Op-Amp Integrator

Integrator

• An op-amp circuit whose output is proportional to

the integral of the input signal
• Integrator circuits are usually designed to produce
a triangular wave output from a square wave input.
• Integrating circuits are most commonly used in
analogue-to-digital converters, ramp generators
and also in wave shaping applications.
 𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖 𝑑𝑑𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜
𝐼𝐼𝑅𝑅 = 𝐼𝐼 = −𝐶𝐶
𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖 𝐶𝐶 𝑓𝑓
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶
𝐼𝐼𝑅𝑅 = 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶
𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖 𝑑𝑑𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜
= −𝐶𝐶𝑓𝑓
𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐼𝐼𝑅𝑅
𝑑𝑑𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 1
=− 𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖 𝐶𝐶𝑓𝑓

1
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 = − � 𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖 𝐶𝐶𝑓𝑓
Example#1
• Find the output voltage.
vi (V)
+1 Cf=10µF
0
1 2 3 4
t (s) _
vin Ri=100kΩ + vout
-1
1 𝑡𝑡
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 = − � 𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 = − � 𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖 𝐶𝐶𝑓𝑓
0
𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖 𝐶𝐶𝑓𝑓 = 100𝑘𝑘Ω 10𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 = −𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 |𝑡𝑡0 0 < 𝑡𝑡 < 1 1 < 𝑡𝑡 < 2 2 < 𝑡𝑡 < 3 3 < 𝑡𝑡 <4
𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖 𝐶𝐶𝑓𝑓 = 1 𝑠𝑠 𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖 = 1 𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖 = −1 𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖 = 1 𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖 = −1
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 = −𝑡𝑡 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 = 𝑡𝑡 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 = −𝑡𝑡 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 = 𝑡𝑡
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 = − 1 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 = 1 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 = − 1 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 = 1
Example#1
• Find the output voltage.
vi (V)
+1
1 2 3 4
0 t (s)
Cf=10µF
-1
_
vo (V) vin Ri=100kΩ + vout
+1
1 2 3 4
0 t (s)

-1
Example#2
• Determine the rate of change of the output voltage in response to the input square
wave, the pulse width is 100µs.
vi (V)
100µs 100µs Cf=0.01µF
+2.5V
_
0 t (s) vin Ri=10kΩ + vout
-2.5V
200 200 200 200
µs µs µs µs
∴ 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖 = +2.5𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ∴ 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖 = −2.5𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
∆𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 2.5𝑉𝑉 ∆𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 2.5𝑉𝑉
=− =− =− =
∆𝑡𝑡 𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖 𝐶𝐶𝑓𝑓 10𝐾𝐾Ω 0.01𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 ∆𝑡𝑡 𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖 𝐶𝐶𝑓𝑓 10𝐾𝐾Ω 0.01𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇
∆𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 ∆𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
= −25 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚�𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 = +25 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚�𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇
∆𝑡𝑡 ∆𝑡𝑡
 vi (V)
100µs 100µs
+2.5V Cf=10µF
_
0 t (s) vin Ri=100kΩ + vout
-2.5V

vo (V) 200 200 200 200 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

+5V µs µs µs µs 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = ∆𝑡𝑡
𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖 𝐶𝐶𝑓𝑓
𝑉𝑉 = 25 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚�
0 t (s) 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 200𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇
∴ 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖 = +2.5𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ∴ 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖 = −2.5𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
-5V
𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = −5𝑉𝑉 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = 5𝑉𝑉