and two-way ANOVAs are reported with

two degrees-of-freedom numbers. First report the
between-groups degrees of freedom, then report the
within-groups degrees of freedom (separated by a
comma). After that report the F statistic (rounded off to
two decimal places) and the significance level.
There was a significant main effect for treatment,
F(1, 145) = 5.43, p = .02, and a significant
interaction, F(2, 145) = 3.24, p = .04. (Kahn, 2020)

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Data Presentations
By: Manisha Kumar (n.d)

1. Tabulation – tables aids in presenting masses of statistical data. Data is split

into convenient group.
Table 2. Difference between a Regular Table and a Heat Map
Example of a regular table Example of a heat map
SBP DBP MBP HR SBP DBP MBP HR
128 66 87 87 128 66 87 87
125 43 70 85 125 43 70 85
114 52 68 103 114 52 68 103
111 44 66 79 111 44 66 79
139 61 81 90 139 61 81 90
103 44 61 96 103 44 61 96
94 47 61 83 94 47 61 83
All numbers were created by the author. SBP: systolic blood pressure,
DBP: diastolic blood pressure, MBP: mean blood pressure, HR: heart rate.
(In and Lee, 2017)

Guide Questions:
a. How are data organized in the table?
b. What is the advantage of using a table in data presentation?
c. What can you conclude from the data presented in the table?

2. Charts and Diagrams – diagrams and charts are better retained in the
memory.

Types:
a. Bar – presents values by the length of bar; can be simple, multiple or
component type.

7 8 9 10 11 12

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 Guide Questions:
a.1 What are the components of a bar graph?
a.2 What does each bar represent?
a.3 What conclusion can you make about the graph?

b. Histogram – pictorial diagram of frequency distribution

Guide Questions:
b.1 What is the difference of histogram from bar graph?
b.2 What is the importance of a histogram?
b.3 What conclusion can you make on the diagram?

c. Line – used to show trends of events with the passage of time

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Guide Questions:
c.1 What does each dot represent?
c.2 Give an example of data that can be presented using line
graph.
c.3 What does the line graph tell us about temperature and time?

d. Pie – the areas of segment of a circle are compared.

Monthly Budget of Reyes Family

Savings,
1000

Transportation
Allowance, 3000

Bills Food, 8000

(electric,
water,etc.),
3500
Miscellaneous
Expenses, 4500

Guide Questions:
d.1 In a pie graph, what does each segment represent?
d.2 What data can be presented using pie graph? (Cite 1 only.)
d.3 What generalization can you make from the monthly budget
of the Reyes Family?

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 What’s More

Activity 1. Interpreting Data.

Analyze the given figure below:

Source: https://www.slideshare.net/DataReportal/digital-2019-philippines-january-
2019-v01
Data Interpretation:

Guide Questions:
1. Aside from the percentage, what are the features of the image?
2. What are the advantages of these features in interpreting data? (Enumerate 2 only.)
3. Why do most people use television as a form of device/media?

Activity 2. Descriptive Statistics.

Analyze the table below.
Number of Times of Attendance of Covid-19 Webinars
Number of Attendance Frequency (n) Percentage (%)
Never attended 4 1.0
Once only 156 40.6
2-4 times 207 53.9
5-9 times 14 3.6
10-15 times 3 0.7
Total 384 100

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Data Interpretation:

Guide Questions.
1. What is the use of frequency in interpreting data?
2. What does the percentage represent?
3. What method of data interpretation is being utilized?

Activity 3. Inferential Statistics. WHAT IS IT

Direction: Analyze results in Table 3 and refer to the given correlation coefficient
below:

(Chang, 2020)

Data Interpretation:

Guide Questions.
1. What specific type of inferential statistics was utilized in the processing the
data?
2. Which among the variables are significant? Justify your answer.
3. The correlation between medium anxiety level and classroom participation is
low. In this type of inferential analysis, what does it mean by the term “low”?

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 What I Have Learned

Fill in the blanks with the correct answer. Choose the term/phrases inside the box.
Charts Inferential
Data interpretation Qualitative data analysis
Descriptive Quantitative data analysis
Graph Tables
Images Research question

The processes through which data is analyzed for the purpose drawing into
conclusion is called 1. .

Interpretation of data maybe inform of descriptive context through 2. ________________

___________________ or by interpreting numbers by 3. ________________ ___________________.

Data can be presented in the form of 4. , 5 _______________________,

6. ________________________ or 7_____________________________.

Careful analysis and interpretation answer your 8. ____________________ .

The most common methods of interpreting quantitative analysis are 9. ________________

and 10._____________________.

What I Can Do

The term “plantito or plantita” has never been this popular although it has
been around since pandemic. And due to COVID-19, many of us have discovered
something new about ourselves including the “green thumb within us”. Many of our
family members, relatives and friends working at home are now making gardens and
even started making “jungalow” inside their homes. To find out if they are really
certified plantito or plantita, choose at least 5 respondents who began “planting”
during pandemic. You may personally interview a person living in the same
household, conduct an interview via phone call or online (FB messenger, Google
Meet, Zoom, etc.). State the purpose of the interview. Treat any data including the
identity of the respondent with confidentiality. Always be polite.

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Instructions: check (/) the given statement if it applies to your respondent.
1. Hangs around the garden.
2. Plant needs included in budget.
3. Has an indoor “jungalow”.
4. Visits the garden first thing in the morning.
5. Goes straight ahead to gardening sections when going to markets.
6. Too many plant photos.
7. Learned to value nature.
8. Becomes over-protective with plants.
9. Buys plant regardless of price and kind of species.
10. Propagates or requests for plants even if there is no space at home.
11. Becomes more observant to plants they see in TV programs/movies they
watch that they did not take notice before.
12. Hands-on in gardening.
13. Takes time to research online about plants.
14. Follow plant-related social media accounts.
15. Talking/singing to plants.
16. Begins to speak in Latin (memorizes the scientific names of plants).
Source: CDN Life by Immae Lachica August 17,2020 and Wazzup Pilipinas
Directions:
1. Count the number of checks for each respondent. Construct your own data
table and summarize the results. You may do this on a paper or encode the
data using MS Excel. Refer to the table for the interpretation of results.
Score Label Description
13-15 certified plantito or plantita a true steward of nature
9-12 certified plant-keeper agent of plant protection
5-8 certified plant-prentice beginning to love plants
1-4 certified plant-setter “nakiki-uso lang”

2. Answer the following questions:

2.1 how many of your respondents are:
2.1.1 certified plantito or plantita?
2.1.2 certified plant-keeper?
2.1.3 certified plant-prentice?
2.1.4 certified plant-setter?
2.2 Based from your results, did planting change something in them during
lockdowns?
2.3 Did you ask for any relevant question?
If YES, write an example of the question and the respondents’ answer.

2.4 If NO, what other question you might want to ask during the interview?

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 Assessment

Directions: Read each question carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. Which of the following describes data interpretation?
a. process of conducting experiment
b. supporting results with related literature
c. proving hypothesis through statistical data
d. data is reviewed for the purpose of arriving at a conclusion.
2. Which is INCORRECTLY matched?
a. Context analysis - qualitative
b. Ground theory - quantitative
c. Inferential analysis - quantitative
d. Descriptive analysis - quantitative
3. Mean: average ; Range:
a. midpoint
b. most common
c. highest to lowest
d. number of occurrences
4. A researcher would like to present data gathered from his study about the
percentage of greenhouse gases for the past 20 years. Which data presentation
would best fit his study?
a. table
b. graph
c. pie chart
d. statistical map
5. Which figure represents a histogram?
a. bar
b. dot
c. curve
d. shade

6. Which term refers to the reading of numerical data that has been collected
and analyzed?
a. Collection
b. Synthesis
c. Interpretation
d. Experimentation

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For item 7, refer to the image below.
7. Which of the following does NOT describe the pictogram?

a. More food wasted; more CO2 is generated.

b. Larger countries produce more CO2 footprints.
c. China and USA are among the highest producer of food waste.
d. China and USA produce the lowest amount of CO2 footprints.

For 8, refer to the table below:

Source:https://genetics.thetech.org/ask-a-geneticist/identical-twin-paternity-test

8. Which statement best interprets the table?

a. It shows the probable DNA matching of the 2 fathers and a child.
b. DNA sequence 1,2 and 3 are the identical for father 1 and father 2.
c. Since Father 2 matches the DNA sequence region, he is the father of
the child.
d. DNA sequence 1,2 and 3 are the same for father 2 and the child
while DNA sequence 1,2 and 3 are non-identical for father 1 and the
child.

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 9. Which of the following graphs below represents positive correlation?
a. c.

b. d.

For question 10, refer to the diagram below.

10. Which statement best describes the Philippine Population?

a. It will have a steady population growth.
b. Population will continue to increase despite of COVID-19 threats.
c. The country’s population is expected to increase slightly every year.
d. Philippines will be considered as one of the most densely populated country in the
Asia-Pacific Region.

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