SPM Manual 1

User guide
User guide
General instrument functions A
Instrument data and functions, general settings, files and upgrades
General measurement functions B

Measurement modes, recording, display windows and spectrum functions
Free measurement techniques C

Speed, temperature, analogue signals and ISO 2372 vibration
Shock pulse measurement D

SPM dBm/dBc, SPM HR/LR and SPM Spectrum
Vibration mesurement E
ISO 10816 vibration, FFT with symptoms and EVAM vibration analysis
Orbit analysis , Run up /coast down and Bump test
Rotor balancing F
Single and dual plane balancing
Shaft alignment G
Horizontal and vertical shaft alignment
Supports Leonova Infinity MMI version 4.15 for Condmaster®Nova 2006 or higher.
71792 B 2008-03
Trademarks
Windows CE is a trademark of Microsoft Inc.
Leonova, CondID, SPM Spectrum and Condmaster are trademarks of SPM Instrument AB.
© Copyright SPM Instrument AB. ISO 9001 certified.

Technical data are subject to change without notice.
Leonova Infinity Patent No: US#7,313,484, US#7,167,814, US#7,200,519, US#7,054,761,

US#7,324,919, EP#1474664, DE#60304328.3, FR#1474664, GB#1474664,
NL#1474664, SE03731865.6
LineLazer Patent No: SE0400586-4, US#7,301,616, US#5,684,578, US#6,873,931
CondID Patent No: ZL97195901.3, US#6,499,349, US#6,725,723
This product must be disposed as electronic waste and is marked with a crossed-
out wheeled bin symbol in order to prevent it being discarded with household
waste.
When once the life cycle of the product is over You can return it to Your local
SPM representative for correct treatment, or dispose it together with your other
electronic waste.
SPM Instrument AB
Box 504, SE-645 25 Strängnäs, Sweden
Tel +46 152 22500 Telefax +46 152 15075
info@spminstrument.se I www.spminstrument.com I www.leonovabyspm.com
General instrument functions
Contents
Leonova TM Infinity, accessories................................................ 3
A
Instrument overview............................................................... 4
Start / Charge batteries.......................................................... 5
Navigation.............................................................................. 6
Reset....................................................................................... 7
Instrument calibration............................................................ 7
Main functions........................................................................ 7
Tools menu............................................................................. 8
About Leonova....................................................................... 9
Function and use.................................................................. 10
General settings................................................................... 12
Select language.................................................................... 14
Set date................................................................................ 14
Change font, size and style.................................................. 15
Create measurement files..................................................... 15
Register vibration transducer............................................... 16
Battery status and calibration.............................................. 17
Communication with the PC................................................. 18
Leonova service program..................................................... 19

Upgrade Leonova software.................................................. 19
Order credits and functions................................................. 20
Safety copies of Leonova files.............................................. 21

Reload safety copies of Leonova files................................... 22
File management in Leonova................................................ 23
List of icons.......................................................................... 24
Technical specifications........................................................ 25
General instrument functions A:

A
A: General instrument functions

Leonova™ Infinity
Leonova Infinity is a multi-function, hand-held data

logger. The instrument is operated via keypad
and touchscreen. Basic data for the measurement
set-up can be input manually or downloaded from
Condmaster ® Nova.
14661
Leonova Infinity is always programmed for an unlim-
ited use of the measuring techniques described in A
chapter C. Other diagnostic and analytic functions, 14649
for shock pulse measurement, vibration measurement,
orbit analysis, rotor balancing and shaft alignment,
are user selected.
This instruction, SPM 71792, describes the general

instrument settings.
Supplied accessories 90362 / 90379 / 90380
15178 Stylus for touch screen

14161 Wrist strap
PRO49 Leonova Service Program CAB46
71789 Instruction “Getting started”
CAB47
Optional accessories
90362 Charger, 100-240 V AC, 50-60 Hz, Euro-plug 15310
90379 Charger, 100-240 V AC, 50-60 Hz, US-plug
90380 Charger, 100-240 V AC, 50-60 Hz, UK-plug
14715
CAB46 Communication cable, USB
CAB47 Communication cable RS232, 9 pin
14715 Belt clip
15310 Protective cover
CAS16 Carrying case, plastic with foam insert
The equipment listed above is part of the LeonovaTM

instrument. In addition, transducers and measuring
cables are needed for the measurements. These are
CAS16
bought separately, depending on which of the avail-
able measurement functions are implemented.

Instrument overview
PC communication port
Input for battery charger
and input for LineLazer
TAB: power on, navigation

Colour touch screen:
display of menus
MEAS: start measurement
and results, navigation
A SAVE: save measurement
Condition indication
SHIFT: capitals, navigation
Navigation keys and

ENTER
Wrist strap
(fastens left, right) Input for vibration transducer,
max. 18 V peak to peak.
Orbit interface.
Analog 0 - 20 mA, 4 - 20 mA
and 0 - 1 V, 0 - 10 V.
Input for shock

Input for temperature and
pulse transducer
tachometer probes, balancing
module. Output for earphone.
Strap holders
Position of RF transponder
for CondID
Brackets for stylus on

both sides
Data
Leonova housing: ABS/PC, Santoprene, IP54
Operating temperature: 0 to 50 °C (32 to 122 °F)
Charging temperature: 0 to 45 °C (32 to 113 °F)
Storing temperature: -10 to 60 °C (14 to 140 °F).

Start / Charge batteries
Leonova is started with the TAB key (1). Start a new A
instrument with the battery charger connected. POW-
ER OFF is automatic. Adjust the date and time under
TOOLS, ‘Settings’, ‘Battery status’.
Leonova is powered by a rechargeable lithium-ion bat-

tery pack which may only be replaced by authorized
service personnel.
The maximum battery capacity is 1800 mAh at 7.4 V. A

‘Power low’ warning is given at 6.8 Volt. All functions
off at 6.3 Volt.
When battery voltage gets below 6.2 V, the data saved Battery
in the RAM memory are lost. It will also stop the clock,
status
making it necessary to reset date and time.
A Connector for battery charger

Only use the SPM Battery Charger. Unless recharged once 1
within 30 days, the Leonova battery pack will be empty
(loss of data saved in the RAM memory).
Measuring results are default stored in the flash memory

and will not be erased if battery is low.
Note. If the battery is empty, connect the charger and

wait at least 2 minutes before pressing any button.
The charger is specified for 100 to 240 VAC, 50 to 60 Hz.

Do not use any other type of charger.
Battery loading starts automatically within 30 seconds after

connecting. It is normal that the instruments gets warm
during loading. A full recharge can take 3 hours.
!
Check load by clicking on the battery status icon or select Do not replace
the battery pack!
TOOLS, ‘Battery status’ (1800 mAh = 100%).
Refer servicing to your
Leonova can be connected to the charger and to the PC
local SPM dealer.
at the same time.

Navigation
The Leonova screen is divided into three areas:
• the menu bar (1)
• the display window (2)
• the action bar (3). 1
The icons on the menu bar select display win-
dows; the buttons and text line on the action
bar execute commands. 2
A
Touch screen navigation
Leonova can be operated by touch screen alone.
To select a function, lightly touch the text or 3
the icon with the stylus or a similar blunt tipped
object.
Do not use force; poking hard at the screen

can cause damage. In case the function fails to
open, use ‘Align screen’ under TOOLS, ‘General
settings’.
Please note that, to open a file, you first mark it

with the stylus and then touch the ‘Open’ but-
ton on the action bar.
Key navigation
The navigation keys are TAB, the direction AR- measure save
ROWS and ENTER. A keyboard icon is opened
tab shift
with SHIFT + ENTER.
• TAB moves from menu bar to display window

to action bar and back. In windows containing
several functions, TAB moves through these
before jumping to the action bar.
• The ARROW keys move within a bar, a window
or a field.
• ENTER opens/activates a highlighted item. It
also closes functions and confirms changes.
This is the general rule. Details are explained

under the function description.

Reset
In case of instrument malfunction, you should first try to
restart Leonova with the software RESET. RAM memory Software RESET:
is preserved. A hardware reset erases all data inthe RAM SAVE + arrow down
memory.
Hardware RESET:
Do not open the instrument casing. Service on Leonova TAB + SAVE + ENTER
may only be carried out by specially trained personnel
authorized by SPM.
A
Instrument calibration
An instrument calibration, e. g. for the purpose of com-
pliance with ISO quality standard requirements, is rec-
ommended once per year. The calibration is made at the
Authorized Service Establishments.
1
The calibration reminder icon (1) in the lower right cor-
ner of the display shows when the Leonova is used for
the recommended period and is to be sent to a by SPM
authorized service establishment in your local area.
Main functions
The menu bar at the top of the screen opens seven display windows, each containing a number of
files. Functions marked grey are not implemented in your Leonova version and can not be opened.
Use TAB to go to the menu bar. Navigate with RIGHT/LEFT, select with ENTER.
a b c d e f g h
a. FILE: Communication, Read CondID, measurement files saved by the user.

b. SPEED: Speed measurement.
c. SPM: All shock pulse measurement techniques (with SPM Spectrum).
d. VIBRATION: All vibration measurement techniques including orbit analysis,
run up/coast down and bump test.
e. ANALOGUE: Temperature and user defined measurements (voltage, current).
f. BALANCING: All rotor balancing techniques.
g. ALIGNMENT: All shaft alignment techniques.
h. TOOLS: General settings.

Tools menu
The nine files under TOOLS contain the general instru-
ment settings. With a new Leonova, the first task is to
check the available functions and to adjust the instru-
ment. These are the files:
1 2 3
1. General settings, a menu for several functions.
Select units: the default is mm, °C, Hz.
Icons: show large/small icons. 4 5 6
A Layout: measuring point tree layout and ‘Preview
live spectrum’.
Balancing: select ounce, counter rotational degrees
7 8 9
and output unit (ACC, VEL, DISP).
Communication: Selection of USB port or baud rate
and COM port for RS232 (must conform with Cond-
master and computer settings).
Screen: Align screen. Adjust brightness and back
light.
Automatic save: Prompt to save after measurement.
2. Language: Choose among available languages.
3. Date/time: Adjust when needed.
4. Vibration transducers: Register your transducer(s). Attention! All values must be taken from
the transducer’s calibration card.
5. Fonts: Select text presentation.
6. Create default files: Creates the initial files needed to use the measuring functions.
7: Function and use: Shows available functions, credits needed for loaded measuring rounds,
credit tank data.
8. Battery status: Calibrate. Adjust time for automatic power off.
9. About Leonova: Software version data and serial number.

About Leonova
The file ‘About Leonova’ contains important informa-
tion on the software status.
Program versions:
MMI Leonova software, user interface.
Math Leonova software, algorithms
Firmware Leonova interface to Windows CE

FPGA Leonova signal condition software
A
Customer data:
License number Individual license for the instrment
Package number Running number of update opera-
tions.
The Leonova software, ‘MMI’ and ‘Math’, is contained in the file ‘P70.exe’. The file ‘FPGA.P70’ con-
tains the signal condition software.
The license number belongs to the instrument. All upgrades concerning program versions, func-
tions and credits are connected with it.
When ordering new functions and/or credits, these are delivered as a text file ‘Leonova.txt’. Each
such order has a running package number and is individual for the instrument. The files can only
be loaded in package order, see ‘Leonova Service program’.

Function and use
Leonova has a number of ‘platform’ functions which
are always available with unlimited use. Other func-
tions are user selectable and can be bought with
either unlimited or limited use.
‘Function and use’ under TOOLS shows a list of

all functions, each followed by an icon showing its
status:
A
Available, unlimited use.
Available, credits required.
Not available in this instrument.
The ‘refill’ icon marks the functions where credits

are deducted from the credit tank each time the
MEASURE command is given.
Loaded measuring rounds are shown at the bottom

of the list.
Touching this icon shows the number of

credits required for the marked function
(1) or measuring round (2).
A:10 General instrument functions

Touching this icon shows the credit tank
data and status. Some of the listed items
can be edited.
Mark a line and touch the edit button. ‘Tank size’ is

selected from a list.
The emergency tank size is fixed to 250, and the

emergency tank factor to 2. When using the emer- A
gency tank, 2 credits will be deducted instead of
1. It is therefore advisable to order a refill in good
time.
The last three lines can be edited, both warning

texts and values. Touching ‘Edit’ first opens the
text. Change or touch OK to continue to the value.
The loading of new credits and functions is de-

scribed under ’Leonova service program’.
Functions for Limited Use (Function & Use) Credit consumption
LEO230 Shock pulse method dBm/dBc 1

LEO231 Shock pulse method LR/HR 2
LEO232 SPM Spectrum 2
LEO233 ISO 10816 vibration monitoring with spectrum 1
LEO234 FFT with symptoms 2
LEO235 EVAM evaluated vibration analysis, time signal 2
LEO236 2 channel simultaneous vibration monitoring 4
LEO237 Run up / coast down (50) and Bump test 25
LEO238 Orbit analysis 5
LEO252 Balancing, single plane, 4 runs 16
LEO252 Balancing, single plane, 2 runs 42
LEO253 Balancing, dual plane 80
LEO255 Shaft alignment 30
General instrument functions A:11

General settings
The files under TOOLS cannot be moved, renamed
or deleted.
‘General settings’ has its own menu bar (1).
Marking the box (2) changes from mm to

inch, acceleration in g, from °C to °F and
from Hz (Hertz = cycles per second) to 4
CPM (cycles per minute, similar to rpm).
A
When ‘Large icons’ (3) is not marked, files
are listed as shown above (4).
This selection (5) affects the measurement

window.
‘Measuring point name . .’ repeats the name on a

separate line. ‘Colour’ displays the evaluation icon
for each listed measuring technique. ‘Automatic
save’ opens a small ‘Save yes - no’ window imme-
diately after a measurement. ‘Use temporary file’ 1
will save the round temporary while saving. ‘Live
spectrum’ will show spectrum in real time. ‘Low
resolution warning’ when the resolution is too low 2
for an accurate result.
‘VIB Gain’ (6) is a general setting of amplifica-

tion level for the incoming transducer signal when
measuring with ISO 2373, ISO10816 and EVAM
techniques. By selecting a suitable fixed level the 3
measuring time can be considerable reduced.
In most cases the setting ‘Low, 5V pp’ results in
the shortest measuring time. At a fixed gain level
the transducer settling and amplification process
will start as soon as a measuring assignment is
marked. Repeated measurements of the assign-
ment require no additional settling time. 5
When selecting ‘Auto gain’ the transducer settling

and amplification process will not start until the
‘Measure’ button is pressed and and will automati-
cally step trough a number of gain levels to find
the most suitable gain setting for an optimized
result. This can result in longer measurement time. 6
A repeated measurement will start a new settling
of the transducer and amplification process.

The selections under (1) concern ‘Balancing’.
‘Counter rotational degrees’ means that angles are

measured opposite to the direction the rotor is mov-
ing.
‘Ounce’ changes weights from grams to ounces. ‘Out- 1

put unit’, selected from a list, is the unit of the vibra-
tion measurement (acceleration, velocity or displace-
ment).
A
‘Communication’ (2) is used to select port on

the PC, USB or COM port.
Please check that the Leonova settings agree with

the configuration of your PC and with the settings in
CondmasterNova.
2
A mismatch of settings is often the cause of a commu-
nication fault message when trying to download data
from the PC.
‘Align screen’ (3) is used when functions fail to

open on touch.
You come to a window showing a cross (+). Touch and

hold its centre until the cross moves to the next of its
five positions on the screen. Finish with ENTER.
For ‘Backlight ON’ (4), you can change backlight

brightness by dragging the regulator with the stylus 3
(or the LEFT/RIGHT arrow keys).
Selecting ‘AUTO’ opens a regulator (5) for setting the 4

backlight switch off time (5 to 99 seconds).
Open the keyboard (6) by either touch-

ing it or by moving to the number field
with TAB and pressing SHIFT+ENTER.
5
Touch the desired numbers one by one. You can erase
with ← (one step) or with ‘C’ (all). To cancel, touch
‘X’. To finish, touch √. When using the keys, navigate
to the desired number/sign with the arrow keys, then
select it with ENTER.
6

Select language
The file ‘Language’ under TOOLS allows you to
choose among the available Leonova screen lan-
guage. To change to another language, mark this
language, then touch the ARROW button (1).
With EDIT (2) you open the complete list of Leonova

screen texts (3) for the marked language. You can
open any line by marking it and touching EDIT (4).
To change the text, open the keyboard, overwrite
A the existing text and touch OK. The COPY button (5)
copies the marked language and saved it under a new
name.
1 2 5
Please note:
The language editing functions in Leonova are nor-
mally not used. Translations are made with the Leono-
va Emulator, and new languages are loaded via the
Leonova Service program.
3
4
Set date
When the battery is empty, Leonova no longer updates the
clock. To be able to communicate with the PC, Leonova’s time
and date setting must be within 5 minutes of the computer’s
time and date.
The fastest way of resetting the Leonova clock is to import time

and date from the PC while downloading a measuring round.
To make the update directly on Leonova, mark the value field,

touch the keyboard and write the new time/date, using the
standard format.
When navigating by keys, TAB will change between the fields
for time and date; SHIFT+ENTER will open the keyboard.

Change font, size and style
The ‘Fonts’ menu ‘ allows you to make individu-
al changes of font, style and size for any of the
listed alternatives (1).
When showing file names, Leonova uses the

largest text that fits into the available space, 1
going from ‘Normal’ (16 points) via ‘Medium’ (14
points) to ‘Small’ (12 points). Thus, if you have
difficulties reading ‘Small’ text, you can change
the text size of ‘Small’ from 12 to 14 points. A
Leonova will truncate file names that are too 5
large to fit on one line. Using several words or
hyphens in the name will put it on two or more
lines.
2
Marking an item on the list and touching EDIT
(2) opens the window (3) where you can set
character size and/or select another font (4) for
the item. Please note that this will not affect
the other items.
‘Save default settings’ (5) will reset all items to 3 4

default values.
Create measurement files

The file ‘Create default settings’ under TOOLS is
very important. It creates measurement files for
all measuring techniques and places them under
the measuring technique windows. You cannot
use Leonova as a stand-alone measuring instru-
ment without these files.
The installation is simple: Open ‘Create default

settings’, touch OK.
The example shows the measurement files cre-

ated in the vibration technique window: a file for
EVAM and a file each for vibration measurement
according to ISO 10816 and ISO 2372.

Register vibration transducer
The default SPM vibration transducer for Leonova is
SLD144. The instrument can also work with any other
transducer of IEPE (integrated electronic piezoelectric)
type with voltage output.
Transducers of not IEPE type which do not require power

supply, like velocimeters, can also be used. The ‘IEPE
type’ has then to be set to ‘No’.
A Vibration transducers must be registered under TOOLS,

‘Vibration transducers’. The active transducer is selected
by marking a transducer name and touching the arrow (3).
To register a transducer, touch NEW (1), then input

the following data:
Name: A descriptive name. It will be shown on
the list of transducers.
Type: The measured vibration parameter, ei-
ther ACC (acceleration), VEL (velocity) or
DISP (displacement).
Sensitivity: The transducer’s nominal sensitivity in
the displayed unit (which depends on
the input under ‘Type’).
Max. frequency: The transducer’s upper frequency range.
IEPE type: YES or NO. ‘Yes’ opens the next three 1 2 3 4 5 6
lines.
Min. bias range: The lower working voltage.
Max. bias range: The upper working voltage. 4
Settling time: Stabilizing time for the transducer after
‘power on’.
The min. and max. bias voltage is needed for the TLT test
(transducer line test, returning ‘Interrupted circuit’ when
the measured voltage is above the max. bias voltage, and
‘Short circuit’ when it is below the min. bias voltage. 5
To select default transducers for the balancing function,

press the button (4) ‘Balancing transducers’ and register
two transducers to be used. Default transducers for orbit
analysis (5) and for 2 channel vibration monitoring (6) are
registered in same way.
To change transducer data, use the EDIT button (2). 6

Battery status and calibration
The file ‘Battery status’ shows the remaining
charge in percent (1). The battery is calibrated on
delivery.
In case you suspect that the battery status display

is out of kilter, use the button ‘Discharge/Charge’
to re-calibrate. 1
• Connect Leonova to the battery charger.

• Touch the button ‘Discharge/Charge’. 2 A
• Wait for about two minutes, then touch ‘OK’.
Leave Leonova connected to the charger over

night. Do not touch any buttons or keys except TAB
until the procedure ends and Leonova is charged to
100%. It is recommended to start with a low bat-
tery charge, because discharging takes about 10
hours for a fully charged battery.
To set the time delay before automatic power off

(2), open the keyboard and set a number between
20 and 300 seconds.
To disable the automatic power off, leave it blank.
Remember to reset a value (20-300 ) in order to
turn off the instrument.

Communication with the PC
Leonova connects to the PC via the communication COM USB
cable CAB46 for an USB port or CAB47 for a 9 pin
COM port (RS232).
CAB47 CAB46
Leonova communicates with
• Leonova Service Program.
• Condmaster ® Nova
A Place both programs into the same folder on your

PC.
To start communication, select ‘Communication’

under the ‘. . .’ button (1) or go to the Leonova
‘File’ menu and open the file ‘Communication’ (2).
On the PC, open ‘Data transfer’ or ‘Planning’ in

Condmaster.
2
Windows 2000 requires a driver for USB communi-
cation. The driver can beloaded from the Service
Program CD.
1

Leonova Infinity service program
The Service Program is used to
• print and save balancing and alignment
reports.
• load credits and/or functions from the file
‘Leonova.txt’.
• transfer language files from file ‘*.llf’.
• upgrade a Leonova version from the file
‘P70.EXE’.
• upgrade FPGA software from a file called A
‘FPGA.P70’.
• display and print a credit log containing
all measurements for which credits were
deducted, up to 10000.
• make and reload safety copies of the
Leonova files (file extension .lsc).
Upgrade Leonova software

The latest version of the Leonova soft-
ware can be downloaded from the SPM
Homepage:
• www.spminstrument.com.
Open ‘Support’, ‘Software update’ and

‘Leonova software’. Download the file
‘P70.EXE’ to your PC.
To upgrade Leonova,
• Open ‘Communication’ on the instru-
ment.
• Connect Leonova to the PC.
• Start the Leonova Service program on
the PC.
• Select ‘Upgrade Leonova software’.
• Input the path to the file ‘P70.exe’ and
click CONTINUE.

Order credits and functions
Credits have the ordering number LEO290.
Functions ordered after buying Leonova Infinity
have one set of numbers for unlimited use (list
A) and another for limited use (list B).
A. Functions for unlimited use

LEO130 Shock pulse method dBm/dBc
LEO131 Shock pulse method LR/HR Order credits and functions from your SPM
A LEO132 SPM Spectrum
supplier. You will receive the text file Le-
onova.txt. It is coded to the instrument’s
LEO133 ISO 10816 vibration monitoring with
license and also contains a running package
spectrum
number. The files have to be loaded in pack-
LEO134 FFT with symptoms
age number order.
LEO135 EVAM evaluated vibration analysis,
time signal Connect Leonova to the PC and use ’Load
LEO136 2 channel simultaneous vibration functions/credits to Leonova’ to transfer the
monitoring file contents.
LEO137 Run up / coast down & bump test
LEO138 Orbit analysis
LEO151 Shock pulse method dBm/dBc and
LR/HR
LEO152 Balancing, single plane
LEO153 Balancing, dual plane
LEO154 Balancing, single and dual plane
LEO155 Shaft alignment
B. Functions for limited use (Function & Use)

LEO230 Shock pulse method dBm/dBc (1)
LEO231 Shock pulse method LR/HR (2)
LEO232 SPM Spectrum (2)
LEO233 ISO 10816 vibration monitoring with
spectrum (1)
‘Credit log’ shows a log of all actions con-
LEO234 FFT with symptoms (2)
cerning credits, up to 10000.
LEO235 EVAM evaluated vibration analysis,
time signal (2)
LEO236 2 channel simultaneous vibration
monitoring (4)
LEO237 Run up / coast down (50) and Bump
test (25)
LEO238 Orbit analysis (5)
LEO251 Shock pulse method dBm/dBc and
LR/HR Optional functions for unlimited use
LEO252 Balancing, single plane (4 runs 16, 2 LEO139 12 800 lines, 40 kHz
runs 42)
LEO160 Recording function
LEO253 Balancing, dual plane (80) LEO161 Extended memory, 512 MB
LEO254 Balancing, single and dual plane LEO162 Extended memory, 1 GB
LEO255 Shaft alignment (30) LEO163 Extended memory, 4 GB
LEO164 Time signal, option to FFT with
Credit consumption is stated within brackets. symptoms

Safety copies of Leonova files
The Leonova Service program is also used to
make safety copies of all measurement files
saved in Leonova, and to reload these files to
Leonova when needed. Leonova safety copies
must have the extension ‘lsc’; the rest of the file
name is your choice.
To make a safety copy,

A
• Open ‘Communication’ on the
instrument.
• Start the Leonova Service pro-
gram on the PC.
• Select ‘Safety copy’, click CON-
TINUE.
• Select a folder on your PC, e.g.
your Condmaster folder, and
click SAVE.
When reloading from a safety copy, there are

two alternatives, all files or a single file. The
single file option can be used to transfer a meas-
urement file from one Leonova to another, and
from there to CondmasterNova.

Reload safety copies of Leonova files
To reload a safety copy,
• Open ‘Communication’ on the instru-
ment.
• Start the Leonova Service program on
the PC.
• Select ‘Reload safety copy’.
A • Select the file to be loaded, click OPEN.
• Select ‘Reload all files’ or ‘Reload single
file’. ‘All files’ will erase the present files
on Leonova. Continue with YES when
you get the warning. For ‘Single file’ you
get a file list where you make your selec-
tion and click OK.
The selection ‘View safety copy’ displays

information on
• Leonova version
• Credit tank status, and
• Function status.
For the function ‘Recording’, the status is

either ‘Yes’ or ‘No’ (available or not). For
all other functions, the alternatives are
• Free use
• Refill (credits deducted when used)
• Disabled.
Disabled function can be bought, and ‘re-
fill’ functions can be turned into ‘free use’
functions

File management in Leonova
The ‘File’ menu contains all user created measure-
ment files, with two exceptions. The files ‘Com-
munication’ and ‘Read CondID’ (1) are system files
that cannot be renamed or deleted.
3 1
The default files for single measurement functions 1

remain on their function menu unless you save
them as a user created file under another name. 6 A
This puts them as new files (2) onto the ‘File’ menu.
2
Files downloaded from CondmasterNova also
get onto the ‘File’ menu. They are marked with a
‘round’ icon (3).
The ‘...’ button (4) opens a menu from where you

can delete or rename the marked file.
By default, all user created files are stored in Le-

4
onova’s FLASH memory. ‘File location’ allows you
to check the file size (5) and to shift the file be-
tween FLASH and RAM memory. Files in RAM get
an extra icon (6). 5

List of icons
1. Go to main function FILE. SPM Spectrum measurement.
2. A file, e. g. a measuring round.
1. Go to main function SPEED. Vibration measurement, EVAM.
2. A speed measurement.
2 channel vibration measurement
1. Go to main function SPM.
2. An SPM technique. Show measuring point data.
Go to main function VIBRATION. Browse through measurements.
A 1. Go to main function ANALOG.

2. An analog measurement.
Show measuring results.
Show measuring result diagram.

Go to main function BALANCING.
Show spectrum.
Go to main function ALIGNMENT.
Show time record.
Go to main function SETTINGS.
Good condition (green).
General setting (units, Baud rate, icons,
screen). Condition warning (yellow).
Language selection for Leonova screen Bad condition (red).

texts.
Good condition, but above alarm limit.
Vibration transducer register.
Condition not evaluated.
Open default files for measuring tech-
niques. Alarm limit exceeded.
Measurement completed.
Measuring credits, available functions.
Earphone connected. Change volume.
Check battery status, set power down
time.
Balancing, single plane, 2 runs.
Battery status, power down now.
Balancing, dual plane.
Communication with PC.
Balancing, single plane, 4 runs.
CondID memory tag functions.
Horizontal shaft alignment.
File saved in RAM.
Vertical shaft alignment.
Create new.
Orbit analysis
Edit.
Run up / Coast down
Keyboard for input of text and numbers.
Bump test
Manual input of measuring results.
Calibration reminder
Vibration measurement, ISO 10816.
Vibration measurement, ISO 2372. Information.

Technical specifications
Technical data, instrument Accuracy: ± 1 dBsv
Housing: ABS/PC, Santoprene, IP54 Transducer type: SPM 40000/42000, probe
Dimensions: 285 x 102 x 63 mm transducer and quick connector
transducer for adapters
(11.2” x 4” x 2.5”)
Input data: rpm, shaft diameter (or ISO
Weight: 580 g (20 oz.)
bearing number)
Keypad: sealed, snap action
Output: maximum value dBm, evalu-
Display: touch screen, TFT colour, ated green - yellow -red; carpet
240 x 320 pixels, 54 x 72 mm value dBc; peak value, audible
(2.1 x 2.8 inch), adjustable shock pulse signal (earphones).
backlight A
Main processor: 400 MHz Intel ® XScale ® Shock pulse method LR/HR
Memory: 64 MB RAM, 32 MB Flash Measuring range: –19 to 99 dBsv
expandable up to 4 GB Resolution: 1 dBsv
Operating system: Microsoft Windows ® Accuracy: ± 1 dBsv
CE.net
Transducer type: SPM 40000/42000, probe
Communication: RS232 and USB transducer and quick connector
Dynamic range: 16 bit A/D converter, auto- transducer for adapters
matic gain settings Input data: rpm, plus bearing type and
Vibration transducer input: < 18 Vpp. Transducer sup- mean diameter (or ISO bearing
ply of 4 mA for IEPE* (ICP) number)
type can be set On/Off Output: LR and HR (raw shock values),
Condition indication: green, yellow and red LEDs CODE A to D, evaluated green-
Power supply: rechargeable Lithium-Ion yellow -red. LUB no. for oil film
batteries condition, COND no. for surface
condition.
Battery power: for min. 8 hours normal use
Operating temperature: 0 - 50 °C (32 - 120 °F)
SPM Spectrum
Charging temperature: 0 - 45 °C (32 - 113 °F)
Frequency range: 0 to 100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000,
General features: language selection, trans- 5000, 10 000, 20 000 (40 000)
ducer line test, metric or Hz
imperial units
Spectrum lines: 400, 800, 1600, 3200, 6400
Meas. point identification: RF transponder for com- (12800)
munication with CondIDTM
tags, read/write distance Meas. windows: Rectangle, Hanning, Hamming,
max. 50 mm (2 inch) Flat Top
Spectrum types
displayed: linear, power
Speed measurement
Averages: time synchronous, FFT linear,
Measuring range: 10 - 60 000 rpm FFT peak-hold
Resolution: 1 rpm Frequency units: Hz, CPM
Accuracy: ± (1 rev. + 0.1% of reading) Saving options
Transducer type: TAD-18, TTL-pulses for spectrum: full spectrum, peaks only
Amplitude unit: S D (Shock Distribution), S L
Temperature measurement (Shock Level)
Measuring range: -50 - 440 °C (-58 - 824 °F) Scaling: linear or logarithmic X and Y
Resolution: 1 °C (1 °F) axis
Transducer type: TEM-11 with TEN-10 Zoom: true FFT zoom, visual zoom
(surface temperature) and Pattern recognition: bearing frequencies and option-
TEN-11 (liquids) al patterns highlighted in the
spectrum. Automatic config.of
bearing symptoms linked to ISO
Analog signals bearing no.
Measurement range: 0 - 1 V DC, 0 - 10 V DC, Transducer type: SPM 40000/42000, probe
0 - 20 mA, 4 - 20 mA transducer and quick connector
transducer for adapters
Shock pulse method dBm/dBc
Measuring range: –9 to 99 dBsv * Integral Electronic PiezoElectric
Resolution: 1 dBsv

Vibration severity (ISO 2372) Run up/coast down
Measurement Frequency limit, lower: 0.5, 2 10 or 100 Hz
quantity: velocity, RMS value in mm/s over Frequency limit, upper: 1 to 9999 orders
10 to 1000 Hz Measuring interval: speed or time based
Evaluation table Measurement windows: Rectangle, Hanning, Hamming,
selection: menu guided, ISO 2372 Flat Top
Transducer type: vibration transducer SLD144 or Spectrum lines: 400, 800, 1600, 3200, 6400,
IEPE (ICP ®) type transducers with 12800
voltage output
Spectrum types displayed: linear
Vibration channels: 2, multiplexed (simultaneous as
A option)
Bump test
Frequency limit, lower: 2 Hz
Vibration (ISO 10816 with spectrum)
Frequency limit, upper: 100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000, 5000,
Measurement 10 000, 20 000, 40 000 Hz
quantity: velocity, acceleration, and dis- Spectrum lines: 400, 800, 1600, 3200, 6400,
placement, RMS values over 2, or 12800
10 Hz to 1000 Hz, peak, peak-to-
Spectrum types displayed: linear
peak
Pre-trigger time: 5%, 10%, 20%, 25% of sampling
Spectrum, linear, 1600 lines, Hanning
time
window.
Transducer types: Vibration transducer SLD144 or
Spectrum unit: velocity, mm/s or inch/s
IEPE* (ICP ®) type transducers with
Transducer type: vibration transducer SLD144 or voltage output
IEPE* (ICP ®) type transducers with
voltage output
Orbit analysis
FFT spectrum and EVAM Evaluated vibration analysis Orders: 1 to 5, default 1
Frequency limit, Filter types: none, band pass, low pass

lower: 0.5, 2, 10 or 100 Hz Signal unit: DISP, VEL, ACC
Frequency limit, Trig threshold: automatic
upper: 100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000, 5000, Measuring time: 1 to 25 revolutions
10 000, 20 000 Hz (EVAM)
RPM range: 15 to 20 480 rpm
(Option 40 000 Hz)
Transducer types: buffered outputs from API670
Envelope high
approved protection systems via
pass filters: 100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000, 5000,
Orbit Interface 15315, alternative
10 000 Hz
vibration transducers SLD144 or
Measurement IEPE (ICP ®) type transducers with
windows: Rectangle, Hanning, Hamming, voltage output
Flat Top
Averages: time synch, FFT linear, FFT expo-
nential, FFT peak-hold
* Integral Electronic PiezoElectric
Spectrum lines: 400, 800, 1600, 3200, 6400 (12800)
Frequency units: Hz, CPM, orders Specifications are subject to change without notice.
Saving options
for spectrum: peaks only, full spectrum, time
signal
Spectrum types
displayed: linear, power, PSD
Zoom: true FFT zoom, visual zoom
Transducer type: vibration transducer SLD144 or
IEPE (ICP ®) type transducers with
voltage output

General measurement functions
Contents
Leonova measurement functions............................................ 3
Measuring modes................................................................... 3
Measurement with default files.............................................. 4
Measurement with edited default files................................... 5
Single measurement user files................................................ 6 B
Default file for reading CondID tags...................................... 6
Multi measurement user files................................................. 7
Recording .............................................................................. 8
Measuring rounds from Condmaster...................................... 9

Measuring rounds for CondID.............................................. 10
The measuring sequence.......................................................11
Measurement window before measuring.............................. 12
Measurement window before saving.................................... 13
Comments............................................................................ 14
Graphics window.................................................................. 15
Measuring result window...................................................... 16
Live spectrum window.......................................................... 17
Spectrum window................................................................. 18
Spectrum functions.............................................................. 19
Spectrum functions on the ‘Settings menu’......................... 21
Highlighted symptoms in the spectrum................................ 23

Multi line symptoms with harmonics..................................... 25
Waterfall diagram................................................................. 27
Phase spectrum.................................................................... 28
The time signal..................................................................... 29
General measurement functions B:

B
B: General measurement functions

Leonova measurement functions
Leonova™ Infinity always has the following measurement
functions with unlimited use:
• Speed measurement, rpm and peripheral

• Temperature measurement
• Measurement of analog signals as current and voltage
• RMS vibration measurement according to ISO 2372.
The remaining measurement functions are user

selected, with either limited or unlimited use:
• Vibration measurement according to
ISO 10816, with spectrum
• FFT with symptoms
• EVAM evaluated vibration analysis
• Shock pulse measurement B
• SPM Spectrum
• Run up/Coast down and Bump test
• Orbit analysis
• Balancing
• Shaft alignment
For each measurement, the user can
input a comment.
When implemented, the function ‘Recording’ can be used to automatically record a stated number
of measuring results or measure over a stated time.
Measuring modes
Leonova is primarily designed as a data logger. Measuring rounds, complete with all input data for
evaluated measurements, are downloaded from a PC running the SPM software Condmaster ® Nova.
After measurement, the results are uploaded to the PC.
When data logging, the operator works along a predetermined route and measures ‘in round or-
der’. As an alternative, CondID memory tags can be attached to the machines. A measuring point,
belonging to a downloaded measuring round, is identified by reading its tag. Leonova Infinity
displays that point and its data, ready for measurement.
For unprepared measurement, Leonova contains a ‘default file’ for each measuring technique.
When required, the input data are entered manually by editing the default values. Edited default
files can be saved as new default files, or as user files which retain both the input data and the
measuring results

Measurement with default files
Measurement with default files is used for a ‘once only’
check, where you do not need to save the measuring
result. Default files are activated with the function 1
‘Create default settings’ under TOOLS.
• Select a measurement function (1) and one of the
default files (2). 2
• Touch the OPEN button to open the marked default

file, then touch the ‘...’ button (3) to get the menu
with ‘Measuring point data’ (4).
• The type of measuring point data depends on the

measuring method you are using. The window shows
default settings (5). Normally, you have to edit these.
Mark the line to be edited and touch the EDIT but-
B ton (6), then change the data using the keyboard.
Finish each entry with OK.
• Close ‘Measuring point data’. Connect the transduc-

er, measure and save. Saved measuring results can
be seen under ‘Graphics’ while the file is still open.
Measuring point data, default Measuring point data, edited

Measurement with edited default files
Editing the measuring point data temporarily
modifies the default file. In this example, the
measured quantity has been changed from ‘4-20
1
mA’ (the signal) to ‘Flow’ (the quantity repre-
sented by the signal), and the measuring unit
from ‘mA’ to ‘l/min’. Such changes show up in the
measurement window (1).
What happens next depends on how the default

file is closed. ‘Close’ (2) simply closes the default
file, without saving the edited measuring point
data or the measuring results.
To keep the edited measuring point data perma-

nently, use ‘Save as’ (3) before closing the file.
The choice ‘Save as new default settings’ (4) cre-
B
ates a new default file which you have to name
(5). 3
2
The edited default file turns up under the meas-
urement window (6). It has the same properties
as the other default files: it is used for a single
measuring technique and the measuring results
will not be saved when it is closed.
6
4

Single measurement user files
As a third alternative, you can close a default file with
‘Save as file’ (1) and input a file name (2). This will
1
place it into the FILE window (3).
The file thus saved keeps both the edited measuring

point data and the measuring results. It can be opened
to add more measurements.
3 4
B 6
Default files from the
5 analog menu can be config-
ured for manual input (4).
7 Note the special icon in the
FILE window (5).
Default file for reading CondID tags

The file ‘Read CondID’ in the FILE window (6) is intended for read-
ing memory tags which do not belong to a measuring point which
is part of a downloaded measuring round.
• Open the file ‘Read CondID’. Hold Leonova as shown, within

max. 50 mm of the tag, at an angle close to 90°.
Unless the tag requires unknown passwords, Leonova is pro-

grammed with the measuring point data contained on the
tag. You can now measure, and you can also write the results
back to the tag.
In case you want to save the measurement in Leonova,

you must do so under a new file name. The file will be
put into the FILE window, marked by a memory tag
symbol (7).
CondID tags can save following techniques:

dBm/dBc, LR/HR, ISO2372, ISO10816, EVAM / FFT,
RPM, user defined 1 & 2 and checkpoints
For the proper use of CondID tags when data

logging, see page B:10.

Multi measurement user files
It is possible to add more measuring techniques
to a single measurement user file after it has been
saved under a name and appears on the FILE win-
dow.
Open the file and the measurement menu. Select

‘Add technique’ (1). This opens the ‘Add technique’
window (2), listing every default file saved on the
various technique windows.
Mark a technique and touch OK. The name of the

new technique will be added above the technique
marked in the measuring window (3).
1
B
To get the correct measuring point data, you can

configure and save the default file before you add
the technique to the user file. Alternatively, edit the
measuring point data for each technique in the new
user file. Save it under a new name if you want to
keep the original user file.
To measure SPM techniques and EVAM with vari-

able speed, select the speed technique and do not
input an rpm value with the measuring point data
for the others.

Recording
‘Recording’ on the measurement menu (1) is a
function for taking a stated number of readings at
stated intervals, or measure for a stated number of
minutes.
Default files and single measurement user files can

be used when recording a single quantity, e. g.
shock pulses or a certain type of vibration.
However, the strong feature of ‘Recording’ is con- 1

secutive measurement of different quantities, using
up to three different transducers simultaneously
connected to Leonova:
• a shock pulse transducer on the SPM input.
B • one or two vibration transducers, alternatively an

analog signal on the VIB input.
• a tachometer or temperature probe on the cen-
tre input.
To set up a consecutive recording of a shock pulse

measurement, a vibration or analog measurement
plus either a speed or temperature measurement
(or any combination of these), one needs a measur-
ing point where all wanted techniques are active.
This point is either downloaded from Condmaster,
or it is a multi measurement user file (see previous
page).
2
Define the number of measurements or minutes (2)

and the time interval (3) between measurements (0 3
minutes = as fast as possible). Use the key NEW (4)
to select measuring techniques from the list (5) and
put them into the measuring sequence (6). A select- 6
ed technique can be replaced by another with EDIT
(7) or be deleted with (8). Connect the transducer(s)
and touch MEASURE to start.
4 7 8
The results can be seen on the graphics display and
can be uploaded to Condmaster.
For SPM and EVAM measurements with variable

speed, select ‘Speed’ as a technique and do not
input an rpm under ‘Measuring point data’.

Measuring rounds from Condmaster
For efficient, systematic condition monitoring,
Leonova is used as a data logger. Measuring
points are set up in Condmaster and down-
loaded to Leonova, complete with all input
data for any or all of the supported measuring
techniques. For instructions, see ‘Working with
Condmaster Nova and the Leonova Instru-
ments’, SPM 71805. 1
Downloaded measuring rounds are placed in

the FILE window (1). To measure, mark the file
and touch OPEN (2).
3
B
Measuring rounds cannot be renamed, be-
cause Condmaster needs the original round
name as an identifier.
2
After uploading, a measuring round can be
deleted (3). If you keep it in Leonova, it will be
overwritten next time you download the same
round from the PC.
Measuring points in downloaded rounds are

shown in round order, with the first measuring
technique marked. All the operator has to do is
to connect the appropriate transducer and use
the Leonova keys MEAS and SAVE to obtain
and save the measurements.
It is possible to add a technique to a measur-

ing point (4). This technique will be automati-
cally saved as part of the measuring point in
Condmaster.
A new point can also be added to a measuring

round (5). It is sufficient to name the point and
to select at least one measuring technique. On
uploading the round, the point can be properly
named and numbered.
5
Please note that this new point will not remain
in the round to which is was added. To make 4
it a permanent part of the round, go to the
round register and add it.

Measuring rounds for CondID
In a downloaded round, the measuring points linked
to CondID tags are marked with a memory tag sym-
bol (1).
After opening the round, hold Leonova close to the

memory tag and touch the SHIFT button.
The information on the tag will open the right 1

measuring point in the round. The measuring point
data will not be transferred in this situation: Leono-
va is programmed with the data downloaded from
the PC. Thus, all changes made since the memory
tag was programmed will be regarded.
To transfer data changes and the latest measuring

B results to the memory tag, open ‘Write to CondID’
(4) and hold Leonova close to the tag.
Measuring points not in the round

CondID tags belonging to measuring points not
included in the open round can be read and written
to in the same manner.
Reading the tag will temporarily add a new meas-

uring point to the round, with the data taken from
the memory tag. Such points and their measuring
results will be uploaded to Condmaster together
with the round. For measuring points that already
exist in Condmaster, the new measuring results
will be saved without any kind of message from the
program. For measuring points that do not exist in
3
Condmaster, you will get a message asked whether
to save them or not. 4
The extra points are then removed from the round.
B:10 General measurement functions

The measuring sequence
Measuring with Leonova, especially data logging with downloaded, fully configured files, is very
simple. While the file is open, only two keys are needed: MEAS and SAVE.
Default files Configured files

1 Select a file (technique menu). 1 Select a file (FILE menu).
2 Open the file. 2 Open the file.

• Open ‘Measuring point data’.
• Edit ‘Measuring point data’, all param-
eters.
• Close ‘Measuring point data’.
3 Connect the transducer. 3 Connect the transducer.
4 Press the MEAS key (or open the Measure 4 Press the MEAS key (or open the Measure
menu and touch ‘Measure’). menu and touch ‘Measure’).
• Repeat the measurement until satisfied. • Repeat the measurement until satisfied.
• Touch the Select button on the action • Touch the Select button on the action
bar to leaf through the measuring results. bar to leaf through the measuring re-
• Set comment. sults.
• Set comment.
5 Press the SAVE key (or touch the ‘Save’ but-
ton on the action bar, or press ENT when 5 Press the SAVE key (or touch the ‘Save’ but-
‘Save’ is marked). ton on the action bar, or press ENT when
• Measure again. ‘Save’ is marked).
• Measure next item, measure again.
6 Close the file with ‘Close’ on the Measure
menu, or use ‘Save as’ to save it as a user/ 6 Close the file with ‘Close’ on the Measure
new default file. menu, with or without saving.
General measurement functions B:11

Measurement window before measuring
The measurement window has three parts, the result field (A), the measuring point field (B) and the
action bar (C). Their contents differ, depending on the type of measurement file and measuring
technique used. The figure below shows a downloaded round with the dBm/dBc technique active,
before pushing the MEAS key.
2 6
1 4
3 A 5
7 8
9
B 10
13
11
12
15
14 B 16
17
A Result field B Measuring point field

1 Measuring point icon 10 Measuring point open (measuring tech-
2 Measuring point number niques are visible)
3 Measuring point name 11 Measuring point number and name,
4 Active measuring technique (marked = active)
5 Measuring result saved for this technique, 12 Measuring point name ‘on separate line’
no - yes (remove under ‘General settings’)
6 Measuring point status when last meas- 13 Measuring point, at least one technique
ured measured, present status
7 Alternatives for measuring point status 14 Measuring techniques
after measurement 15 Measuring technique, measured, present
8 Unit of main measuring result status
9 Additional measurements yes - no, e.g. 16 Measuring technique, not measured, lat-
transducer line quality, spectrum est status.
17 Measuring point, closed
Open/close folders with RIGHT/LEFT arrow

keys.

Measurement window before saving
The measurement is started by connecting the transducer and pushing the MEAS key.
The main result (1) is displayed in the measurement field and the status is shown by a larger status
icon on top of the alternatives (2).
At this stage, the measuring result is not yet saved. The alternatives are to save it now or to repeat
the measurement.
2 A
1
C
9 6 5 3 4 7 8
C Action bar
All choices on the action bar are linked to the measuring point and technique selected in the meas-
urement window shown here.
3 Opens the measurement window.

4 Opens the measuring result window, which shows the whole list of results from the active meas-
urement. From version 2.xx, the values are displayed both before and after saving. The type of
result(s) marked in that window is shown in the graphics window (7).
5 The ‘Select’ key. In case several measurements where taken, it is used before saving to leaf
through the results. The selected results are shown in the result field (1), in the measuring result
window under (4) and in the graphics window under (7).
6 Saves the results of the measurement shown in the result field (1). Erases all other measure-
ments in case several were taken. Erases the values from the measuring result window under (4).
Goes to the next item in the measurement window.
7 Graphics window showing a) the selected measurement taken before saving, or b) all down-
loaded and saved measurements after saving, for the active measuring point and the result type
selected under (4).
8 Spectrum display, if any.
9 Measuring point data.

Comments
The option ‘Set comment’ (1) on the ‘Measuring
point data’ menu is open for all types of measure-
ments.
4
3
1
Comments consists of a ‘standard comment’ (2) 5

and an optional free text (3) of up to four lines. The
present date and time are set automatically in the
field ‘From date/time’ (4). They can be edited.
In the graphics display, the comment appears as a

square (colour coded in Condmaster) on the time
line.
As an option, a future date and time can be input in

the field ‘To date and time’. This changes the square
on the time line of the graphics display into a bar
that cover the time interval between the two dates
and times.
The complete list of standard comments contained

in Condmaster is downloaded with the measuring
rounds and is available when data logging.
6
When measuring with the Leonova default files, you
have four ‘Default comments’ (6) to which you can
add free text. The text ‘Default comment’ can not be
edited.

Graphics window
The graphics window shows measuring results as dots (1) against a neutral scale or, in case of
evaluated measuring results, a condition scale. Alarm limits set in Condmaster are marked by hori-
zontal lines. The type of measuring result (2) is selected in the measuring result window.
Up to 100 measuring results can be downloaded with a measuring round from Condmaster. The
setting is made under ‘Measuring system’ when Leonova is activated. Downloading 5 to 10 meas-
uring results is quite sufficient to see the trend when the new reading is taken. The new result is
shown before it is saved.
9 B
10
11
2
3
↑ 5
↑
6
↑
4
8
7
Touching a measuring result dot displays the measuring time and the values (3). Touch and hold
displays the choice of deleting the result (4). Dragging the stylus into the diagram produces cross
hairs. Dragging the stylus over part of the diagram (5) zooms in on the period. Dragging the stylus
over the scale (6) changes the amplitude range. Comments are placed along the time line and open
when touched (7, 8). Tap and hold on the comment line to add a new comment. Comments can be
edited and deleted.
The functions on the Graphic menu are
9 ‘Zoom back’ reverts the last zoom step, while ‘Zoom back all’ returns to the original time span.
10 ‘Measuring protocol’ spaces the measuring result dots evenly, regardless of the time intervals
between measurements.
11 ‘Autoscale Y-axis’ sets the scale to the min. - max. range of the measuring results.

Measuring result window
The measuring result window is important for measuring techniques that return several values. The
result field (1) can have max. three lines. The measuring technique SPM LR/HR returns five values.
The EVAM method can produce many more, as even all symptom values are displayed. The scroll
bar (2) indicates that there are more parameters than those visible on the screen.
The measuring result window also shows the units of measurement (3), if any.
The values of the marked parameter (4) are shown in the Graphics window (5).
1 1
B
3 4
2
4
6 5
The measuring results are shown in this window both before and after saving the present meas-
urement. An active ‘Select’ button (6) indicates that several readings have been taken, waiting for
selection. All can be seen in this window when leafing through them with this button.

Live spectrum window
The live spectrum window shows a continu-
ously updated spectrum with 200 lines, ir-
respective of other settings. The window will
come up before measuring with the vibration
measuring techniques and rotor balancing.
This function is activated under the TOOLS

menu. Select ‘General settings’ and mark ‘Pre- 1
view live spectrum’ (1).
‘Re-scale’ (2) will adjust the Y scale to fit the

highest value and ‘Lock scale’ (3) will lock the
Y scale.
B
Temporary settings can be made in the setting
window, press the arrow button (4).
When pressing ‘Measure’ the pre-set assign-

ment will be performed.
2
3 4
In the settings window (5), you can temporarly

change upper frequency, spectrum unit, FFT
type, average type and count.
Select parameter with the UP/DOWN buttons

and change value with LEFT/RIGHT. Pre-set
values for the measuring point are shown in
blue, changed values in black. Changes will not
affect settings made under ‘Measuring point
data’.

Spectrum window
The upper part of the Spectrum window shows the result field (A). Below that is the spectrum field
(B) and at the bottom the Action bar (C).
2
5
B
C
3
The spectrum diagram is marked with the (displayed) range (1) in Hz, CPM or orders, depending on
the setting under ‘General settings’.
The Y-axis (2) is marked with the measuring unit for spectrum line amplitude and with the range.
To select the spectrum type unit, SD or SL, press the menu button (3) and select ‘Measuring point
data’.
The button ‘...’ opens the spectrum menu (4). ‘Settings’ on the spectrum menu opens the symptom
menu (5).

Spectrum functions
Regarding display and available functions, there is no difference between a vibration spectrum
and an SPM spectrum. The spectrum type is recognised from the measurement unit and the ampli-
tude unit.
Zoom
To zoom in on the X-axis of the
spectrum, place the stylus inside
the diagram (1) and drag horizon-
tally, in either direction. The dis-
7 played range is shown below the
diagram (2).
To zoom in on the Y-axis, drag

4
3
vertically (3). The amplitude scale
changes.
B
On the spectrum menu (4), you
6 1
can undo the last zoom step with
‘Zoom back’ or restore the original
diagram with ‘Zoom back all’.
5 2
Cross hairs
To produce cross hairs that can be moved anywhere in the spectrum, place the stylus anywhere
outside of the diagram (5), then drag it into the diagram. The position of the cross hair centre (6)
along the X- and the Y-axis is displayed (7).
Marker
To put a marker into the spectrum, point with the
stylus anywhere inside of the diagram and keep
it on the screen (‘tap and hold’) until a vertical ar-
row appears (8). The arrow can be dragged with the
stylus. For fine work, move the marker sideways with 9
RIGHT/LEFT. One step corresponds to spectrum
resolution (minimum distance between two spectrum
lines).
∆
∆
At each step, the marker jumps to the top of the

spectrum line or, if there is none, to the base line 8
(amplitude = 0). Frequency and amplitude of the
marker position are briefly displayed (9).
When the arrow coincides with a position belonging

to a symptom, the name of the symptom is displayed
(8). In case several symptoms share the same posi-
tion, all relevant symptom names are displayed.

The purpose of a spectrum is to reveal line patterns associated with machine or bearing faults.
Characteristic for many fault patterns is the presence of ‘multiples’ or ‘harmonics’, which means
that the line (or group of lines) is repeated two, three or more times further up in the spectrum.
The spacing is 1Z, 2Z, 3Z, ... nZ, where Z = the frequency of the first line.
B
1 2
4 3
Z Z Z Z Z
With the marker (1) on a line that has a significant

amplitude, open the spectrum menu and select
‘Show harmonics’ (2).
The marker is replaced by a series of numbered Z

broad arrows (3). Number 1 is in the marker posi-
tion. Numbers 2, 3, etc. are the harmonics. They are
evenly spaced along the frequency axis at Z inter-
vals. Moving the marker one step and back will again
display its position and thus Z.
To remove markings from the spectrum, use ‘Clear

all (4) on the spectrum menu. The lower figure show
the effect of placing the marker on the second large Z Z
line in the pattern and again selecting ‘Show har-
monics’. This line has one harmonic within the dis-
played frequency range. Z is doubled.
Please note that Number 1 in the lower figure also matches the symptom ‘Bearing, BPFI’. This
shows that the symptom is configured to look for multiples of the basic pattern. More about symp-
toms overleaf.

Spectrum functions on the ‘Settings menu’
The option ‘Settings’ on the spectrum menu opens a window with further functions for the spec-
trum window:
1 Use logarithmic scales.

2 Recall saved or downloaded spectra.
1
3 Highlight a theoretical symptom in the spectrum.
4 Select a downloaded symptom.
‘Symptoms’ are instructions to search for and highlight 2

spectrum lines or groups of spectrum lines that are
3
typical for certain machine faults. Their purpose is to
point out the significant data contained in the spec- 4
trum. B
Symptoms are selected and configured when the
measuring point is created in Condmaster. They are 5
downloaded with the measuring round. The only fac-
tor added in Leonova is normally the machine speed
(unless the measuring point is configured with a fixed
rpm, which it should not be when spectra are meas-
ured).
For an SPM spectrum, the list of symptoms shows the

number of matches (5, 6), i. e. the spectrum lines with 6
amplitudes above 0 that fit the calculated pattern.
When the spectrum is measured with an appropriate
resolution and over a frequency range large enough to
accommodate the pattern, the number of matches will
normally equal the number of lines in the symptom.
The two symptom marked in the figures both look for BPFI, the ball pass frequency over the inner
race. The symptom (5) only looks for the line itself (1 possible match), while the symptom marked
(6) looks for the same line plus three harmonics (4 possible matches).

The effect of a logarithmic Y-scale is illustrated below, using a downloaded vibration spectrum.
4
3
1
2
B
The amplitude scale of a spectrum is automatically scaled to accommodate the largest spectrum
line (1). Thus, a dominant line will make most others invisible, which is desirable, because the lines
containing very little energy are insignificant for the evaluation of machine condition. In this exam-
ple, the amplitude scale is marked 0 - 0.386 mm/s, so even the largest spectrum line is small.
Switching to a logarithmic scale amplifies the low

amplitude values (2). The amplitude unit gets the ad-
dition ‘LOG’ (3). This display form clearly shows that
the FFT calculation produces spectrum lines in almost
every position, most with amplitudes well below 0.002
mm/s.
The date above the scale (4) shows that the spectrum 5
was saved in Leonova or downloaded from Cond-
master. It was elected from the list under ‘Measuring
results’.
For saved spectra, the measurement result is not

shown in the result window (5). To see the result, go to
the Graphics window and open the result for this date
and time.
Please note: Saved spectra will be erased from the Spectrum window when ‘Clear all’ on the spec-
trum menu is selected.

Highlighted symptoms in the spectrum
The following examples show different options on the ‘Settings’ menu and their effect on the
spectrum display.
Theoretical symptom: Not marked.

Selection: No symptom. B
A. Symptoms are not marked in the spectrum.
1
B
Theoretical symptom: Not marked.

Selection: Single line symptom.
B. The symptom name is shown (1). The symptom line is marked with a red dashed line (2) if a
match is found in the spectrum. To find the match, Leonova searches for the closest peak line
within the tolerances programmed in Condmaster.
3 C
Theoretical symptom: Marked

Selection: Single line symptom.
C. T he symptom name is shown, plus the text ‘Theoretical symptom’ (3). The line in the calculated
symptom position is marked with a blue dashed line (4). Leonova does not search for the closest
peak.

The previous page illustrated the three basic alternatives on the ‘Settings’ menu with single line
symptoms. Here are examples of multi line symptoms:
5 6
Selection: Single line symptom with

B harmonics.
D. S ame as B, but containing the line at BPFI plus three harmonics, altogether four possible match-
es (5). In this example, the match found by Leonova agrees with the obvious peaks in the spec-
trum: all dashed lines are on top of the largest lines (6).
7 8
Selection: Single line symptom with

harmonics.
E. Same as C, marking the positions where BPFI and its three harmonics should be according to
the calculations. In case of the first line (7), reality as reproduced by the FFT agrees with the cal-
culation. However, the next three lines in the pattern are not quite in their calculated positions:
they are beside the dashed lines (8).
Please note that such near misses are normal, es-

pecially for the more rigid ‘Theoretical symptom’.
Vibration itself is a continuous event, which is first
digitalized during measurement and the subjected to
mathematical manipulations to get the spectrum. At
every step, there are tolerances, so an offset must be
expected.
The resolution of this spectrum is 0.15625 Hz, so the

line is offset by a single digital step.

Multi line symptoms with harmonics
The symptom register in Condmaster contains a number of symptoms searching for groups of
lines. These are of three kinds:
a harmonics of a single frequency line
b side bands to a single frequency line
c harmonics of a side band pattern.
Note that ‘harmonics’ are also called ‘multiples’ and ‘orders’. Alternative a) is illustrated on the
previous page.
Selection: BPFIM, a 6 line symptom

showing the side bands of BPFI
Damage on the rotating inner race of a bearing

typically affects the line at the ball pass fre-
quency over the inner race (BPFI). Quite often it
also produces side bands to this frequency line.
In Condmaster, the symptom BPFIM (M = modu-
G
lation) is configured to show 3 side bands of
either side of the centre line BPFI, which is not
highlighted (F).
Adding the marker to the centre line of the pat-

ters displays the position of BPFI and shows that
it is covered by its own symptom (G).

Harmonics of a side band pattern tend to put a lot of highlighters into the spectrum, which can be
confusing. There is also a strong possibility that the multiples of the basic pattern overlap.
In the symptom shown below (H, I), the number of side bands has therefore been reduced to two
on either side of the centre line.
B
Selection: BPFIM with 2 side bands
of BPFI and 4 harmonics
The pattern in (H) is made clearer by placing

marker on top of the BPFI line and selecting ‘Show I
harmonics’ on the spectrum menu (I).
Please note: While the presence of side bands and

multiples in a spectrum is significant, the actual
number of such elements is not important. The
job of a symptom is to point out relevant data, not
to find ‘everything’.
Zooming in on the spectrum (1) and sweeping a 1

cluster of lines reveals, how close significant lines
can be together.
The BPFI factor of this bearing is 4.919, so the har- H

monics of BPFI are spaced about five side bands
apart. The symptom ‘Bearing, BPFIM’ looks for
3 side bands, while symptom ‘Bearing 4, BPFIM’ 2
looks for four harmonics but only two side bands. 3
In position (2), we see the third upper side band of
the original BPFI. In position (3), we see the second
lower side band of the harmonic. 3
Position (3) is a harmonic (order, multiple) of the fundamental frequency 1X. In this case we see 5X,
which is of course close to BPFI (at 4.919X). In a low resolution spectrum, the three lines will be
lumped together and shown as a single line.

Waterfall diagram
The waterfall diagram is a three dimensional
display of up to 99 vibration spectra. The dif-
ferent readings are displayed along the Z coor-
dinate, with the latest reading in the front.
To display a waterfall diagram, go to the spec-

trum window (1). Under the ‘. . .’ button (2), go 2
to ‘Settings’ (3) and select a number of dia-
grams to show (4).
Hair cross and markers are only valid for the

spectrum in the front. For the marker position
in the spectrum, the frequency, amplitude and
phase angle are shown.
B
Settings and other graphical functions are the

same as for spectrum, see ‘Spectrum functions’ 1
earlier in this part of the manual.

Phase spectrum
If a time signal is measured together with a ta-
chometer pulse a phase spectrum can be dis-
played. This type of spectrum is useful especially
when measuring on two channels.
To see a phase spectrum, go to the spectrum

window and mark ‘Phase spectrum’ under the ‘. . .’
button (1). 1
Under ‘Settings’ you can mark ‘Show phase noice’ 2

(3) to see the phase angle for each line included in
the spectra.
B
Tap and hold to produce the blue marker (2). For
the marker position in the spectra, frequency, am-
plitude and phase angle are shown (4).
Move the blue marker with the right/left arrow

keys.
All other settings and graphical functions are the

same as for spectrum, see ‘Spectrum functions’ 3
earlier in this part of the manual.

The time signal
The time signal can be saved for vibration measurement. It can be seen directly after measuring
and before saving, or by calling up any stored measurement for the active measuring point (se-
lected under settings).
3
1
The measuring unit (1) is always the signal unit, i. e. the transducer output. The diagram is scaled
peak to peak (Y-axis) and shows the total sample time (2) along the X-axis.
Menu selected functions under (3) are:

Zoom back: undo last zoom step.
Zoom back all: show original spectrum.
Show periods: when two markers are active, this shows all multiples of the time interval between
the markers.
Clear all: removes markers and other indicators, and even removes a time signal that was selected
from the list of saved time signals.
Settings: opens a menu (4) where one can select another time signal if available.

Pointing/dragging with the stylus opens more functions:
To zoom in on a time range, drag the stylus hori-

zontally over a part of the diagram (1). 4
To zoom in on a part of the amplitude scale, drag

the stylus vertically over a part of the diagram 5
(2). 2
To put cross-hairs into the diagram, drag the sty-

lus from any point outside into the diagram (3).
The time and amplitude of the cross-hair centre 1
is displayed (4) as you move the cross-hairs with
3
the stylus.
To put a marker (5) into the spectrum, point

with the stylus and keep it on the screen (tap
B and hold) until a blue vertical arrow appears.
The marker can be moved sideways with RIGHT/
LEFT, and it can also be dragged with the stylus.
At each step, the time and amplitude of the spot 7
beneath the marker are briefly displayed.
A period is selected by placing a second marker 6

(6). Hold down SHIFT, then tap and hold in the
second marker position. The frequency for the
period is shown in Hertz, together with delta
values (7):
Delta time = time between the two markers
Delta amplitude = difference in amplitude
between the two markers.
Delta phase = difference in phase angle
between the two markers.
Note: Phase angle is shown only if rpm is mea-

sured.
The RIGHT/LEFT buttons moves the first marker.

SHIFT + RIGHT/LEFT moves the second marker.
8
To mark a different period, use CLEAR ALL and
start again.
The menu choice ‘Show period’ shows all multi-

ples of the period between the two markers (8).

Free measurement techniques
Contents
Free measurement techniques............................................... 3
Speed measurement.............................................................. 4
Speed measurement with default file..................................... 5
Temperature measurement . .................................................. 6

Temperature measurement with default file........................... 7
Analog measurement . ........................................................... 8

Configuration of analog measurement file............................. 9
C
Vibration severity measurement........................................... 10
Definition of machine classes according to ISO 2372............11
Measuring points for vibration............................................. 12
Measuring point data for ISO 2372....................................... 13
Free measurement techniques C:

C
B
C: Free measurement techniques

Free measurement techniques
Leonova is always programmed for an unlimited use of the measurement techniques listed below.
Other diagnostic and analytic functions, for shock pulse measurement, vibration measurement,
rotor balancing and shaft alignment, are user selected.
Speed Vibration Temperature and

analog signals
Free measurement techniques are:
• Speed measurement
• Temperature measurement
• Measurement of analog signals, current and voltage:
C
0 – 20 mA
4 – 20 mA
0–1V
0 – 10 V
• RMS vibration, ISO 2372.
These measurement techniques and the equipment needed to use them are described in the
following instruction.
Measuring points containing the free techniques can be downloaded from CondmasterNova, fully
configured and ready for measurement.
When the default files under the technique windows are used, the analog measurements and
the vibration measurement normally require a configuration under ‘Measuring point data’ on the
measurement menu.

Speed measurement
The SPM tachometer probe TAD-18 is used for both optical and contact speed measurement. It is
connected to the middle transducer input.
Reflecting
tape
TAD-18
RPM, optical: RPM, contact centre:

Distance max. 0.6 m (2 feet) Hold it against the shaft centre
C
B
Peripheral, contact wheels Input for tachometer probe

Multiply the reading by the wheel factor:
TAD-12 0.1 m/min.

TAD-13 0.1 yd./min.
TAD-17 0.5 ft./min.

Speed measurement with default file
Please note: to evaluate bearing condition and
to make sense of a vibration spectrum, one has
to know the rpm of the shaft. This type of rpm
measurement is made as part of the shock pulse or
vibration measurement, where the speed technique
is automatically included when the point is config-
ured for ‘variable speed’.
The speed measure with the default file is not avail-

able for other measurements.
For the default file, there are no settings to be 2

made under ‘Measuring point data’ (1). It is possible
to change the speed unit from RPM to some other
unit, but Leonova will always count the number of
light reflexes.
Optical speed measurement

Easiest is the optical speed measurement. The
1
preparations are simple: paste a bit of adhesive
reflecting tape on the rotating part. It has to be
C
reasonably clean.
Direct the light beam at the reflecting tape. Press

MEAS key. A green LED shows that the light beam is
on target. The count is displayed in a small window
(2). When it stabilizes, touch ‘Continue’. Save the
result or measure again.
The instrument counts 1 rpm for each received light

reflex. The minimum is one count every 6 seconds
(corresponding to 10 rpm). On slowly rotating parts
you can use several reflexes at even intervals, and
divide the displayed value by the number of tape
bits to get the rpm.
Contact measurement
For contact measurement, you place the contact adapter over the lens and fix a contact centre
or a wheel. The adapter has a reflecting tape inside, and each revolution sends one light reflex to
the counter. The contact centre is pressed firmly into the cavity at the centre of the shaft, and the
probe is aligned with the shaft’s centre line. The wheels are used to measure peripheral speed.
One turn corresponds to 0.1 m, 0.1 yards, or 0.5 feet, depending on the wheel type. For meters or
yards per minute, divide the displayed result by 10. For feet per minute, divide by 2.

Temperature measurement
The temperature probe TEM-11 is used for temperature
measurements in the range of –50 to +440 °C (–58 to
+824 °F).
The probe TEM-11 is connected via the spiral cable

CAB-10 to Leonova. It is power supplied by the instru-
ment.
Two probe tips belong to TEM-11:
• TEN-10 for measuring the surface temperature of

solids
• TEN-11 for measuring the temperatures of liquids.
The probe tips fit into the socket at the front end of the probe. Probe and tips should be handled
and stored with care. Keep the protective cap on the TEN-10 when the tip is not being used.
To measure, hold the probe tip TEN-10 against the object or dip TEN-11 into the liquid and press
the MEAS key.
C
B
TEM-11
Temperature
probe
CAB-10 TEN-10 TEN-11

Spiral cable Probe tip for solids Probe tip for liquids
Measuring range: –50 to +440 °C Sensitivity: 10 mV / °C
(–58 to +824 °F) Output range: 0 to 5 V DC
Maximum offset: ±5 °C (±9 °F) Power supply: +5 V DC
Measuring uncertainty: ± 1° C Measuring time: approx. 1 minute

Temperature measurement with default file
The default file for temperature measurements is
located in the ANALOG window.
The result is displayed with a decimal, but please

note that the accuracy of the SPM temperature
probe is ± integer.
There are no settings under ‘Measuring point

data’ (1).
The change from °C to °F is made under ‘General

settings’ (2) in the TOOL window.
Switching from one unit to the other will re-cal-

culate all saved results and display them in the C
active unit.

Analog measurement
The equipment for analog measurement
consists of the spiral cable CAB-42 which is
connected to the right hand transducer input.
The input is specified for max. 18 Vpp.
The analog technique window (1) contains a

default file for each of the acceptable signal
types: Input for
• 0 – 20 mA analog signals
• 4 – 20 mA
• 0 – 1V
• 0 – 10 V.
Open the appropriate file and configure it, as

shown on the next page. You can change any
of the files to any signal type.
C
B CAB-42
When you select ‘User input’ under ‘Measur-
ing point data’, you set the file for manual
result input via the keyboard.
To measure, press MEAS key. The count

is displayed in a small window (2). When it
stabilizes, touch ‘Continue’. Save the result or
measure again. 1

Configuration of analog measurement file
The default files for analog measurements have to
be configured. Open ‘Measuring point data’ with
the button (...).
‘Type’ is given when you select the appropriate file,

e. g. ‘4-20 mA’, but can be changed to any of the
other alternatives. It must, of course, correspond to
the incoming signal. ‘Type’ is shown as the measur-
ing point name in the measurement window (1).
‘Quantity’ is what the incoming signal represents, e.

g. power, flow, pressure. The default setting is the
name of the incoming signal. Mark this line and click
the Edit button. Open the keyboard and write the
new name. It will be displayed above the result field
in the measurement window (2).
‘Unit’ is the measurement unit for the new quantity,

here ‘bar’ for oil pressure. It is displayed in brackets
above the result field (3).
C
‘Format’ defines the number of digits and the posi-
tion of the decimal point in the result field (4). Write
a ‘#’ for each digit.
Signal conversion
Correct signal conversion is the most impor-
tant part of the configuration. Normally, you 1
do not want to measure electricity but the
quantity represented by the incoming signal.
2 3
‘Lowest value’ is the quantity represented by 4
the lowest value of the incoming signal. In this
example, the lowest incoming signal is 4 mA,
and it represents here a value of 1.4 bar.
‘Highest value’ is the quantity represented by

the highest value of the incoming signal, here
20 mA. In this example, this represents a value
of 2.2 bar.
Thus, the measuring range is defined as 1.4 to

2.2 bar.

Vibration severity measurement
Vibration severity measurement according to ISO 2372 is a broad band measurement over the
frequency range 10 to 1000 Hz. It returns the RMS value of vibration velocity in mm/s (or inch/s).
This value is representative of the energy contents of machine vibration, and thus of the destruc-
tive forces acting on the machine. It is still widely regarded as a good and easy to obtain indicator
of general machine condition.
Evaluation of machine condition
The evaluation consists of a comparison

of the measured value with the ISO
limit values recommended for 6 differ-
ent classes (see definition on the next
page).
The majority of industrial machinery Class mm/s

Limits
belongs to the vibration classes 2, 3, RMS
and 4:
Class 2: Medium size machines without

C
B special foundations
Class 3: Large machines on rigid foun-

dations
Class 4: Large machines on soft foun-

dations.
For example, most smaller process pumps in a chemical plant would be Class 2. A 100 kW fan on a
concrete foundation would be Class 3. However, the same fan fastened to the less rigid metal deck
of a ship could be considered as Class 4.
Class 1 refers to independent parts of machines, for example electric motors up to 15 kW. Classes
5 and 6 are used for heavy reciprocating prime movers and machines which are intended to vi-
brate, such as vibrating screens.
Leonova is programmed with the ISO limit values and will evaluate the measuring result, provided
the ISO machine class number is input under ‘Measuring point data’. On the instrument, the ISO
values for good and acceptable are shown as green. Just tolerable is yellow, unacceptable is red.
C:10 Free measurement techniques

Definition of machine classes according to ISO 2372
The following text is a quotation from ISO 2372 (1974, E, page 6, Annex A). This ISO Recommenda-
tion has also been published as British Standard (BS 4675, part I). A similar vibration classification
of industrial machinery can be found in VDI 2056.
In order to show how the recommended method of classification may be applied, examples of
specific classes of machines are given below. It should be emphasized, however, that they are sim-
ply examples and it is recognized that other classifications are possible and may be substituted in
accordance with the circumstances concerned. As and when circumstances permit, recommenda-
tions for acceptable levels of vibration severity for particular types of machines will be prepared.
At present, experience suggests that the following classes are appropriate for most applications.
Class I
Individual parts of engines and machines, integrally connected with the complete machine in its
normal operating condition. (Production electrical motors of up to 15 kW are typical examples of
machines in this category.)
Class II
Medium-sized machines, (typically electrical motors with 15 to 75 kW output) without special
foundations, rigidly mounted engines or machines (up to 300 kW) on special foundations.
C
Class III
Large prime movers and other large machines with rotating masses on rigid and heavy foundations
which are relatively stiff in the direction of vibration measurement.
Class IV
Large prime movers and other large machines with rotating masses on foundations which are rela-
tively soft in the direction of vibration measurement (for example turbogenerator sets, especially
those with lightweight substructures).
Class V
Machines and mechanical drive systems with unbalanceable inertia effects (due to reciprocating
parts), mounted on foundations which are relatively stiff in the direction of vibration measurement.
Class VI
Machines and mechanical drive systems with unbalanceable inertia effects (due to reciprocating
parts), mounted on foundations which are relatively soft in the direction of vibration measure-
ments; machines with rotating slackcoupled masses such as beater shafts in grinding mills; ma-
chines, like centrifugal machines, with varying unbalances capable of operating as self-contained
units without connecting components; vibrating screens, dynamic fatigue-testing machines and
vibration exciters used in processing plants.
Free measurement techniques C:11

Measuring points for vibration
Vibration severity is primarily a measure for general
machine condition. Vibration at the measuring point
should be representative for the overall vibration of the
machine.
Typical measuring points are the bearing housings. By

measuring in three directions, one can get an indication
of the causes for increased vibration.
• Horizontal vibration (H) in the plane of rotation is

most representative of balance condition.
• Vertical vibration (V) in the plane of rotation is most
representative of structural weakness.
• Axial vibration (A) along the line of the shaft is most
representative of faulty alignment and bent shafts.
To get comparable results, the measuring points

should be clearly marked, so that the measurements
C
B can always be taken in the same spots.
SPM vibration transducers can be used
• as a hand-held probe, with or without the probe

tip attached. Not recommended above 1000 Hz.
• with a magnet for attachment to ferrous metal
parts. Not recommended above 2000 Hz.
• with the M8 (UNC 1/4”-28) mounting screw.
The firmer the contact with the machine, the better

the measuring result. Plain, clean metal makes the
best contact surface for the vibration transducer.
Transducer with Hand-held

magnet probe

Measuring point data for ISO 2372
The only measuring point data that should be
edited are ‘Direction’ and ‘Class’ (1). For both, the
alternatives are selected from lists after marking
the line and touching ‘Edit’ (2).
‘Portable’ on the transducer line (3) means that

the transducer which is marked in the register is
active.
1
To select a transducer, open the window ‘Vibra- 3
tion transducers’ by touching the button (4).
Mark its name on the list (5) and touch the arrow
key (6) to select. To see or edit its data, mark its
name on the list and touch the edit key (7). The
transducer data become editable after you switch
‘Transducer’ from ‘Portable’ to ‘Remote’. Pro-
vided you know the transducer’s frequency range
and its upper and lower bias range, you can input
the data here. C
2 4
The nominal sensitivity of a vibration transducer
SLD144 is 10.0 mV/m/s 2 . The actual sensitivity of
the individual transducer is written on its calibra-
tion card. This data should always be input in the
transducer register. When several transducers are
in use, they should be marked to assure that the 5
readings are calibrated.
7 6
The selected measuring direction appears as

measuring point name in the measurement
window (8). 8
To measure, connect the transducer and press

9
MEAS. The selected machine class effects the
evaluation of the measuring result (9).
8
Free measurement techniques C:13

C
B

Shock pulse measurement
Contents
Shock pulse techniques.......................................................... 3
Rules for SPM measuring points............................................. 4
Examples of SPM measuring points........................................ 6
Equipment for shock pulse measurement.............................. 8
Transducer with quick connector............................................ 9
Permanently installed transducers/terminal ........................ 10
Shock pulse transducer with probe.......................................11
The dBm/dBc technique....................................................... 12

Normalized condition readings . .......................................... 13
Input data for SPM dBm/dBc................................................ 14
Measuring SPM dBm/dBc..................................................... 16
Using the earphones............................................................. 17
D
The LR/HR technique............................................................ 18
Input data for SPM LR/HR.................................................... 19
Accumulation and compensation.......................................... 20
LR/HR values and CODE....................................................... 21
The LUB number................................................................... 22
The COND number and error codes..................................... 23
Input data for SPM LR/HR.................................................... 24
Measuring SPM LR/HR.......................................................... 26
Measuring an SPM Spectrum................................................ 27

Editing the spectrum data.................................................... 28
Shock pulse measurement D:

D
D: Shock pulse measurement

Shock pulse techniques
The Shock Pulse Method for bearing condition monitoring (SPM) is applied as three related and
complementary measuring techniques:
SPM dBm/dBc
Shock pulse magnitude is quantified on a decibel scale by
two values, the maximum value dBm and the carpet value
dBm
dBc. The input data are very simple: the rpm and the bear-
ing’s shaft diameter. The maximum value dBm is evaluated
on a green - yellow - red condition scale. It indicates the
bearing’s operating conditions in terms of good - caution dBc
- bad. Operating condition includes factors like installation
quality, load, lubrication and the mechanical state of the
bearing surfaces.
SPM LR/HR TYPE 3

Shock pulse magnitude is quantified on a decibel scale by
the values LR (low rate of occurrence, corresponding to
the dBm) and HR (high rate of occurrence, corresponding
to the dBc). In addition to these ‘raw values’, the bearing’s
operating condition is indicated by the evaluation results
CODE (overall condition), LUB (oil film thickness) and COND
(mechanical state of the surfaces). Thus, condition informa-
tion is more detailed, with emphasis on bearing lubrication.
The required input data are also more detailed: the rpm, the bearing’s mean diameter and its type D
number. The type number defines the bearing geometry and thus the evaluation box with its green
- yellow - red condition zones.
For both techniques, measuring results indicating bad bearing condition should be verified. By
comparing shock values on and around the bearing housing and by lubrication tests the operator
can make sure that the measured shock pulses originate from the bearing before taking corrective
action. This verification process is greatly simplified by the latest technique, SPM Spectrum.
SPM Spectrum
A time record of the shock signal is subjected to an FFT.
Prominent bearing patterns in the resulting spectrum are
conclusive evidence that the measured shocks are generated
by the bearing. Thus, the bearing condition data obtained
with either the dBm/dBc or the LR/HR method are valid.

Rules for SPM measuring points
The rules for the selection of SPM measuring points have a
very practical purpose.
We are trying to catch low energy signals which are getting

weaker the farther they travel and the more they are
bounced about inside a piece of metal.
We know that they lose strength when they cross over

from one piece of metal to another (oil between the pieces
reduces signal losses).
We cannot know, for all bearing applications, how much of

the strength of the bearing signal will reach the measuring
1 – Straight and short path
point.
However, of necessity we try to apply general evaluation

rules, i. e. treat all measured signals as if they were of the
same quality.
The rules for SPM measuring points try to assure that most
signals are comparable, with sufficient accuracy, and that
the green-yellow-red condition zones are valid.
2 – No interface!
1 The signal path between bearing and measuring point
D shall be as short and straight as possible.
2 The signal path must contain only one mechanical

interface, that between bearing and bearing housing.
3 The measuring point shall be located in the load zone

of the bearing.
Load
Measuring
point
3 – In the load zone of the bearing

Measuring points should be located directly on the
bearing housing, i. e. the metal that is touching the
outer race.
SPM supplies long adapters and transducers that

allow you to reach measuring points beneath
covers, shields and brackets.
The signal losses in the two unavoidable interfaces

(bearing – bearing housing and housing – adapter)
have been taken into account in SPM’s evaluation
of bearing condition.
The load zone is defined as the load carrying part

of the bearing housing. It is normally determined
by the weight of the supported machine part, i.e.
the load is mostly on the lower half of the bearing
housing.
Consider also the direction of the force acting on

the shaft when the machine is running. Thus, belt
tension can determine the load on the bearings.
The fan shaft in point 3 is pulled down towards the
motor. The drive end of the motor shaft is pulled up
towards the fan (2), the non-drive end (1) is pressed
down and away from the fan. In point 4 the weight
of the rotor normally determines the measuring
D
direction. The arrows show the measuring points,
numbered in the direction of power transmission.
Find the strongest signal

Use the shock pulse transducer with probe to find the spot on the bearing housing where the signal is
strongest. If there are several points yielding the same signal, select the point where it is easiest to take
readings.
When a measuring point cannot conform to the rules (because an ideal spot cannot be reached), make
allowance for a weaker signal. If you use SPM LR/HR, you have a COMP no. to compensate for weak
signals, but must still try to find a good point.

Examples of SPM measuring points
The following pages show measuring points and 1
possible adapter or transducer installations. How to
install measuring equipment is described in the SPM
installation manual.
Through hole for long adapter

A measuring point beneath a fan cover (1) can be
reached with a long adapter, through a hole in the
cover.
Adapter with lock nut

The fan cover is fastened directly to the motor
shield, which is also the bearing housing (2). One of 2
the cover’s holding screws can be replaced by an

adapter with lock nut.
Bearing housings beneath brackets

Consult machine drawings and identify the bearing
housing before selecting a measuring point.
In a pump, the bearings can be placed in two sepa-

D rate housings inside the bearing bracket (3).
3
Measuring point B, placed below and opposite to the
pump outlet (because of the load direction) can be
reached with a long adapter through an opening in
the pump shield. A
The bearing pair at measuring point A can be

reached with a long adapter through a clearance hole
in the bracket. The hole must be large enough to
allow bearing adjustment and still prevent metallic
contact between bracket and adapter.
B

Multiple bearings in one housing 4
If there are several bearings in the same housing,
they are normally treated as a single bearing. In
the bearing arrangement for a vertical pump (4),
1
it is not possible to distinguish between the shock
pulses from the paired bearings in point 1.
There is also a risk for cross talk between point X

1 and point 2, which means that the shock pulses
from the bearing in worst condition are picked up
2
in both points.
Check signal strength with the probe. Use one

measuring point only if readings are identical in
both points. This point (x) can be placed halfway
between points 1 and 2.
Installed transducer A B
On large electric motors (5), the bearings are often
mounted in bushings which are welded or bolted
to the motor shields. Because of the damping in
the interface between the bushing and the shield,
the measuring point should be on the bushing.
The bearing bushing at the drive end (A) is usually

D
within reach. A long adapter is installed at an
angle to the shield, so that there is enough space
for connecting the transducer.
The bearing at the fan end (B) requires a perma- A. Drive end
nent transducer installation. The transducer is
installed in the bushing. The coaxial cable is run
through a slit in the fan cover to a measuring
terminal on the stator frame.
B. Fan end

Equipment for shock pulse measurement
Hand-held transducers
Two types of hand-held transducers are available for
shock pulse measurement with Leonova:
• Shock pulse transducer with quick connector,

TRA70, for use with permanently installed TRA70
measuring adapters. Shock pulse transducer with quick
• Shock pulse transducer with probe, TRA72. connector
Permanently installed transducers

Permanent installed transducers can be used in
narrow spaces or when the bearing cannot be
reached directly. The transducer is connected to
a measuring terminal via a coaxial cable. Connect
Leonova to the measuring terminal with a slip-on
measuring cable.
• Standard transducer, type 40000, for cable length
up to 4 m. TRA72
• Transducer with TMU, type 42000, for cable Shock pulse transducer with probe
length up to 100 m.
• Measuring cable, CAB36, BNC slip-on, 1.5 m.
Transducers and measuring cables are connected to

D Leonova’s left hand input.
Note: For measurements with low dBi (low rpm or

small bearings) the quick connector or permanently
installed transducer is recommended.
CAB36
Measuring cable, BNC slip-on, 1.5 m
Earphones
The earphones allows you to listen on the shock
pulse pattern and is helpful for verifying and tracing
the shock pulse sources. Two types of earphones are
available.
• Earphone in ear defenders, EAR10, headset, with
cable.
• Earphone in ear defenders for helmet, EAR11,
with cable.
EAR10
Earphones are connected to Leonova’s input/output
Earphone with cable
connector in the middle.

Transducer with quick connector
All three types of shock pulse transducers are connected
to Leonova’s left hand connector. The choice of transducer
type depends on how the measuring point is prepared. For
systematic shock pulse monitoring, SPM recommends the
use of installed adapters and the quick connect transducer
wherever possible.
Adapters are solid metal bolts of different length and

thread sizes, tuned for correct signal transmission. They are
installed in threaded, countersunk mounting holes on the
bearing housings. Glue-on adapters are available.
To attach the transducer with quick connector, press it

against the adapter and twist clockwise. Twist counter-
clockwise to remove it.
Check that installed transducers and adapters are properly

mounted according to the SPM installation instructions and
in good condition. You cannot expect a useful signal by
attaching the quick connect transducer to a rusty lump of
metal, or from a transducer that is rolling on the floor on
the other side of a partition. Push and twist
Adapter surfaces must be clean and plane. Use an adapter

cap to protect them.
An identification tag, CondID ®, can be hung on the

adapter cap. CondID ® is a contact free memory tag used D
for measuring point recognition and condition memory.
It should not be mounted flat against a metal surface.
A distance of min. 3 mm between metal surfaces and
CondID ® is recommended.
Signal transmission
CondID responds to a recognition signal when Leonova
®
is held close to the tag. It contains all basic data for its
measuring point: number, name, and all measuring tech-
Adapter cap
niques connected with it, complete with all input data. If
the measuring point is already loaded in Leonova, it will be
displayed, else it will be added to those in the data logger
memory. CondID ® also saves the measuring results when
the WRITE function is used after taking the readings.
Identification
tag, CondID

Permanently installed transducers/terminal
A permanently installed transducer and a Measuring
measuring terminal (BNC or TNC connector) terminal
are used when the bearing cannot be reached
directly. Use a measuring cable to connect
Leonova to the terminal.
The terminal cabinet, SPM 14318, can receive

up to 16 coaxial cables from shock pulse and
vibration transducers. The cabinet is made of
stainless steel and has protection class IP66.
Transducers for permanent installation are

available with different thread sizes and in two
types, series 40000 for cable length max. 4 m
and series 42000 for cable length max. 100 m.
They are installed in threaded, countersunk
mounting holes on the bearing housings. The Input for
coaxial cable between transducer and terminal shock pulse transducer
should be firmly attached to the machine
with cable clamps and, where necessary, be
protected against damage.
D SPM supplies high temperature cables and

moisture proof connectors.
Installed transducer, cable to terminal
D:10 Shock pulse measurement

Shock pulse transducer with probe
The hand-held probe is mainly used to locate the
strongest shock signal on and around the bearing
housing, in order to find the best measuring point
or to verify the shock pulse source after getting a
measuring result which indicates bad bearing condi-
tion.
If it is used for regular condition monitoring, the

measuring points for the hand-held probe should be
clearly marked. Always measure in the same spot.
Rubber sleeve
in contact with
The probe tip is spring loaded and moves within a the surface
sleeve of hard rubber. To maintain a steady pressure
on the tip, press the probe tip against the meas- Point at the
uring point until the rubber sleeve is in contact with bearing
the surface.
Hold steady
Hold the probe steady to avoid rubbing between
probe tip and surface.
The probe is directionally sensitive. It has to be

pointed straight at the bearing.
D
Avoid small
The centre of the probe tip should touch the cavities and
surface. Avoid pressing the probe tip against cavi- fillets
ties and fillets which are smaller than the probe tip.
The only part likely to wear out is the rubber sleeve

for the probe tip. It is made of chloroprene rubber
(neoprene) and tolerates 110° C (230° F). Spare
sleeves have the part number 13108.
SPM 13108
Neoprene, 110° C (230° F)
Shock pulse measurement D:11

The dBm/dBc technique
d RPM
Life time
dBm
dBm
dBc dBc
dBm
dBc
D The dBm/dBc technique has been successfully applied for more than 35 years and continues to be
widely used. It is well suited for industrial condition monitoring, because it works with few, easy to
understand in- and output data and with ‘reasonable accuracy’.
Even on a logarithmic scale, there is normally a large, distinct difference between the maximum
values from good and bad bearings. Thus, minor inaccuracies in the input data (rpm and shaft
diameter) have little effect on the evaluated measuring result.
Lubrication condition is indicated by the delta value, i.e. the difference between dBm and dBc.
High readings and a small delta value indicate poor lubrication or dry running. This is sufficient for
maintenance purposes.
dBm and dBc are measured in a fixed time window and automatically displayed. After that, the
instrument continues to measure while the transducer is connected. The peak indicator blinks
when pulses stronger than the displayed level are detected.
The earphone is used to listen to the shock pulse pattern in case of suspect or high readings.
This, and the possibility to search for shock pulse sources with the probe transducer, is a means to
verify the measuring result and its cause.

Normalized condition readings
dBi = Initial value of a bearing

dBc = Carpet value (weak pulses)
Absolute scale
dBm = Maximum value (strong pulses)
(shock value)
dBn = Unit for normalized shock level
dBsv = Unit for absolute shock level
Normalized
scale
(condition)
The absolute shock pulse level of a bearing, measured in dBsv (decibel shock value), is both a
function of rolling velocity and of bearing condition. To neutralize the effect of rolling velocity on
D
the measured value, Leonova has to be programmed with shaft diameter (in millimetre or inch) and
rotational speed (in rpm).
The instrument will then calculate the initial value dBi, the starting point of the condition scale for
a particular bearing. The dBi can also be input directly or via the ISO bearing number. The condi-
tion scale is graded in normalized shock values, dBn.
Leonova samples the shock pulse amplitude over a period of time and displays:
• the maximum value dBm for the small number of strong shock pulses.
• the carpet value dBc for the large number of weaker shock pulses.
• the status dot which is green for dBm up to 20 dBn = good condition, yellow for 21-34 dBn =
caution, red for 35 dBn and more = bad condition.
The maximum value dBm defines the bearing’s position on the condition scale. The difference
between dBm and dBc is used for a finer analysis of the causes for reduced or bad condition.
When you set the dBi to ‘0’, Leonova will take an unnormalized reading in dBsv (absolute shock
values). The condition zones do not apply. This method is used for comparative reading on
different bearings and/or other shock pulse sources.

Input data for SPM dBm/dBc
For a normalized reading of bearing condition with
the Leonova default file, it is necessary to edit the
‘Measuring point data’ and set the initial value dBi.
The default setting is dBi = 0, which produces the
unnormalized shock values without condition status
display.
If known, the dBi can be input directly via the

keyboard. Mark the line, then open it with the EDIT
button (1).
2
Given the rotational speed (rpm) and the shaft 4
diameter, Leonova will calculate and display the
dBi.
There are two alternatives for shaft diameter. ‘Input

ISO bearing number’ (2) opens a window (3) where
you set the last two digits of the ISO number with
the UP/DOWN keys on the Leonova key pad. 1
3
‘Input diameter’ (4) opens the keyboard (5). Write
the shaft diameter, then edit RPM and write the
rpm on the keyboard.
5
The dBi will be displayed when the data input is
D complete (6).

Variable speed
The alternative ‘Variable speed’ (7) implies that
7
the shock pulse measurement is preceded by a
measurement of the rpm. Ignore the message
‘RPM missing’. The dBi will be shown in the 8
measurement window after the speed measure-
ment.
Force new RPM reading

‘Force new RPM reading’ (8) is normally not
used. With this setting on, you are forced to first
measure the rpm again before you can repeat
the shock pulse measurement.
9
TLT test
A last setting is made in the measurement
window, by marking the TLT box (9) or not.
When TLT is on, the instrument will display

the result of a transducer line test in the result Measurement window, pre-set speed
window, so you can check the quality of signal
transmission between transducer and instru-
ment.
D
The TLT test should always be made when you
measure with permanently installed transducers.
Normal TLT values are around 20. TLT values
below 15 are not acceptable, so you have to
check cables and connectors for bad connec-
tions and moisture. Part of your signal will be
lost in a poor transducer line, so your measuring
results are lower than they should be.
Measurement window, variable speed

Measuring SPM dBm/dBc
When the MEAS key is pressed, Leonova
samples the transducer signal for two seconds. A
preliminary result is displayed in the ‘Measuring’
window. The dBm shown is the amplitude value
of the strongest shock pulse registered during
the measuring time.
Meanwhile, Leonova keeps measuring. If it

registers stronger pulses, the peak indicator (1)
will blink.
Watching the peak indicator is very important, 3

especially when the preliminary result indicates
poor or bad bearing condition. The lower the
rpm, the longer it can take for damaged parts to
move into the load zone and reveal their pres-
ence by strong shock pulses.
2
When the peak indicator blinks, press the UP
key on the Leonova key pad. This increases the
dBm in steps of one dB. The original values is
displayed in brackets (2). Stop when the blinking
D stops. The DOWN key decreases the value.
3
To accept the displayed result, touch ‘Continue’

(3). The measurement window shows the two
shock values, the status dot, the dBi and, if
active, the TLT value. Save the result or measure
again.
When ‘Variable speed’ is active, the rpm must be

measured before measuring the shock values.

Using the earphones
The earphones allow you to listen to the shock pulse
signal, which can help to pinpoint the cause for high
values. Earphone listening does not work with the
LR/HR technique.
The measuring threshold is change with the
UP/DOWN keys on the Leonova key pad. At a low
level, Leonova will emit a continuous tone. As the
threshold is raised, this changes to very rapid
pulses at the dBc level. At the dBm level, only a
few pulses should occur at irregular intervals.
Significant are
• the dBm level
• the rhythm of the pulses immediately below the dBm level
• the delta value, which is the difference between the dBm and the dBc.
Shock pulses from a bearing normally occur at irregular interval, while strong, rhythmic shocks are
a sign of disturbance. The diagrams below show typical patterns.
A B
A. Good bearing B. Bad bearing D

Shock values are low. High values, large delta,
irregular pattern.
C D
C. Pump cavitation D. Load shocks, valves, etc.

Very small delta, fairly high Regular patterns mean often
shock level. disturbance
E F
E. Regular showers F. Measured value drops sharply

Scraping machine parts. A danger signal, the bearing is
sliding.

The LR/HR technique
Mean diameter Dm
TYPE
RPM
COMP
LR
HR
TYPE 3 TYPE 1
The LR/HR technique was originally developed for a continuous, automatic monitoring system
(CMS). An automatic system can not, like a human operator, vary measuring time, use earphones or
make ”further tests” to verify suspect readings. It works with fixed settings and is dependent on
accurate input data. This, together with new research results, programmable chips, and the desire
to get more detailed information from the shock pulse signal, lead to a change in the threshold
values, plus a more diverse and detailed output.
The value for the noise carpet (HR) is read at an occurrence rate of approx. 1000 pulses/second,
the value for the strong shock pulses (LR) at approx. 40 pulses/second. This makes LR an average
value of the strong pulses, lower than the maximum, and thus reduces the dynamic range. To
increase accuracy, the mean diameter of the bearing is used, the SPM TYPE no. is input to define
bearing geometry, and the COMP no. to calibrate the individual measuring points.
The extra output information concerns mainly lubrication condition, allowing the user to attack a
mayor maintenance problem (most bearings fail too soon because of inadequate lubrication) at the
root. With SPM’s LUBMASTER ® (part of Condmaster ® versions for this technique) and LR/HR read-
ings, it is possible to accurately measure lubrication condition, calculate the resulting L10a life, and
work out feasible improvements by simulating changes in the lubricant parameters.

Input data for SPM LR/HR
1 Deep groove ball bearings,

series 62, 63, 64

2 Angular contact bearings,
all series

3 Deep groove ball series 60, 160, 618,
double row and self-aligning ball bearings

4 Thrust ball bearings, all types
5 Cylindrical roller bearings, single row

6 Taper roller bearings, all radial types
7 Spherical roller bearings

Double row cylindrical roller bearings

8 Thrust roller bearings
D
One part of the input data, the rpm and the size of the bearing, is needed to allow for the effect
of bearing speed on the shock level when evaluating bearing condition. The mean diameter Dm is
more exact than the shaft diameter, because the height of bearings with the same shaft diameter
can vary considerably. Together, rpm and Dm are used to calculate the NORM no. of the bearing
(range 10 to 58).
The HR level shock pulses vary with the shape and number of the rolling elements in the bearing.
This becomes important when estimating the oil film thickness in the rolling interface. The largest
influencing factor is the shape of the contact area. In ball bearings, the rolling element has point
contact with the raceways. In roller bearings, there is line contact, which means that the area
under pressure, where the shock pulses occur, is much larger.
For SPM purposes, bearings are grouped into 8 different types, each with a TYPE number 1
through 8. The types are described in the table above.
Bearing manufacturers, though not all, follow ISO standards when numbering their bearings. The
number code contains the information on mean diameter and bearing type. Thus, when you use
an ISO bearing number as input in Condmaster ®, the program will give you Dm and TYPE no. As
manual input for Leonova, you can use the last three digits of the ISO number, which will produce
Dm but not the TYPE no.

Accumulation and compensation
In addition to the basic input data, one can set values
for COMP and ACCUM.
Positive
ACCUM (accumulation) determines the number of COMP
measuring cycles before the Leonova displays the
average value as result. ACCUM can be set from 1 to 9.
Especially on bearings with a low rpm, set ACCUM to
at least 3.
COMP (compensation number) is used to calibrate

the measuring point, normally to compensate for a
somewhat weaker signal from a measuring point that
does not quite comply with the SPM rules. To find the
correct COMP no., use the LUBMASTER function in
Condmaster ®.
A normal signal from a good bearing should be near

the centre of the green part of the evaluation frame.
If it is far to the left, you can ”push it forward” by Negative
setting a COMP no. If the signal is outside of the left COMP
side of evaluation frame, Leonova will display the error
code E3 = signal too low. The COMP no. is added to
the measuring result before it is evaluated. Thus, it
will influence the evaluation results CODE, LUB, and
COND, but not the displayed values for HR and LR.
D
It is possible to set negative COMP nos., but you
should avoid that. With a positive COMP no., you
make the evaluation results worse than apparent from
the measured LR/HR values. With a negative COND.
no., you ‘improve’ bearing condition, which can have
unpleasant consequences if you are wrong in assuming
that the signal from this bearing is stronger than
normal. To avoid alarm from a stable bearing with high
readings, it is better to change the alarm levels.

LR/HR values and CODE
For LR/HR values, the measuring unit is dBsv, i.e.
these values are measured on the absolute shock
pulse scale and do not, by themselves, express
operating condition.
The term delta value simply means the difference

between LR and HR.
The operating condition of the bearing is

expressed by the CODE letter, the LUB no., and the
COND. no., all of them not measuring but evalua-
tion results.
LR Measured value for strong

CODE A means that the bearing is in good
shock pulses.
condition. There is no detectable damage to the
HR Measured value for weak
surfaces of the load carrying parts, and no extreme
shock pulses.
lack of lubricant in the rolling interface.
LR-HR Delta value.
dBsv Unit for absolute shock pulse
CODE B indicates dry running. The lubricant is not
value.
reaching the rolling interface. This can have several
causes, e.g. lack of lubricant supply to the bearing,
low temperature in a grease lubricated bearing,
or a heavy overload due to misalignment, tight fit,
deformed housing, etc.
CODE C is displayed when the instrument detects

an increased shock pulse level with a large delta
D
D
value. This points to beginning surface damage. C
C
D
CODE D is displayed when the signal is typical for
bearing damage: a high shock level with a large A B
delta value. Contamination of the lubricant by hard
particles causes a similar signal.
The message of the codes is supported by the CODE A Good condition

status dot: green for CODE A, yellow for B and C, CODE B Caution, dry running
red for D. CODE C Caution, damage developing
CODE D Bad condition

The LUB number
The most important influence on the Full
service life of a bearing is the lubricant lubrication
film between the load carrying rolling
elements and the raceway.
By preventing or inhibiting metallic

contact between the loaded bearing parts, Boundary
the lubricant film reduces the local peak lubrication
stress in the rolling interface. The greater
the lubricant film thickness, the more
even the load distribution in the contact
area, and the better the fatigue life of the
bearing.
Irregularities in the bearing surfaces will always cause pres- LUB Ball bearing
sure variations in the contact area, and thus shock pulses,
0 Dry running
even when metallic contact is prevented by a separating
lubricant film. A thinner film will result in an increase of the 1 to 2 Boundary
bearing’s HR value. lubrication
3 to 4 Full lubrication
The LUB No., displayed with CODE A and B, is directly
proportional to oil film thickness. LUB No. 0 means dry
running condition. The interpretation of LUB Nos. between LUB Roller bearing
1 and 4 depends on the bearing type. For ball bearings, LUB 0 Dry running
Nos. greater than 2 mean full lubrication (a load carrying oil
D film). For roller bearings, a LUB No. greater than 4 indicates
1 to 4 Boundary
full lubrication. lubrication

> 4 Full lubrication
The term boundary lubrication implies that part of the load is carried by metal to metal contact.
The amount of lubricant in or supplied to the bearing is only one of the many factors that deter-
mine lubricant film thickness. Lubricant type and the bearing’s rpm are of great importance, but
also the geometry of bearing parts and housing, as well as the load put on the bearing by align-
ment and fitting.

The COND number and error codes
The COND No. (condition number) is displayed with
CODE B, C, and D, i.e. for all bearings with reduced or
bad condition. It indicates the degree of surface deterio-
ration or damage in the rolling interface.
Large (visible) surface damage typically leads to a very

marked increase in the bearing’s LR readings and a high
delta value. Thus, it is easily detected and will give Code
D and high COND numbers.
When a COND number is displayed, the bearing should

be watched very carefully. Once damage has started,
LR
it cannot be reversed. Temporary improvements of the
HR
COND No. only mean that the edges of fresh spallings or
imprints have been rounded off. Soon, there will be new
spallings. The time left to plan a bearing replacement
depends on the trend of the COND No. As a rule, COND CODE C
Nos. should be interpreted as follows: COND 28 to 32
Beginning bearing damage
COND No. < 30 Minor damage

COND No. 30 to 40 Increasing damage
LR
COND No. > 40 Severe damage
HR
ERROR CODES D
E2 Disturbance CODE C
E3 Signal too low COND >32
Minor to severe bearing damage
When the measured signal is not within the evaluation

frame, the Leonova will display error codes. E2 is
displayed when HR > LR, which normally means a high,
even disturbance signal such as pump cavitation or a
screaming steam box. E3 = signal too low can often be
remedied by setting a COMP no.

Input data for SPM LR/HR
For a normalized reading of bearing condition
with the Leonova default file, it is necessary
to edit the ‘Measuring point data’ and set the
TYPE and the NORM number.
For TYPE no. definition, see the table on page

19. Mark the line ‘TYPE’, open it with the EDIT
button (1), set the number on the keyboard (2).
NORM number
The default setting for NORM is UNNORMALIZED, which
produces the shock values LR and HR only.
If known, the NORM number can be input directly. Mark

D the line, open it with the EDIT button (1), select the
3
number from the displayed list (3). The first choice on the
list (---) also produces an unnormalized measurement.
Given the rotational speed (rpm) and the mean bearing

diameter, Leonova will calculate and display the NORM
number.
4
There are two alternatives for mean diameter. ‘Input ISO 6
bearing number’ (4) opens a window (5) where you set the
last three digits of the ISO number with the UP/DOWN
keys on the Leonova key pad.
5
‘Input diameter’ (6) opens the keyboard. Write the
mean diameter, then edit RPM and write the rpm on the
keyboard (7).
The NORM no. will be displayed when the data input is

complete. 7

The alternative ‘Variable speed’ implies that
the shock pulse measurement is preceded by
a measurement of the rpm. The NORM no. will
be shown in the measurement window after the
speed measurement.
‘Force new RPM reading’ (8) is normally not

used. With this setting on, you are forced to first 8
measure the rpm again before you can repeat
the shock pulse measurement.
ACCUM (accumulation) is set to 3 or higher on

low speed bearings (rpm < 600) and in all cases
where extra accuracy is required. Leonova will
measure as many times as stated here and then
return an average value.
COMP means compensation number, see page

20. This number, if used at all, can first be set
after studying the measuring result in Cond-
master.
9
TLT test
D
A last setting is made in the measurement
window, by marking the TLT box (9) or not. Measurement window,
pre-set speed, normalized
When TLT is on, the instrument will display
the result of a transducer line test in the result
window, so you can check the quality of signal
transmission between transducer and instru-
ment.
The TLT test should always be made when you

measure with permanently installed transducers.
Normal TLT values are around 20. TLT values
below 15 are not acceptable, so you have to
check cables and connectors for bad connec-
tions and moisture. Part of your signal will be
lost in a poor transducer line, so your measuring
results are lower than they should be.
Measurement window,
variable speed, normalized

Measuring SPM LR/HR
When the MEAS key is pressed, Leonova samples
the transducer signal for two seconds if ACCUM
is set to 1. When ACCUM is higher, it will continue
to measure for the stated number of times and 1
return an average of all measurements taken.
The resulting LR and HR value is displayed in the
‘Measuring’ window, together with the status dot.
For a normalized measurement, LUB, COND and

CODE are shown to the right (1).
When ‘Variable speed’ is active, the rpm must be

measured before measuring the shock values.
Please note that LR and HR values are always raw

values, measured in dBsv, the unit for unnormal-
ized shock values.
D For normalized measurements, LUB is displayed

with CODE A and B, COND is displayed with
CODE B, C and D.
The ‘Result’ window (2) shows the combinations

of results that can be shown in the ‘Graphics’
window (3). Mark the desired alternative.
2 3

Measuring an SPM Spectrum
A spectrum measurement can be ordered with
either SPM dBm/dBc or SPM LR/HR. It is measured
in addition to the ordinary shock values. 3
Please note that the spectrum has a secondary

role in bearing condition evaluation. The primary
measure for bearing condition is the evaluated 1
shock pulse measurement.
In cases where the spectrum shows a good match

for one or more of the bearing patterns, it is a
confirmation that the measured shock pulses
are coming from the bearing and not from other
possible shock sources on the machine. Thus,
the spectrum can make it unnecessary to verify
by lubrication test or signal strength comparison
(searching for the strongest signal source with the
hand-held probe).
To get a spectrum, open the ‘Measuring point data’

and mark ‘SPM Spectrum’ (1), then click ‘Edit’ and
2
set Spectrum to ‘Yes’ (2).
The default setting is a power spectrum over the

range 0 to 1000 Hz. It has 1600 lines of which 800
peaks are saved. The standard window Hanning is
used. All these settings can be edited.
D
Please note that is not necessary to have an exact
rpm reading in order to measure a spectrum.
However, the exact rpm is very important when you
want to interpret the spectrum, especially when
you upload it to Condmaster and search for bearing
patterns with the help of the bearing symptoms.
All bearing symptoms use the rpm as a variable. If

the stored rpm data does not agree with the actual
rpm at the time the shock signal was measured,
Condmaster cannot find the bearing patterns
correctly. Thus, by working with rough estimates of
the rpm instead of fresh measurements, you make
the symptom search and especially the symptom
value calculation worthless.
For measurements intended for saving in Cond-

master, it is therefore highly recommended to mark
‘Variable speed’ (3).
For spectrum functions in Leonova, se part B of this

manual.

Editing the spectrum data
An SPM Spectrum is based on the amplitude
modulation of a high frequency signal. It shows
periodic pulses as frequency lines. Thus, if the
signal contains a strong pulse that is repeated
at one second intervals, there will be a high
amplitude line at 1 Hz.
To change any of the spectrum parameters,

mark the line, touch ‘Edit’ and select the value
from a list.
Frequency range
The frequency range (1) is always from 0 to ‘upper frequency’. Set
‘Upper frequency’ to include 3 or 4 multiples of BPFO (ball pass
frequency, outer race). The narrower the range, the better the 1
resolution.
D
Window
The choice of ‘Window’ (2) somewhat affects the spectrum line
amplitudes. ‘Hanning’ (default setting) and Hamming are the window
types most commonly used to calculate spectra. The difference is
often marginal and should not affect pattern recognition. 2
FFT type
The spectrum type (3) can be ‘linear’ or ‘power’. In a power spec-
trum, the line amplitudes are squared. Thus, high amplitude lines 3
become more prominent while low amplitude lines are suppressed.

Number of spectrum lines
The number of spectrum lines (4) affects the resolution and the meas-
uring time. Doubling the number of lines also doubles the measuring
time. In cases where different fault symptoms, such as bearing frequen-
4
cies and multiples of 1X, are close together, a high resolution spectrum
is preferred.
Saving a full spectrum requires much memory space and is seldom

necessary. Unless the spectrum lines in damage patterns have fairly
high amplitudes, the pattern is not visible. Thus, saving only peaks will
preserve the essential data while reducing the amount of redundant
data. A peak is a spectrum line that has a line with a lower amplitude
on either side. If you select ‘Save peaks’, Leonova will display the full
spectrum before saving, with peaks as black lines while the lines to be
deleted are grey. The maximum number of peaks that can be saved is
half the number of spectrum lines. The number of peaks to be saved is
input on the number pad.
SPM spectrum type

One unit for amplitude in an SPM spectrum is SD (Shock Distribution
unit), where each spectrum is scaled so that the total RMS value of
all spectrum lines = 100 SD = the RMS value of the time record. The
alternative unit is SL (Shock Level unit), the RMS value of the frequency
component in decibel.
Average type D
To achieve greater accuracy, one can order the average result from a
stated number measurements (average count, set on the number pad).
To get a time synchronous average, a tachometer must be connected
which supplies a trigger pulse. This starts each measurement with the
shaft in the same position. ‘FFT linear’ gives the mean value of the
measurements, while FFT peak hold gives the maximum value.
Zoom factor
True zoom is selected to get a high resolution around a
selected ‘centre frequency’. This frequency must be within
the selected frequency range. Thus, to zoom in on 600 Hz,
the minimum range is 0 to 1000 Hz. The range covered by
the zoom is ‘upper frequency range/zoom factor’. Thus,
with a zoom factor of 10, the spectrum will cover the
range 550 - 650 Hz.
The highest possible zoom corresponds to a 12800

line spectrum. For this, combine the lowest number of
spectrum lines, 400, with a zoom factor of 32 (32 x 400 =
12800). With a centre frequency of 600 Hz, you will get
a spectrum over the range 584.375 to 615.625 Hz, with a
resolution of 0.078125 Hz.

D

Vibration measurement
Contents
Vibration analysis techniques................................................. 3
Measuring points for vibration............................................... 4
Measuring point configuration, ISO 10816............................. 5

Guide for machine classification............................................. 7
Data for ISO 10816 part 2....................................................... 8
Data for ISO 10816 part 3....................................................... 9
Data for ISO 10816 part 4......................................................11
Data for ISO 10816 part 5......................................................11
Data for ISO 10816 part 6..................................................... 12
Measurement results, ISO 10816.......................................... 13
Making an EVAM or FFT assignment.................................... 14

Defining the assignment....................................................... 15
Measurement results............................................................ 19
2 channel simultaneous vibration monitoring....................... 20

2 channel simultaneous vibration results.............................. 21
E
Run up /coast down.............................................................. 22
Run up /coast down measurement........................................ 23
Bump test............................................................................. 25
Bump test measurement....................................................... 26
Orbit analysis........................................................................ 27
Settings for orbit analysis..................................................... 28
Orbit measuring and results................................................. 29
Vibration measurement E:

E
E: Vibration measurement

Vibration analysis techniques
Leonova can be programmed with the following vibration measurement techniques with either
limited or unlimited use.
ISO 10816 is the measuring technique based on the ISO standard with this number. ISO 10816
consists of several parts, each stating measurement conditions and a table of limit values for a
defined machine type. Like ISO 2372, the evaluation of machine condition is based on the RMS
values obtained by broad band measurement over a frequency range up to 1000 Hz. Depending on
machine type, one or more of three measured quantities are used to determine vibration severity:
VEL: the RMS value of vibration velocity in mm/s
ACC: the RMS value of vibration acceleration in m/s 2
DISP: the RMS value of vibration displacement in µm.
Please note that spectrum analysis is not part of the requirements set up by ISO 10816 but an
extra function provided by the Leonova.
EVAM stands for Evaluated Vibration Analysis Method. This technique includes all advanced vibra-
tion measurement and analysis methods and gives the user a wide range of choices to adapt the
condition measurement to a specific machine. EVAM returns three distinct sets of data:
Condition parameters: the RMS values of vibration velocity, acceleration and displacement plus
values for crest, kurtosis, skewness and noise levels.
Fault symptom values: the amplitude values of selected spectrum line patters connected with
typical machine faults like unbalance, misalignment, gear damage, motor
faults, bearing damage, etc.
COND numbers: dimensionless condition numbers, obtained by a statistical evaluation of

all selected condition parameters and fault symptom values. Condition
numbers are displayed against a green - yellow - red machine condition
scale.
FFT with symptoms is a reduced form of EVAM, lacking the statistical evaluation by means of E
criteria and possibility to display and save time signal (can be ordered as option).
Common features for ISO 10816, EVAM and FFT with symptoms are the condition parameters VEL,
ACC, DISP and the spectrum. For an ISO 10816 measuring point, only one spectrum is saved, while
an EVAM/FFT measuring point can have many. This means that a measuring point set up for ISO
10816 can at any time be converted into an EVAM or FFT with symptoms measuring point.
2 channel simultaneous vibration monitoring requires that either the measuring technique 'FFT
with symptoms' or 'EVAM' is active. This type of measurement allows the user to study machine
movement in two dimensions by observing the difference of the phase angles measured on the
two channels.
Orbit analysis shows the movement of the shaft’s centerline and is used to detect failures like
rubs, unbalance, misalignment or oil whip on machinery with journal bearings.
Run up/coast down and Bump test. The bump test is employed to check out the typical vibration
response of a machine structure at standstill, by hitting it e. g. with rubber mallet. Run up/coast
down records the changes in vibration while the machine is run up to operating speed or after it
has been shut off and is slowing to a stop.

Measuring points for vibration
Common for all vibration measurement is that the
vibration at the measuring point has to be repre-
sentative for the overall vibration of the machine.
Please study ISO 10816, it shows examples for
various machine types.
Typical measuring points are the bearing housings.

ISO 10816 states the required measuring directions.
• Horizontal vibration (H) in the plane of rotation is
most representative of balance condition.
• Vertical vibration (V) in the plane of rotation is
most representative of structural weakness.
• Axial vibration (A) along the line of the shaft is
most representative of faulty alignment and bent
shafts.
As the cause for excessive vibration will usually show up in the spectrum, measuring in the direc-
tion that returns the highest RMS value can be quite sufficient to accurately establish machine
condition. To get comparable results, measuring points should be clearly marked, so that the
measurements can always be taken in the same spots.
SPM vibration transducers can be used

• as a hand-held probe, with or without the probe
tip attached. Not recommended above 1000 Hz.
E • with a magnet for attachment to ferrous metal

parts. Not recommended above 2000 Hz.
• with the M8 (UNC 1/4”-28) mounting screw.
The firmer the contact with the machine, the better

the measuring result. Plain, clean metal makes the
best contact surface for the vibration transducer.
When using a hand-held probe it is important to

press the transducer with the same strength every
time to get comparable readings. Transducer with Hand-held
magnet probe

Measuring point configuration, ISO 10816
Measuring points for ISO 10816, FFT with symptoms
and EVAM are normally set up in Condmaster and
then downloaded to Leonova.
However, it is possible to open the Leonova default

file in the vibration window (1) and configure all
measuring parameters. Please note that most of the
settings become locked once the measurement has
been made.
1
Fault symptoms cannot be attached to the meas-
uring point in Leonova but can be added after the
measuring point has been uploaded to Condmaster.
Open the ‘...’ menu and select ‘Measuring point

data’. Mark the lines in the configuration window one
by one. Open them with the EDIT button (2).
Before starting vibration measurements, make sure

that the vibration transducer you are using with your
Leonova is properly selected.
7
To select a transducer, open the window ‘Vibration
transducers’ by touching the button (3). Mark its
name on the list (4) and touch the arrow key (5) to
select. To see or edit its data, mark its name on the
list and touch the edit key (6). E
The transducer data become editable after you
switch ‘Transducer’ (7) from ‘Portable’ to ‘Remote’.
Provided you know the transducer’s frequency range
and its upper and lower bias range, you can input
2 3
the data here.
The nominal sensitivity of a vibration transducer

SLD144 is 10.0 mV/m/s 2 . The actual sensitivity of the
individual transducer is written on its calibration
card. This data should always be input in the trans-
ducer register. When several transducers are in use,
4
they should be marked to assure that the readings
are calibrated.
6 5

To evaluate a spectrum, you need to know the RPM
of the shaft at the time of vibration measurement.
Mark ‘Variable speed´ (1). This forces a speed meas- 1
urement before you can measure the vibration. 2
3
The signal unit (2) depends on the selected vibration 4

transducer (see previous page). You can select ACC,
VEL or DISP.
On the line ‘Save’ (3) you determine the type of

measuring results you want. There are four alterna-
tives.
‘Condition parameters’ selects the RMS vibration

values and excludes the spectrum.
‘Time signal’ saves all samples and also gives you a

full spectrum.
‘Full spectrum’ returns a 1600 line velocity spectrum.

By default, the range is 2 to 1000 Hz. The lower
frequency limit can be set to 0.5 Hz or 10 Hz.
‘Peaks’ will save the number of peaks you input on

the numbers key pad. A peak is a spectrum line with
a higher amplitude than the lines on either side of
it. Thus, a 1600 line spectrum can contain max. 800
peaks.
E
The line ‘Direction’ (4) lets you select one of the

three measurement directions. Your choice is then
displayed in the measurement window.

Guide for machine classification
Machine condition evaluation according to the
ISO 10816 standard requires a correct classifica-
tion of the monitored machine.
So far, ISO 10816 consists of six parts. Part 1

contains general guide lines.
Parts 2 to 6 describe 5 different machine types.

Most of these have sub divisions, each with its 1
own set of limit values defining acceptable and
unacceptable vibration levels.
The lines ‘Part’, ‘Group’ and ‘Support’ (1) contain

the data defining a specific set of limit values
in ISO 10816. Opening the line ‘Part’ leads to
a step-by-step guide that helps you to input all
necessary data.

Data for ISO 10816 part 2
‘Part’ refers to a sub division of the ISO
standard. So far, parts 2 to 6 have been
published.
Marking a part number displays the definition

of the machine type treated in the part.
In case the machine you want to monitor is a

‘large land-based steam turbine generator set
in excess of 50 MW’, part 2 is your obvious
choice.
This machine class has no sub group. Instead,

the choice of limit value table depends on
machine speed, either ‘1500/1800 r/min’ or
‘3000/3600 r/min’.
Marking the appropriate speed range leads to

the final window which shows the ISO recom-
mended frequency range (10 to 500 Hz), the
recommended measurement quantity (vibration
velocity = VEL) and the limit values or ‘zone
boundaries’.
Vibration zones A and B are acceptable, so any

measurement result below the B/C boundary of
5.30 mm/s RMS will be marked green. Results
from 5.30 mm/s to below 8,50 mm/s will be
yellow and 8.50 mm/s and higher will be red.

Part 3 treats most of the common industrial
machines.
They are divided into 4 groups:
Group 1
Large machines with rated power above 300 kW
and not more than 50 MW; electrical machines
with shaft height above 315 mm.
Group 2
Medium machines with rated power above 15 kW
up to and including 300 kW; electrical machines
with shaft height from 160 mm to 315 mm.
Group 3
Pumps with multivane impeller with separate
driver (centrifugal, mixed flow or axial flow) with
rated power above 15 kW.
Group 4
Pumps with multivane impeller with integrated
driver (centrifugal, mixed flow or axial flow) with
rated power above 15 kW.

Further criteria for Part 3 are the rigidity of the
foundation and the rotational speed.
Concrete foundations are rigid, every thing else

falls under flexible.
The RPM affects the lower measuring range as

well as the limit values.
Please note that correct measurement of very

low frequency vibration demands a transducer
that is linear down to the stated frequency.
Abnormally high displacement values can occur
when selecting a lower frequency limit that is
outside of the transducer’s range.
For machines under Part 3, Leonova returns both

VEL and DISP. Machine condition is determined
by the quantity that has the relatively highest
measurement results.
E:10 Vibration measurement

Part 4 is limited to ‘Gas turbine driven sets
excluding aircraft derivates’. The standard also
states a power output of at least 3 MW.
For this part, input the RPM of he turbine. This

does not affect the vibration limit values but the
upper frequency limit of the measurement, up
to 5000 Hz for a turbine speed of 20000 RPM.

Part 5 is for ‘Machine sets in hydraulic power
generating and pumping plants’, divided into 4
groups. Please study the definitions and draw-
ings provided in the standard.
Vibration measurement E:11

Part 6 is for ‘Reciprocating machines with power
rating above 100 kW’.
For this type of machinery, the standard provides

7 tables with limit values. Depending on the
vibration level when the machine is new and in
good condition, the user is supposed to select
one of these tables as a norm for the machine.
If you know your table, you simply select its

number.
When you mark ‘Measure’, Leonova will select

the appropriate table and display its number.
Please note that this requires a machine in ‘new
and good condition’, with low vibration values.
You then edit the measuring point data and input
the proposed table number instead of ‘Measure’.

Measurement results, ISO 10816
Depending on the part of the standard and the
machine group, ISO 10816 gives limit values for
displacement (DISP) and either velocity (VEL)
or acceleration (ACC). Leonova automatically
adjusts the measurement quantity display to
1
the selected part and group
In this case, Leonova will display the evalu-

ated result in DISP, VEL and ACC, because all
three parameters are returned when Part 6 is
selected.
2
In case the different parameters fall into
different evaluation zones, the large status dot
(1) will show the worst case, while the small
status dots (2) show the individual evaluation.
The spectrum (3) is always a velocity spectrum.

For spectrum functions in Leonova, see part B
of this manual.
Tapping with the stylus on ‘Hz’ (4) toggles

between Hz, CPM and, if rpm is measured,
orders.
4
Touching the bar with the machine class infor-

mation (5) will display the corresponding ISO
limit value table.

Making an EVAM or FFT assignment
A proper FFT with symptoms or EVAM meas-
uring point has to be made in Condmaster.
In Leonova, you can set up an assignment,

1
returning a set of condition parameters and
single spectrum measured in accordance with
the parameters you input under ‘Measuring
point data’.
You can rename the file with a descriptive name

(2). Mark the FFT with symptoms/EVAM default
file (1), open the ‘...’ menu and select ‘Rename’.
2
Start by opening the EVAM or FFT default file

(1).
Open the ‘...’ menu and select ‘Measuring point

data’.
Before starting vibration measurements, make

sure that the vibration transducer you are using
with your Leonova is properly selected.
To select a transducer, open the window ‘Vibra-

E tion transducers’ by touching the button (3).
Mark its name on the list (4) and touch the arrow
key (5) to select. To see or edit its data, mark its
name on the list (6) and touch the edit key (7).
The transducer data become editable after

you switch ‘Transducer’ (8) from ‘Portable’ to
‘Remote’. Provided you know the transducer’s
frequency range and its upper and lower bias
3
range, you can input the data here.
6 7 5

Defining the assignment
To evaluate a spectrum, you need to know the
RPM of the shaft at the time of vibration measure-
ment. Mark ‘Variable speed´ (1). This forces a 1
speed measurement before you can measure the
vibration. 3
4
With ‘Measuring point data’ you can edit the
measuring parameters. Mark the lines in the 6
configuration window one by one. Open them
with the EDIT button (2). The transducer setting
‘Portable’ selects the default transducer. ‘Signal
unit’ is the unit for the time signal, while ‘Spec-
trum unit’ is the measuring unit for the spectrum
(e. g. VEL for a velocity spectrum).
Frequency range
The frequency range (3) is defined by selecting a
lower and an upper limit. Both are menu selected.
Please note that correct measurement demands a

transducer that is linear over the stated frequency 2
range.
Abnormally high displacement values can occur

when selecting a lower frequency limit that is
3
outside of the transducer’s range.
You can exceed the upper frequency range of

the transducer when measuring an envelope
spectrum.
E
Signal unit
As signal unit (unit for the time signal) you can
select VEL, ACC or DISP (4).
The ‘Display’ setting (5) effects the presentation

of measuring results displayed in the result field 4
(upper part of the Leonova display). Select display 5
units for the three result lines. You can choose
ACC, VEL and DISP as RMS, Peak or Peak to peak.
Spectrum unit
As spectrum unit (6) you can select VEL, ACC
or DISP. Normally you would choose a velocity
spectrum, i. e. VEL.

Window
To compensate for the leakage effect intro-
duced by the FFT process, a window function
is usually applied. The user should choose the
appropriate window (1) function for the specific
application. If the windowing is not applied
correctly, errors may be introduced in the FFT
effecting amplitude, frequency or even the
overall shape of the spectrum. 1
2
- Flat-top. The Flat-top window should be
3
applied on sinusoidal signals. This window
has the best amplitude accuracy, but poor 5
frequency resolution. 4
- Hanning/Hamming. The Hanning and

Hamming windows are best for random
signals. These windows have good frequency
resolution and also rather fair amplitude
accuracy. Since the Hanning window also has
somewhat lower spectral leakage, this window
is usually the one to prefer.
- Rectangle. The Rectangle (None, Uniform)

window is the one to choose for transient
signals. The Rectangle window has the best
frequency resolution but poor amplitude 1
accuracy and high spectral leakage.
As general advice, use:
E - Hanning window for frequency accuracy (this

is the most common window to use).
- Flat-top window for amplitude accuracy.
- Rectangle window only on transient signals.

FFT type
Four different FFT types (2) can be selected:
‘Linear spectrum’ consists of RMS values on a linear scale. Each 2
value is the equivalent of the RMS value of a sinusoidal signal of
the correspondent frequency. If the spectrum unit is velocity, v,
the amplitude scale is accordingly: vrms .
‘Power spectrum’ (Autopower). Each value is the equivalent of

the RMS square value of a sinusoidal signal of the correspondent
frequency. If the spectrum unit is velocity, v, the amplitude scale is
accordingly: v2rms .
‘Power Spectral Density’ (PSD). This is a power spectrum where

each amplitude value is divided by the FFT line width times the
used window’s equivalent noise band width. If the spectrum unit is
velocity, v, the amplitude scale is accordingly: v2rms /Hz.
‘Amplitude spectrum’ is closely related to the Linear spectrum

scale. The Amplitude spectrum shows the peak value instead of
the RMS value. If the spectrum unit is velocity, v, the amplitude
scale is accordingly: vpeak .
As general advice, use:

- Linear or Power spectrum on periodic signals.
- PSD spectrum on non-periodic (noise) signals.
Number of spectrum lines

3
The number of spectrum lines (3) affects the resolution and the
measuring time. Doubling the number of lines also doubles the
measuring time. In cases where different fault symptoms, such as
bearing frequencies and multiples of 1X, are close together, a high E
resolution spectrum is preferred.
Spectrum to save
Saving a time record or a full spectrum requires more memory.
Unless the spectrum lines in damage patterns have fairly high
amplitudes, the pattern is not visible. 4
Thus, saving only peaks will preserve the essential data while
reducing the amount of redundant data. A peak is a spectrum line
that has a line with a lower amplitude on either side.
If you select ‘Peaks’ under ‘Save’ (4), Leonova will display the full
spectrum before saving, with the peaks as black lines while the
lines to be deleted are grey. The maximum number of peaks that
can be saved is half the number of spectrum lines. The number of
peaks to be saved (5) is input on the number pad.
For the 2 channel analysis, you do not work with zoom and envelo-
ping.

Enveloping filter
Enveloping is a technique used to detect low
energy vibration typically caused by gear and
bearing damage. This type of damage tends
to modulate the amplitude of high frequency
vibration, e. g. at the natural frequency of the
transducer.
To suppress all vibration in the lower frequency

ranges, a high pass filter is set at 1000 or 2000
Hz (1).
1
Average type 2
To achieve greater accuracy, one can order the
average result (2) from a stated number measure- 3
ments (average count, set on the number pad). 4
To get a time synchronous average, a tachometer
must be connected which supplies a trigger
pulse. This starts each measurement with the
shaft in the same position. ‘FFT linear’ gives the
mean value of the measurements, while FFT peak
hold gives the maximum value.
Average overlap
To achieve faster collection of measuring values, 2
one can activate ‘Averge overlap’ (3). This func-
tion reduces the measuring time by using less 1
time waveform data to produce the spectrum.
E 3
Zoom centre and zoom factor
True zoom (4) is selected to get a high resolu-
tion around a selected ‘centre frequency’. This
frequency must be within the selected frequency
range. Thus, to zoom in on 600 Hz, the minimum
range is 0 to 1000 Hz. The range covered by the
zoom is ‘upper frequency range/zoom factor’.
Thus, with a zoom factor of 10, the spectrum will 4
cover the range 550 - 650 Hz.
The highest possible zoom corresponds to a

12800 line spectrum. For this, combine the lowest
number of spectrum lines, 400, with a zoom
factor of 32 (32 x 400 = 12800). With a centre
frequency of 600 Hz, you will get a spectrum over
the range 584.375 to 615.625 Hz, with a resolu-
tion of 0.078125 Hz.

Measurement results
After measuring vibration, Leonova will display
three main condition parameters: DISP, VEL and
ACC as (RMS), (Peak) or (Peak to Peak). Units for
the displayed parameters are selected under
‘Signal unit’ when defining the assignment 1
under ‘Measuring point data’.
The status dots (1) are grey because there are

no evaluation criteria for EVAM assignments set
up in Leonova.
The full list of condition parameters (2) is shown

in the measuring result window.
‘Peak’ and ‘Peak to peak’ values are displayed

in the selected signal unit .
The spectrum is displayed in the selected

spectrum unit, here velocity (3).
E
Tapping with the stylus on ‘Hz’ (4) toggles
between Hz, CPM and, if rpm is measured,
orders.
You can choose spectrum type, zoom functions,

3 5
time signal and other graphical functions under
the ‘. . .‘ button (5). See ‘Spectrum functions’ in
part B of this manual.

2 channel simultaneous vibration monitoring
Two channel simultaneous vibration monitoring
requires that either the measuring technique ’FFT
with symptoms’ or ’EVAM’ is active.
This type of measurement allows you to study

machine movement in two dimensions by observing
the difference of the phase angles measured on the
two channels.
2 channel measuring
Measurement requires the set-up of two vibration cable CAB51
assignments with identical parameters. Select
transducers to be used in the transducer register
under ‘Settings’, see page A16. The 2 channel
measuring cable CAB51 is used to connect both
transducers to the Leonova vibration transducer
input.
Make an EVAM or FFT assignment, then select the

Two channel mode and attach the same assignment
to both transducers.
The procedure is the same as for the corresponding

measurement with a single transducer.
To change frequency and spectrum lines, mark the

line ‘2 channel vib’ (1) and select ‘Measuring point
data’ under the button ‘. . .’ (2). Select channel and
press the edit button.
1
E To evaluate a spectrum, you need to know the RPM
of the shaft at the time of vibration measurement.
Mark ‘Variable speed´ (3). This forces a speed
measurement before you can measure the vibra-
tion.
To edit the measuring parameters, mark one

of the channels (4) and select ‘Measuring point 2
data’ under the ‘. . .’ button. Mark the lines in the
configuration window one by one and open them
with the EDIT button. See under ‘Defining the
assignment’ earlier in this chapter. 3
Most of the parameters must be the same for both

channels. Changing will affect both channels.
For the 2 channel analysis, you do not work with

zoom and enveloping.

2 channel simultaneous vibration results
After measurement, Leonova displays the RMS
values for DISP, VEL and ACC for both channels.
Mark one of these results to get the corresponding
measuring result diagram or spectrum.
3
In the spectrum window, three graphs are available
under ‘...’ (1):
• Spectrum
• Phase spectrum 2 1
• Time signal
A phase is a time delay expressed in degrees of

rotation. Leonova calculates the time delay between
the passage of the tachometer pulse and the peak
of the frequency component of interest from the
vibration transducer at the speed of rotation. The
value presented is a relative angle, not an absolute,
because there is no compensation for phase lag in
the transducer or the electronic circuits.
In the spectrum and the time signal, the channels are 2

overlayed red and blue.
Tap and hold to produce the blue marker (2) in

the spectra. For the marker position, frequency,
amplitudes for both channels and phase angle are
displayed (3). Move the marker with the right/left
arrow keys.
A marker in the time signal will show time and

amplitudes for both channels. A period is selected
by placing a second marker (4). Hold down SHIFT,
then tap and hold in the second marker position.
5
With an overlay of both channels, the delta time and
frequency for the period are displayed, plus delta
amplitudes for both channels and the delta phase
angle between them (5). 4
More about spectrum and time signal functions are

described in chapter B.

Run up /coast down
To make either a ‘Run up’ (from machine start to
working speed) or a ‘Coast down’ (from working
speed to stop) measurement, select the vibration
menu and then the function ‘Run up/Coast down’.
Measuring points can be downloaded from Cond-

master. The parameters are set in the instrument,
then uploaded to Condmaster where the measure-
ment results are saved as comments.
2
Select ‘Open’ to edit an existing measurement
or ‘New’ to make a new measurement. For a new
measurement, follow the guide (1).
Select the correct transducer (2). Edit transducer

data if necessary. Mark the line to be configurated
and open with ‘Edit’. When ready, press the arrow
(1) to continue.
‘Signal unit’ (3) is what the transducer measures

(ACC for accelerometers).
‘Spectrum unit’ (4) is the measuring unit for the

3
spectrum (e. g. VEL for a velocity spectrum). Press
the arrow button (1) to continue. 4
‘Lower frequency’ can be set from 0.5 to 100 Hz. 1

The upper frequency is set in ‘Orders’, by default 10
and can be changed via the number pad.
Select ‘Number of spectrum lines’ and ‘FFT

E window’. The choice of ‘Window’ (5) somewhat
affects the spectrum line amplitudes. ‘Hanning’
(default setting) and Hamming are the window
types most commonly used to calculate spectra.
The difference is often marginal and should not 5
affect pattern recognition.
‘Measurement interval’ can be RPM or time based 6

(6). For time based it is essential to set a short
time interval to get fast enough measurements to 7
capture resonances that occur.
For an RPM based measuring interval, set interval in

RPM, for time based, in seconds (7) via the number
pad.
‘RPM range’ for ‘Run up’ is from low to high, for 1

‘Coast down’ it is high to low. Select the range via
the number pad and continue to the measurement
window with the arrow button (1).

Run up /coast down measurement
Connect the vibration transducer and the
tachometer to Leonova. Press MEASURE. When
measurement is completed, the measurement
list (1) shows number of reading, time, RPM and
RMS value. Press the arrow button to display
the spectrum.
In the spectrum window (2) you can see each

spectrum by marking the reading in the
measurement list.
To display a waterfall diagram, press the ‘. . .’

button (5) in the spectrum window and select
‘Settings’. Select number of results to be shown
5
in the diagram (6).
2
You can also select logarithmic scales and saved
measuring result to be shown (7).
The waterfall diagram shows the marked

reading in front. Tap and hold to produce the
blue marker. For the marker position, orders,
amplitude and phase angle are displayed (8).
More about spectrum functions are described

in chapter B. 8
E
2

The Nyqvist diagram (1) shows phase angle and
amplitude for all readings as dots around the centre.
The reading marked in the list is shown in the graph
with a blue dot (2).
A phase is a time delay expressed in degrees of

rotation. Leonova calculates the time delay between
the passage of the tachometer pulse and the peak
of the frequency component of interest from the
vibration transducer at the speed of rotation. The 2
value presented is a relative angle, not an absolute,
because there is no compensation for phase lag in
the transducer or the electronic circuits. The RPM is
displayed in the list of measurements only. 3
‘Orders’ can be changed via the number pad (3).
The Bode diagram (4) shows two separate diagrams

with vibration amplitude (DISP, VEL or ACC) and
phase angle on the Y axis, respectively, and RPM on
the X axis. All measurements are displayed in time
sequence. The reading marked in the list is shown in
the graphs with blue dots.
The measurement can be saved under a file name.

Bump test
The bump test is employed to check out the typical
vibration response of a machine structure at stand-
still, by hitting it e. g. with rubber mallet. To make a
bump test on a stationary machine, select the vibra-
tion menu and then the function ‘Bump test’.
A measuring assignment can be set up in Cond-

master Nova for downloading to Leonova.
2
Select ‘Open’ to edit an existing measurement
or ‘New’ to make a new measurement. For a new
measurement, follow the guide (1).
Select the correct transducer (2). Edit transducer

data if necessary. Mark the line to be configurated
and open with ‘Edit’. When ready, press the arrow (1)
to continue.
Select ‘Frequency range’, 100 to 40 000 Hz, and

number of lines in the spectrum, 400 to 12 800.
3
E
‘Pre-trig’ sets the time before the trigger level is 4
reached, in percent of the measuring time. It can be
set to 5, 10, 15, 20 or 25%. Numbers within brackets
5
is the corresponding time in seconds. The vibration
during pre-trig time is included in the sample.
The sampling time is automatically calculated from

the frequency range and the number of spectrum
lines. Press the arrow button (1) to continue.

Bump test measurement
During a bump test, Leonova measures continu-
ously. A reading is saved when you hit the machine
with e.g. a rubber mallet and the resulting vibration
is within the set parameters.
The referential measurement is used to find the

right trig level. The ‘Trig level’ (1) is set by hitting
the machine frame with varying force. The peak 2
amplitude of the measured signal is displayed
(velocity in mm/s) and a trigger level can be set to
1% – 90% of the amplitude.
The green bar (2) shows the peak vibration level 1

(blue arrow). The green arrow shows the trigger
level.
Adjust the force of the hits if needed, or press

CLEAR and repeat. When ready, press ‘Continue’ to
go to the measurement window.
5
Press ‘Arm trigger’ (3) to activate the measuring
function. 4
Hit with the same force as during the referential

measurement. The actual test returns an FFT
spectrum and a time signal (sampling time plus
pre-trigging time).
E Tap and hold to produce the blue marker (4).

Move the marker with LEFT/RIGHT. At each step,
the frequency, amplitude and phase angle are
displayed.
A marker in the time signal diagram shows the time

and amplitude.
3
Under the ‘. . .’ button (5) you can select logarithmic

scales for the X and Y axis (6). 6
The bump test can be saved under a file name

by selecting ‘Save as’ when closing the vibration
measurement window.

Orbit analysis
Orbit analysis is a vibration measurement function Machine protection system
resulting in a two-dimensional orbit graph used to

analyse shaft centerline movement. It may indicate
rubs, unbalance, misalignment or oil whip, in
machines equipped with journal bearings.
3 x BNC
Required for orbit analysis is a two channel simulta- cables
neous vibration measurement, where two displace- SPM 15326
ment transducers are placed 90 ° from each other, Orbit Interface
and a trigger signal from a tachometer probe. SPM 15315
Measurements are normally made on the buffered

outputs of a machine protection system via the
Orbit Interface 15315. The interface is connected
to the vibration and the tachometer inputs on
Leonova. The signal inputs, channel X, channel Y
Tachometer cable
and tachometer are connected via cables (SPM CAB10
15326) with BNC connectors.
Measurement with displacement transducers to TAC

to VIB
requires that two transducers particular to the orbit input input
analysis are setup in the transducer register under
‘Settings’, see page A16.
Measurements can also be made with e. g.

accelerometers, placed at an angle of 90° to each
other, to get a two dimensional graph of machine
movement. For measurement with accelerometer
or velocity transducers, use the 2 channel meas-
uring cable CAB51 or the Balancing Module 14745.
A measuring assignment for orbit analysis can be

set up in Condmaster Nova and be downloaded to E
Leonova.
C
Select and open an Orbit assignment under the 2
vibration tab. Set the Measuring point data under ‘.
. .’ (1).
By pressing the button (2) it is possible to see

the displacement of the X and Y values (3) when 3
the machine is not rotating. This function is used
to measure the displacement when adjusting the
proximity probes.

Settings for orbit analysis
Variable speed
Mark ‘Variable speed’ (1) to force a speed measurement 1
before measuring. For best results, it is strongly recom-
mended that a measured rpm value is used in connection
with orbit measurement.
Transducer type
Check the data for the X and Y transducers. Press the
button (2) and select the right transducers from the list (3).
To change transducer data, mark a line and press the edit
button (4).
For an 8 mm diameter proximity probe, the sensitivity

is normally 7,87 V/mm (7,87 mV/μm). For other probes, 2
please turn to the data sheet for information about their
sensitivity.
5
Transducer data can not be changed when using portable
transducers (5). 2
Open the window for configuration of signal unit, filter

type and orders by pressing the arrow button (6). 3
4
Signal unit
As signal unit (unit for the time signal) you can select VEL,
ACC or DISP (7). When measuring on buffered outputs of
a machine protection system, ‘Signal unit’ must have the
same setting as ‘Transducer type’.
Filter type
E For Filter type (8), the default setting is Bandpass, showing
frequencies at rpm ±10%. With the filter type set to
6
Lowpass, all frequencies above the selected multiple of

shaft speed (Orders, 1-5) are filtered out.
7
Orders
Orders is set to 1 by default, but can be up to 5 orders
(9). The setting is used to calculate the center frequency 8
for bandpass mode and the upper frequency for lowpass
mode, respectively. 9
Number of revolutions 10
Number of revolutions, max. 25, specifies the number of
shaft revolutions to acquire and display in the orbit graph
(10). 11
RPM measurement
Mark RPM measurement when using a tachometer (11). If not,
the rpm can be input via the number pad.

Orbit measuring and results
During measurement, the orbit graph shows
displacement in the X and Y direction per revolu-
tion. When the measurement is complete, the
average of the measured values is shown (1).
1
The orbit graph shows an overlay of the graphs
for each measured revolution plus their average.
Press the graph button (2) to get a close up of 2
the graph.
When the orbit assignment is set up in Cond-

3
master Nova, alarm limits can be set on the X
and Y axis, resulting in an evaluated measure-
ment (green - yellow- red scale) (3).
You can select each individual revolution as

well as the average of all revolutions. Select the 4
graph, marked dark blue, in the window (4). 5
With the button (5) you can activate an arrow 7

(6) showing the angle and the peak value at that
angle. You can move the arrow by tapping and
draging the stylus. The peak value and the angle
are displayed (7).
E
6

E

Rotor balancing
Contents
Balancing methods................................................................. 3
Balancing equipment.............................................................. 4
General settings..................................................................... 6
Selection of vibration transducer........................................... 7
Unbalance............................................................................... 8
Measuring unbalance.............................................................. 9
Four run method................................................................... 10
Two run methods...................................................................11
Transducer selection and spectrum measurement............... 12
Run without trial weight....................................................... 13
Trial weight calculation......................................................... 14
Run(s) with trial weight......................................................... 15
Display of results.................................................................. 16
Alternatives for balancing weights....................................... 17
Trial run and log.................................................................... 18
Create report........................................................................ 18
Rotor balancing F:

F
F: Rotor balancing

Balancing methods
Single and dual plane balancing are optional Leonova
functions with either limited or unlimited use. In case
of limited use, credits are deducted for each vibra-
tion measurement.
Single plane balancing, 4 runs

This method uses one measurement without trial
weight to determine the vibration severity (mm/s
RMS) of the rotor, followed by three measurements
with trial weights at 0°, 120° and 240° to calculate
the weight and position of the correction mass. No
rpm measurement is needed but all measurements
must be done at the same rpm.
Single plane balancing, 2 runs

This method uses one measurement without trial
weight to determine the vibration severity (mm/s
RMS) of the rotor, followed by one measurements
with a trial weight to calculate the weight and
position of the correction mass. It requires time
synchronised vibration measurement (trigger pulse
supplied by a pulse from the SPM tachometer probe
or a proximity switch) to find the relative phase angle between the two vibration measurements.
Dual plane balancing

The same 2-run method as used for single plane balancing, but with vibration measurement and
weight correction in two planes. These measurements can be made by shifting the vibration trans-
ducer or by connecting two transducers via the 2 channel measuring cable CAB51.
Please note: To get a good result fast, the static unbalance must be corrected before starting the
dual plane balancing with Leonova.
F
For all methods, a final run can be made to check the balancing results and, if needed, get the
data for further adjustments. Leonova then saves a balancing log file.
Leonova guides step-by-step through the balancing procedure. One can shift the rotation direc-
tion and change the measured parameter from velocity to acceleration or displacement.
In addition to the RMS value, a spectrum is shown to help find the part of vibration that is due to
unbalance. For the 2-run methods, the number of samples for obtaining a time synchronous aver-
age is set to min. 4.
Rotor balancing F:

Balancing equipment
For single plane balancing with four runs, the only equipment
needed is a vibration transducer type SLD144 or an IEPE (ICP ®)
type transducers with voltage output.
The transducer is mounted with a magnetic foot (TRX16) or with

an M8 (UNC 1/4”) screw. It is connected with the spiral cable
CAB48 or a straight cable CAB48-L (L = cable length in meters).
For the 2-run methods, a trigger pulse is needed which is either

given by a proximity switch or by the SPM tachometer probe
TAD18. When using a proximity switch, the Balancing Module
14745 can be used. This module also allows connection of two
vibration transducers.
The light beam from the tachometer probe is directed towards

Transducer SLD144
a piece of reflecting tape pasted on the shaft. The tape must
with magnetic foot
have a sharp edge.
It is very important that the tachometer probe is firmly at-

tached and not moved during the balancing procedure.
SPM supplies a tachometer probe holder with a magnetic base

(SPM 81319) and a clamp for the probe (SPM 14765), plus a 5 m
long tachometer probe cable (SPM CAB43).
The 2 channel measuring cable CAB51 allows the connection

of two vibration transducers to Leonova. These must be of
the same basic type, e.g. IEPE with voltage output. Dual plane
rotor balancing can be done with a single transducer, but using
two is faster.
TAD18 14765
CAB43 CAB51
CAB48 CAB48-L 81319
F: Rotor balancing

General settings
To start with, go to the TOOL menu and open
GENERAL SETTINGS, then the BALANCING
menu.
Your selection under ‘Counter rotational

degrees’ affects the way the angles are
displayed while balancing.
When the box is not marked, angles are

displayed as shown in figure A.
When the box is marked, angles are displayed

as shown in figure B.
Marking ‘Ounce’ will show all weights in

ounces instead of grams.
‘Output unit’ is the transducer output, ACC Rotational

VEL or DISP. 0°
A
+ 90°
Counter rotational
0°
B
F
+ 90°
Rotor balancing F:

Selection of vibration transducer
The ‘Registration of vibration transducers’
is described in Part A of this manual. Before
starting vibration measurements, make sure that
the vibration transducer you are using with your
Leonova is properly registered, configured and
selected.
The nominal sensitivity of a vibration transducer 2

SLD144 is 10 mV/m/s 2 . The actual sensitivity of
the individual transducer is written on its calibra-
tion card. This data should always be input in the
transducer register (1). When several transducers
are in use, they should be marked to assure that
the readings are calibrated. 4 3 6
To select a transducer, open ‘Vibration transduc-

ers’ in the TOOLS window. Mark its name on the
list (2) and touch the arrow key (3). To see or edit
its data, mark its name on the list (2) and touch 1
the edit button (4).
To change data, mark the line and click the ‘Edit’

button (5).
For ‘Dual plane’ balancing, two transducers

are selected from the ‘Transducer register’ as
F default. Press the button (6) and select two
transducers to be used (7). The transducers must
have the same output (DISP, VEL or ACC). 7
F: Rotor balancing

Unbalance
A rotor is unbalanced when the centre of
its mass does not co-incide with the shaft
centre. Position?
This condition can be described as the

rotor having a ‘heavy spot’ somewhere
along its circumference.
If we know the position and weight of this

heavy spot, we can reduce it by taking
away mass or, more often, put a counter- Counter
weight on the oppisite side of the rotor. weight?
For one plane balancing, it is assumed

that the heavy spot is on the centre line
of a narrow rotor or near enough, so that
it does not matter on which side of the
centre line the counter weight is place.
For rotors which are wide in relation to

their diameters, we assume two heavy
spots in the rotational planes at both ends
of the rotor.
The counter weights and their positions

are calculated with regard to the interac-
tion between both planes. F
Rotor balancing F:

Measuring unbalance
Unbalance causes excessive vibration. However,
excessive vibration can have any number of other
causes. Thus, before attempting to balance a
rotor, we must first check that there is an unbal-
ance problem and make sure that other vibration
causes, such as loose parts and misalignment, are
eliminated.
As the ‘heavy spot’ rotates in the radial plane, the

vibration values measured in horizontzl (H) and
vertical (V) should be higher than the vibration
measured in the axial direction (A).
Check all three directions. For balancing, measure

in direction H or V, whichever yields the highest
value.
1X
Unbalance causes vibration with a frequency of 1X,

which is the shaft frequency in Hz (rpm/60), also
called the first order.
Check that the vibration spectrum has a clearly

dominant line at 1X . This line is marked in the
Leonova balancing spectrum.
All three balancing methods use a first run to

establish the vibration behaviour of the rotor.
The following run is made with a trial weight fas-

tened at a convenient spot along the rotor. Thus,
we add a known unbalance factor, which allows
us to calculate the position and weight of the
F unknown ‘heavy spot’ from the change in vibration
behavour.
F: Rotor balancing

Four run method
Using four runs, three of them with the same trial
weight fixed first at 0°, then at 120° and 240°
along the rotor circumference, is the traditional
balancing method.
It is important to run the machine at the same

speed at all measurements.
Traditionally, the position and weight of the bal-

ancing weight were calculated by drawing a graph
of the vibration vectors. This part of the work
is now done by Leonova: after the last run, the
instrument displays the balancing weight in grams
(ounces) and its position in degrees (measured
from the point where the first trial weight was
placed).
Two run methods

The two run methods work with synchronized
vibration measurement. This requires a trigger
pulse from a tachometer. Each measurement
starts in exactly the same shaft position. Weak
direction
The tachometer position becomes part of the
reference system needed to calculate the angles
between 0° (the position of the trial weight), the
position of the ‘heavy spot’ and the position of the
artificial unbalance created by the trial weight.
The tachometer must not be moved between

measurements.
Rotor balancing F:

Transducer selection and speed measurement
The balancing procedure is menu guided. Select
the method, then simply follow the instructions on
the screen.
The first steps are common for all methods. Start

with selection of transducer(s). The transducer(s)
selected under ‘Transducer register’ will come up
as default.
For the ‘Dual plane’ method, two transducers can

be used. Mark the box ‘Balancing module’ (1). The
two transducers must have the same output (DISP,
VEL or ACC).
Follow the setup guide by pressing the arrow key

2
(2) and then measure without trial weight to obtain
the vibration severity and the spectrum.
For the ‘4-run’ method, the RPM data are only

needed to find the 1X position in the spectrum and
thus check on the amount of unbalance. You can
do without the RPM, input it via the numbers pad,
or measure it (asynchronous measurement).
The ‘2-run’ methods are automatically set for

synchronous RPM measurements, see previous
page. You can input the number of synchronized
readings.
F:10 Rotor balancing

Run without trial weight
Set the frequency range for the spectrum to ‘au-
tomatic’. Leonova will calculate the suitable range
from the RPM data.
With the tachometer and the vibration transducer

connected, click on ‘Measure’.
Click on the spectrum symbol (1) to display the

spectrum. To set a marker (2) on the spectrum line
at 1X (which shows the amount of unbalance), click
the button (3), select ‘Settings’ from the menu and
activate ‘Theoretical symptom’.
In case the 1X line is relatively small, abort balanc-

ing and first check the machine for other vibration
causes (misalignment, loose bolts, etc.).
For all methods, the run without trial weight

supplies the value for V0 (4), the initial machine 4
vibration.
3
2
Rotor balancing F:11

Trial weight calculation
The trial weight has to be large enough to
create an unbalance but must not be so
heavy as to create dangerous vibrations.
Open the calculator (1) and use Leonova to

calculate a suitable weight. The input data
are the approximate weight of the rotor and
its diameter. 1
2
Input the mass of the trial weight with the
number pad (2).
For dual plane balancing, you use two trial

weights, one for each plane. They can have
different masses.

Run(s) with trial weight
The position where the trial weight is attached
automatically becomes the 0° position on the
rotor. All angles are given with this point as a
reference.
For the 4-run method, you first measure V1 with

the trial weight at 0°, then V 2 with the weight at
120° and finally V 3 with the weight at 240°.
For dual plane balancing, first measure V 0 (with-

out trial weight) in plane 1, then in plane 2.
You then fasten the trial weight in plane 1 and

measure V1 in plane 1, then in plane 2.
You normally remove the trial weight from plane

1 before attaching the other trial weight in
plane 2. If not, mark the box ‘Keep trial weight’
on the menu. Measure V1 in plane 1, then in
plane 2.
4-run method, menu during third run
2-run method, menu during run with

weight

Display of results
The calculation results are the mass of the balancing
weight and the angle defining the position where it
has to be attached.
The display shows the direction of rotation and the

position of 90°.
On the side of the display (1) there is a row of

function keys that allow you to select alternatives to
adding mass at the indicated spot.
Calculation results, 4-run method
Calculation results, dual plane

Alternatives for balancing weights
Leonova calculates a number of alternatives for correcting the unbalance:
Graphical check of calculation results.
Split the correction mass: Input the number of rotor partitions to

distribute the correction mass between two of them.
Radial displacement: Input the change in radial distance to recalculate
the weight.
Calculate radial position of smaller/larger balancing weight.
Weight removal: Show drill hole position.
Degrees to length: change from angle to length measured along

the rotor circumference.
Sum up weights: Replace all correction masses on the rotor by one.
Weight removal: Drill hole diameter and depth calculated for various
materials.

Trial run and log
After balancing weight application, a trial run can
be made to measure vibration after balancing.
If balancing was successful, the vibration at 1X
should be considerably lower.
The information in this window is optional. It will

appear in the balancing log file.
In case you used the proposed weight and posi-

tion, press ‘Copy to log’ to input the data.
Create report
To print out or save a balancing report, do the 1
following:
• Start the Leonova Infinity Service Program

and select ‘Balancing report’ (1).
F • Select a balancing file saved under the
‘FILE’ menu and press OK.
• To print out the report, select printer,

number of copies, etc under the ‘Print
out’ menu. You can write comments and a
header to be added on the report (2).
3
• To save the report as a document, select
Excel file or Word file (3).

Shaft alignment
Contents
Shaft alignment with Leonova................................................ 3
Shaft alignment equipment.................................................... 4
LineLazer II detectors.............................................................. 5
Alignment kit attachment....................................................... 6
The detector panel................................................................. 6
Charging batteries.................................................................. 7
Communication with Leonova................................................. 7
Shaft alignment ..................................................................... 8

About shaft alignment . ......................................................... 9
Means for horizontal movements........................................... 9
Alignment – general procedure............................................ 10

Settings.................................................................................11
Compensation...................................................................... 12
Alignment tolerances............................................................ 12
Basic data input.................................................................... 13
Input distances..................................................................... 13
Soft foot............................................................................... 14
Measuring (automatic or manual input)................................ 15
Result window...................................................................... 16
Feet lock............................................................................... 16
Alignment work using the Alignment window...................... 17
Alignment – vertical machines.............................................. 18

Settings................................................................................ 18
Basic data input.................................................................... 19 G
Measuring............................................................................. 19
Measuring results................................................................. 20
Alignment work using the Alignment window...................... 21
Create report........................................................................ 22
Shaft alignment G:

G
G: Shaft alignment

Shaft alignment with Leonova
Shaft alignment with LineLazer II detectors is an
optional Leonova function, supported by Leonova
with MMI software version 3.08 or higher and
Leonova Infinity with MMI software version 4.15
or higher.
Under the assignment flap (1) Leonova contains

two standard alignment assignments, one for
horizontal (2) and one for vertical (3) machines,
with functions for soft foot, feet look and com-
pensation for thermal growth.
An alignment can be saved as a file (4) with all

basic data, to be used again for similar machines.
The Leonova Alignment kit consist of LineLazer

detector/transmitter units that measures the
position of the shafts compared to the centre
line. They have position detectors (PSDs) with
large vertical reception area, receiving a horizon-
tal line laser beam, with makes fine tuning almost 1
unnecessary. Integrated precision inclinometers
measure the angle of rotation of both detectors
at all times. This allows measurement in fully
automatic mode, with much less than a half-turn
of the shaft. Measurement results are displayed
in 100ths of a millimetres or 1000ths of an
inch. Only the master detector is connected to
Leonova. One cable is eliminated due to wireless 2 3
communication between the master and the slave
detector.
Leonova is the control and display unit. The

interaction between the graphical display and
user is kept as simple as possible. A self-explana-
tory display based on icons and graphics guides
the user, step by step to a correct alignment.
A live view shows immediately the result of the
4
vertically and horizontally corrections. A pre-
programmed tolerance table tells the user when
proper alignment is achieved. A green – yellow
– red dot shows the severity of the misalignment,
or when the result is within the tolerances. Le- G
onova produces a log file with all alignment data
for printing a report.
Shaft alignment G:

Shaft alignment equipment
LLB30 LLB31
LLB12
TOL21
LLB14 MAA70
LLB13
LLB11 CAB75
LLB15 CAB50
The LineLazer Accessory Set LLA300 contains detector/transmitter units, brackets, chains, rods, cables
and a measuring tape, all in a carrying case. This set fits a multitude of applications, e.g. compressors,
gearboxes, generators, and pumps. The standard Leonova Infinity battery charger is used for charging
the LineLazer II detector units.
LineLazer II Accessory Set LLA300
LLB30 LineLazer II detector unit (lower beam) TOL21 Torquing tool for chains and rods
LLB31 LineLazer II detector unit (upper beam) CAS18 Carrying case, plastic with foam insert
LLB11 Extension chain, length 1000 mm
Accessories
LLB12 Chain with tension adapter,
length 500 mm 90362 Charger, 100-240 V AC, 50-60 Hz, EU-plug
90379 Charger, 100-240 V AC, 50-60 Hz, US-plug
LLB13 Supporting rod, 80 mm, set of 4
90380 Charger, 100-240 V AC, 50-60 Hz, UK-plug
G LLB14 Supporting rod, 150 mm, set of 4
Magnetic brackets, offset brackets 50 mm and
LLB15 Shaft bracket for chain
offset brackets 100 mm on request.
CAB50 Communication cable between Line
Lazer and Leonova Infinity, length 3 m Spare parts
CAB75 Charger cable, length 1.5 m LLB20 Supporting rod, 80 mm
MAA70 Measuring tape LLB21 Supporting rod, 150 mm
G: Shaft alignment

LineLazerII detectors
Using a horizontally spread laser beam in com-
Position
bination with a 37 mm vertical detector (PSD)
detector (PSD)
makes fine tuning unnecessary. The laser beam
is modulated and thus easily and automatically
distinguished from interfering light sources.
The laser beam is not mirrored, both units are
true detectors/transmitters. The detector units
LLB30 and LLB31 are identical with exception LLB30
of the position of laser diode and sensor. The Laser
communication between them is wireless, only transmitter
one of the units, designated as ‘master’, is cable
connected to Leonova.
The detector units have integrated double axis

precision inclinometers which measure the angle
of rotation of both detector units at all times.
This means that the shaft can be rotated at will
in both directions. A measurement can be taken Position
automatically when the shaft movement stops detector (PSD) LLB31
(automatic mode) or ordered by a ‘Measure’
command (manual mode). Measurement results
are displayed in 100ths of millimetres or 1000ths
of an inch, angles in steps of 0.5°. NB: Never stare directly
into the laser transmitter.
Please note: Other position measuring devices
can be used. In such cases, ‘user input mode’ is
selected and both angles and clock readings are
input via keypad.
Technical specifications for LineLazer
Laser type: line laser, visible red light Operating Temperature: 0 to 50 °C

Laser power : <1 mW Storage Temperature: -25 to 55 °C
Laser safety class: Class 2 Humidity: 20% to 95% relative
Laser wavelength: 635 to 657 nm Keyboard: sealed membrane
Laser modulation: 200 kHz Control indicators: LED red/green
Sensor resolution : 1 µm Connector type: LEMO 5 pins for
Sensor linearity : < 2% deviation communication with
Sensor size : 37 x 1 mm Leonova and charger G
Operating range : 50 to 3000 mm Housing: aluminium, blue
(2 to 120 inches) anodized
Inclinometer resolution: 0.5° Protection: IP65
Batteries: NiMH rechargeable Dimensions: 116 x 94 x 54 mm
Operating Time : > 16 hours normal use Weight: 450 g
Charging time: < 3 hours
Shaft alignment G:

Alignment kit attachment
As default, the motor is defined as M (movable, 1) 2 1
and the other part, here the pump, as S (stationary,
2) machine. The view depicted on the Leonova 3
screen is from the motor fan end (none-driven side, 4
3). The master detector unit (with the cable, 4) is
placed on the M machine. Please note that all this
can be changed at will, as long as the inputs under
‘Settings’ agree with the way the kit is mounted.
Attach the detector units as shown, firmly but

without undue force. Use the enclosed tool when
tightening the rods.
Locking
These are the parameters: screws
• Max. shaft diameter with 500 mm chain = TOL21

165 mm (6.5 inches), with 1000 mm extension ø 4 mm
chain = 480 mm (18 inches).
• Distance between detector units = 50 to

3000 mm (2 to 120 inches).
• The minimum recommended angle of shaft

rotation is 180°.
The detector panel

The detector panel has an input connector for com- ON / OFF Input for communica-
munication with Leonova and for battery charging, button tion and charger cable
and a switch for power ON/OFF.
A blinking green LED for communication and

steady green LEDs for detector position and bat-
tery OK show that the detectors are adjusted for
measurement. For various other states, see the
table below.
All LEDs will blink fast during the on/off sequence LED indicators
If all LEDs are fixed red the bootloader is active.
G GREEN LIGHT RED LIGHT

LED Fixed Blinking Fast blinking Fixed Blinking Fast blinking
Laser on Communication Current too low or Laser or communi- PSD error

with Leonova temp. too high cation error
Battery OK Battery low Battery empty Charging Charging Temp. or voltage

trickle mode out of range
Angle of both Inclinometer Inclinometer System error Temperature Inclinometer

detectors OK terminated teach mode out of range teach error
G: Shaft alignment

Charging batteries
The batteries are recharged with the standard Leonova
Infinity charger SPM 90362 (EU), 90379 (US) or 90380
(UK). Do not use any other type of charger.
CAB75
The battery LED is red when charging and starts blink-
ing red when the batteries are fully charged (trickle
mode).
New batteries may need several charge/discharge

cycles before they reach their full capacity.
The batteries gradually self-discharge even if stored in

a fully charged state. Self-discharge increases with age,
usage and elevated temperature.
Leonova Infinity charger
Battery type: NiMH rechargable 90363/ 90379/ 90380
Operating Time: > 16 hours normal use
Charging time: < 3 hours
Operating and charging time may vary depending
on the ambient temperature and the condition of the
!
batteries. Do not replace
the battery pack!
Extending battery life Refer servicing to your
Even when the LineLazer is not used, the capacity of local SPM dealer.
the batteries will naturally deteriorate over time. To
limit the deterioration it is recommended to cycle (full
discharge and recharge) the batteries at least once
every one or two months. Store the LineLazer in a cool
and dry place.
Communication with Leonova

After connecting the communication cable between
the master detector and Leonova, it should be
clamped to the fixture, so that it cannot put any CAB50
strain on the detector when the shaft is turned.
Please note that the ‘master’ detector is the detec-

tor unit that is connected to Leonova. Do not switch
the cable during alignment.
G
When both detectors are ON and the master
detector is connected to Leonova (also ON), the
laser intensity LED starts blinking green for com-
munication with Leonova. The OK LED is green on
both detectors when they are aligned within the
tolerances, ± 2°.
Shaft alignment G:

Shaft alignment
Symptoms of misalignment
The purpose of shaft alignment is to prevent excessive
vibration and the premature failure of machine parts.
Quite often, bad machine condition is obvious, but

repairs are made without correcting alignment faults,
or removing the underlying causes for misalignment,
such as poor foundations, excessive temperature
gradients, strain from connected pipes, etc. Typical misalignment symptom
An alignment check should be made if one or more of

these symptoms are noted:
• excessive radial and axial vibration
• high oil temperature, hot bearings
• excessive oil leakage at the bearing seals
• loose foundation bolts
• loose or broken coupling bolts
• hot coupling immediately after shutdown
• with elastic couplings, rubber or plastic
powder inside the coupling guard
• frequent bearing and/or coupling failures.
Center lines
aligned
Explanation of terms
Shaft alignment – the process of adjusting the rela-
tive position of two coupled machines (e. g. a motor
and a pump) so that the center lines of their shaft
form a straight line when the machine is running at
normal operating temperature.
Alignment is achieved by moving the front and/or

back feet of one machine up, down, and sideways,
until the shafts are aligned within required tolerances.
Normally, the other machine remains stationary.
However, as one cannot lower a machine below its
foundation, it may be necessary to shims the ‘station-
ary’ machine to achieve alignment.
Soft foot - the condition when the machine is resting Shims

G on three feet instead of all four. The soft foot has no
proper contact with the machine foundation. Prior to
alignment, soft foot is eliminated by placing shims
under the foot until the machine is properly sup-
ported.
Soft foot
G: Shaft alignment

About shaft alignment
Misalignment – the condition when the center lines of
the shafts are not aligned within tolerances.
There are two types of misalignment:

• Offset - the center lines of the two shafts are parallel
but do not meet in a common point at the center of
the coupling. Offset
• Angularity - the center lines meet at the center of
the coupling but are not parallel.
Both offset and angularity can, and normally do, occur
simultaneously.
Misalignment is measured in two planes, vertical (up,

down), and horizontal (sideways). Thus, there is:
• vertical offset
• horizontal offset Angularity
• vertical angularity
• horizontal angularity.
Normally, shaft misalignment is a combination of all four
of these alignment faults.
Note that the object is to align the shafts and not the
coupling. If a coupling half is bored slightly off center,
aligning the coupling will cause misalignment of the
shafts. Offset and angularity
Means for horizontal movements

Moving a heavy machine sideways for an exact distance A
is not easy, if one tries to do it with a sledge or a crow-
bar.
Much time can be saved by preparing the footplate of

the machine to be moved for horizontal adjustments of
the machine position. The general idea is to move the
machine by turning a screw, instead of lifting, hitting, or
pushing it, see figure A.
B
Figure B shows a simple, portable ”moving aid” which
is bolted to the foot plate. This device is only used G
for alignment work, so it is no obstacle during normal
machine operation. Correctly made, it can be used for
many different machines.
Shaft alignment G:

Alignment – general procedure
The need for alignment should be established
by means of vibration measurement, see page
8. Prior to alignment, inspect and, if needed,
repair the machine foundation.
• Mount the alignment kit on the shafts or the

coupling (see page 7), define M = machine to
be moved, normally the motor.
• Switch on Leonova and open the alignment

file (mark and touch OPEN).
• Connect the detector unit on the machine to

be moved (M) to Leonova. This is the master.
Switch on the detectors (button on top) and
align them in such a way that the centre of
the laser beam is in the centre of the target
area.
The detector LEDs should light up as shown.
• Open the ‘Settings menu’ (1) and set the

general alignment parameters (page 11).
Under ‘Compensation’, input the values for
thermal expansion (page 12).
• Open the ‘Data window’ (2) and input the

distances (see page 13).
• Measure and correct softfoot (page 14).

1 2 3 4 5
• Open the ‘Measurement window’ (3), meas-
ure alignment (see page 15).
• Open the ‘Result window’ (4), check present

position (see page 16).
Ready for measurement:
• Open the ‘Alignment window’ (5), shims as
required, then make horizontal adjustments LASER
(see page 17). Blinking green
• Open the ‘Result window’ (4), check result

BATTERY
before and after adjustments.
Fixed green
• Go to the ‘Measurement window’ (3), take a
G new set of measurements to check the result. SYSTEM
Fixed green
G:10 Shaft alignment

Settings
The alignment program starts in the ‘Data window’.
General parameters can be changed in the Settings window
(open by touching the ‘...’ button, then ‘Settings’). To make
changes, touch a line, then ‘Edit’. Finish with ‘Close’. Your
settings will be preserved when you close the alignment
function.
Method
Method determines the measuring mode. In ‘Automatic’
mode the measuring starts automatically when the detec-
tors are in position. After that, you wait until the results
are displayed. Then the shaft is turned and kept steady in
the new position until the next reading is displayed. This
operation, turn and hold, is repeated until the detectors
have been moved through about 180° and at least 3 meas-
urements have been taken. Please note that if the shaft is turned less than
5° the new measurement will replace the earlier.
‘Manual’ is similar except that the ‘Measure’ key on Leonova is pressed
each time the shaft has been rotated into a new position.
‘User input’ is selected when the LineLazer detectors are not used. The
clock angles and readings are input via the number pads.
General
No. of decimals: Default is 2 decimals for distances in mm, 3 decimals for inches. Angles are
always displayed with one decimal.
Master indicator: Select S or M, depending on which detector is connected to Leonova.
Tolerance table: The default tolerances can be helpful if no limit values are available from the
manufacturer.
Average screen update: The LineLazer detectors measure three times per second. The displayed
result is an average of the number of measurements input under ‘Average Screen update’
Average measurement: The saved result is an average of the number of measurements input
under ‘Average Measurement’ . The range is 2 - 15 for all methods.
Tolerance table: Select a suitable tolerance table. If no limit values are available, use the default
tolerances in Leonova.
RPM: The input under RPM determines the selection of the alignment tolerances - the higher the
RPM, the narrower the tolerances.
Coupling: Select coupled or uncoupled machine. Use uncoupled to see both inclinometer values.
Directional view determines how shaft rotation angles are displayed: ‘None driven end’ means as G
seen from the motor fan end.
Angle selection is either 0 to 360° or 0 to +180° (clockwise via 3.00 hours to 6.00 hours) plus 0 to
-180° (counter clockwise via 9.00 hours to 6.00 hours).
View adjustment: ‘Graphics’ means that a motor/pump drawing is shown in the Result window,
replaced by lines when ‘Lines’ is active.
Shaft alignment G:11

Compensation
Different rates of thermal expansion in the M machine
relative the S machine can have a considerable effect
on horizontal shaft alignment. For an electric motor, the
vertical thermal expansion is approximately 0.1 mm per
meter for each 10° C rise in temperature. Example:
Height foundation - shaft: 500 mm
Alignment temperature: +20° C
Operating temperature: +50°
Thermal expansion: 0.5 x ((50 - 20)/10) x 0.1
= 0.5 x 3 x 0.1 = 0.15 mm
If the S machine has the same thermal properties as the
M machine, there is no problem. If there is a significant
difference, one can either try to align the machines
before they cool, or one has to compensate for the
difference. Thus, if the S machine is going to rise an
extra 0.2 mm when hot, use a 0.2 mm compensation for 1 2 3 1
the M machine.
Manufacturers will normally supply data on their
machines’ thermal properties. When estimating thermal Use the buttons for input of:
rise, check (1) Feet values, S and M.
• operating temperature of both machines (2) Offset and angular correction.
• thermal expansion of both machines (3) Dial indicator values.
• environment influences on machine temperature, such
as strong sunshine and other heat sources, effect of
cooling systems, etc.
Alignment tolerances
Alignment tolerances depend largely on the rotational
speed of the machine.
Machinery should be aligned within the tolerances
stated by the manufacturer. If no limit values are avail-
able, use the default tolerances in Leonova.
To edit the tolerance table, select the ‘Edit’ or ‘New’

button (4). 4
If narrow tolerances are desired, select a speed range

that is higher than the actual speed of the machine or
G create a new tolerance.
The LED indicators on Leonova show the result with

green - below the stated min. tolerance
yellow - between the stated tolerances
red - over the stated max. tolerance

Basic data input
M - Movable machine. This is the machine
which will be moved to achieve shaft alignment.
Normally, the machine which is smaller, lighter,
easier to reach and move becomes ”M”. It does
not matter whether it is the driving or the driven
machine, but usually the motor is moved .
S - Stationary machine. This is the machine

which remains in place during shaft alignment
(normally the pump, fan, air compressor, etc.).
F1 Front foot - the inboard foot or feet (nearest

the coupling).
F2 Back foot - the outboard foot or feet (far- 2

thest from the coupling).
1
Input distances
Open the Data window (1) and input the
distances for the M machine, using the number
pads:
• from centre of F1 to centre of F2
• from centre of F1 to centre of the nearest
detector (negative value if the detector is
mounted behind F1)
• between the centres of the two detectors. As
default, half this distance appears as distance
between the centre of the coupling and the
detector nearest the M machine. Change the
value if necessary.
This input is sufficient unless you want to use
the ‘Feet lock’ option and check on alternative
means of alignment correction. In this case,
click the arrow (2) and input the corresponding
distances for the S machine (lower picture).
3
For the next step, soft foot correction, select
‘Soft foot’ on the menu under (3).

Soft foot
Soft foot - the condition when the machine is rest-
ing on three feet instead of all four. The soft foot
has no proper contact with the machine founda-
tion. Prior to alignment, soft foot is eliminated
by placing shims under the foot until the machine
is properly supported.
During soft foot correction the screen is live, which

means that the displayed value changes in case a
foot rises when you loosen the holding bolt.
Check that all bolts are tightened before measur-

ing. The detectors should be in 12 o’clock position.
The foot to be measured is marked with a dot in 2

the screen picture. Press the MEAS key or open
the menu under (1) and select ‘Measure’. The dot is
blinking when measuring. Loosen and tighten the
holding bolt. 1
When ready, press the enter key or the ‘Step’

button to stop measuring and go the next foot,
marked with a dot in the picture. Press ‘Measure’
again, loosen and tighten the corresponding bolt.
Repeat the procedure for all feet.
Shims the foot with the highest measuring value.

Remeasure and adjust if necessary.
The arrow (2) leads to the soft foot screen of the S

machine.
When measuring soft foot on machines with more

than four feet, loosen the bolts at the middle foot
pair(s). Measure the outer foot pairs (1 to 4) as
described above and shim the foot with the high- 1 X X 2
est measuring value.
Continue by measuring the middle foot pair(s).

G Press ‘Measure’ and tighten one of the bolts (X).
Read the value at the dot. The value should remain
the same as for the first reading. Shim the foot
if necessary and repeat the procedure for the
remaining feet.
4 X X 3

Measuring (automatic or manual input)
Go to the ‘Measurement window’ (1). At the top, it
shows the detector inclination (2) and their measured
2
values. For coupled machine is only the inclination
value for the ‘M’ detector shown. The positions of
saved measurements will be marked on the graph (3).
The first measured value will be set to zero. You can 6
erase a measurement by clicking on its position and
then click on ‘Delete’ (4). By using DELETE on the 7
menu under (5) will erase all measurements.
The detector LEDs show blinking green for LASER 4

communication and steady green for BATTERY charge
and angle OK when the detectors are ready for
measurement. The detectors should be aligned within 3
± 2°.
You are supposed to rotate the shaft through about

180° and save at least 3 measurements. Measure
more often if the angle is smaller. A small rotation
angle will affect the accuracy. 5 1
In ‘Automatic mode’, the measuring starts automati-

cally when the detectors are in position. Hold the
shaft steady until the measurement is saved, shown
by a dot in the graph. Then turn the shaft more than 5
degrees to the next position and hold it steady until
the next measurement is saved. 8
A warning icon (6) will show up if the laser intensity

is low. This may influence the measuring results. If
the laser hits outside the detector target (7) you first
have to do a rough alignment.
In ‘Manual mode’, you press the MEASURE key on

Leonova each time the shaft has been turned into a
new position.
Select ‘User input’ mode in case you measure with an

other type of indicator, not connected to Leonova.
Input the angle positions and indicator readings
via the number pad (8). Press the MEASURE key to
confirm. 9
After saving at least 3 measurements, go to the
‘Result window’ (9).
G
Under ‘Indicator status’ you can check the present

laser intensity, voltage and internal temperature and
see the detector version and serial number.

Result window
The window ‘Results before alignment’ (1) shows the
vertical and horizontal position of the machine, as
revealed by the measurements. The arrow button (2) 4 5
will show up after the alignment work is done and
is used to switch between ‘Results after alignment’
and ‘Results before alignment’.
The figures below the feet (3) show the measured

positions.
3
Coupling symbols show the directions of vertical
7
offset (4), vertical angularity (5), horizontal offset (6), 6
and horizontal angularity (7). Tolerance symbols (8)
8
show the results in “green/yellow/red” according to
the selected tolerance table:
below the stated min. tolerance (green)

9
between the stated tolerances (yellow)
over the stated max. tolerance (red).
1 2
The LED display on Leonova shows the result for the
highest reading.
Lock symbols (9) indicate the two pairs of feet which

are not moved (see below).
Feet lock 10
Feet lock is a function that shows alternative ways

of correcting misalignment. It is used after the
measurement results are saved and displayed.
As a default, the feet of the S (stationary) machine

are locked (10). You can set other constellations,
e.g.: 11
• Lock the feet of the M machine
• Lock the pairs farthest from the coupling, F2 on
both M and S (11).
• Lock the pairs nearest the coupling, F1 on both M
and S (12).
Leonova will recalculate the values for vertical and

G horizontal position for the unlocked feet when you 12
change the setting.

Alignment work using the Alignment window
The ‘Alignment window’ (1) is live, so the position
values change as you shims and move the machine.
For vertical adjustment, locate the detectors at 12

o’clock position.
For horizontal adjustment, locate the detectors at

3 or 9 o’clock position. Do not change this position
during the correction. Make necessary horizontal
adjustment.
2
The tolerance symbols (2) show the results in
“green/yellow/red” according to the selected
tolerance table.
The LED display on Leonova shows the tolerance

for the highest reading.
3 1
Under ‘Settings’ on the menu (3) and ‘‘View adjust-

ment’ you can select Lines (4) instead of Graphics,
which is the default setting. The broken lines (5)
indicate the lower tolerance limit.
When finished, take a new set of measurements to 5

check the result.
4
When closing, you can save the alignment file

under a suitable name an use it again for the align-
ment of this or similar machines. For this, open the
saved file, go to the ‘Measurement window’, open
the menu under (6) and select ‘Delete’ to erase the
old measured values.
You can create an alignment report by connecting

the Leonova to the PC. Open the Leonova Service 6
Program and select ‘Print alignment report’, see
page 22. G

Alignment – vertical machines
Vertical alignment (1) differs in a few points but is
basically the same procedure as horizontal align-
ment.
There is no ‘Soft foot correction’ because this

requires that the detectors are mounted on a
horizontal shaft. To check the S machine for soft
foot, you can make a horizontal alignment, measur- 1
ing soft foot only, if there is a suitable horizontal
bar, which is truly parallel to the foundation, for
mounting the detectors.
The view is fixed (from above), and shows the

number and angular position of the holding bolts
for the M machine. The angle of rotation is always
displayed from 0 to 360 degrees.
Settings
General parameters can be changed in the ‘Set-
tings window’. Open by touching the ‘...’ button,
then ‘Settings’ (2). To make changes, touch a line,
then ‘Edit’. Finish with ‘Close’. Your settings will be 2
preserved when you close the alignment function.
Method: ‘Manual input’ (3) is default and can not

be changed.
No. of decimals: Select 2 decimals for distances in

mm, 3 decimals when measuring in inches. Angles
are always displayed with one decimal.
Master indicator: Select S or M, depending on

which detector is connected to Leonova. 3
Average Screen update: The LineLazer detectors

measure three times per second. The displayed
result is an average of the number of measure-
ments.
Average Measurement: The saved result is an

average of the number of measurements. The
G range is 2 - 15.
Tolerance table: The default tolerance table can

be helpful if no limit values are available from the
manufacturer.
RPM: The input under ‘RPM’ determines the

selection of the alignment tolerances - the higher
the RPM, the narrower the tolerances.
Coupling: Select coupled or uncoupled machine.

Basic data input
Open the ‘Data window’ (1) and input the distances
for the M machine, using the number pads:
• between the centres of opposed holding bolts
• between the centres of the two detectors. As
default, half this distance appears as distance
between the centre of the coupling and the detec-
tor nearest the M machine. Change the value if
necessary.
• input the number of holding bolts.
Measuring
Go to the ‘Measurement window’ (2). The detector
LEDs show blinking green for LASER communication
and steady green for BATTERY charge and angle OK
when the detectors are ready for measurement. You 1 2
are supposed to rotate the shaft through about 180°
and save at least 3 measurements.
N (north) is the position where you take the first
measurement. The arrow in the graph is pointed
at bolt 1 (N). Mark the N position on the machine
before turning the shaft.
4
Start measuring by pressing the MEASURE key on 6
Leonova once. Wait until the measurement is saved, 5
shown by a dot in the graph. Then turn the shaft to
the next bolt position. Move the arrow to the cor-
responding bolt position with the ‘Step’ button (3) or
the ENTER key on Leonova. Press the MEASURE key.
Repeat the procedure each time the shaft has been
turned into a new bolt position.
A warning icon (4) will show up if the laser intensity 3
is low. This may influence the measuring results. If
the laser hits outside the detector target (5) you first
have to do a rough alignment.
You can erase a measurement by clicking on its posi- 7 8
tion and then click on ‘Delete’ (6). By using DELETE
on the menu under (7) will erase all measurements.
After saving at least 3 measurements, go to the G
‘Result window’ (8).
Under ‘Indicator status’ you can check the present

laser intensity, voltage and internal temperature and
see the detector version and serial number.

Measuring results
At the top of the window ‘Results before alignment’
you can see the offset and angular alignment in two
directions, North - South (1) and East - West (2).
1 2
The arrow button (3) will show up after the align-
ment work is done and is used to switch between
‘Results after alignment’ and ‘Results before align-
ment’.
The figures beside the holding bolts show the shim

thickness to be used.
You can toggle between the windows by opening

the menu under (3) and selecting ‘Shim values’ or
‘Offset values’.
The window with offset values shows the move-

ment in two directions (N-S, W-E) that is needed
to correct the offset. Tolerance symbols (5) show 3
the results in “green/yellow/red” according to the
selected tolerance table:
below the stated min. tolerance (green)

between the stated tolerances (yellow)
over the stated max. tolerance (red).
The LED display on Leonova shows the tolerance for

the highest reading.
For alignment work, go to the ‘Alignment window’

4
with button (4).

Alignment work using the Alignment window
The ‘Alignment window’ (1) is live, so the values
change as you shims and move the machine.
To get correct live measurements, the detectors

should be in the same direction as the arrow in the 3
graph shows. Clicking on the ‘W-E’ button (2) will
change the measuring direction between ‘N-S’ and
‘W-E’. Select the direction with the highest measuring
result in the graph. 5
When measuring on uncoupled machines, the detec-

tors are aligned when the ‘OK’ LED change to steady
green.
At the top of the window you can see the live

measurement in two directions (3). The figures beside 2
the holding bolts show the measured results and are
fixed.
The LED indicators on Leonova shows if the values

are within the tolerances. 4 1
When you have finished the shims work, you are

recommended to go back to the ‘Measurement
window’ (4) and remeasure.
Measure and go to the ‘Alignment window’ (1) again

and select ‘Offset values’ under the ‘. . .’ button (5).
Rotate the shaft so the detectors are in the same

direction as the arrow shows. Change the measuring
direction with the ‘N-S’ or ‘W-E’ button. Select the
direction with the highest measuring result in the
graph.
Loosen the holding bolts and start moving the

machine. At the top of the window you can see the
offset values. Positive values means that the machine
has to be moved in the arrow direction and negative
values against the arrow.
When finished, take a new set of measurements to

check the result. 6
You can save the alignment file under a suitable name

an use it again for the alignment of this or similar
machines. For this, open the saved file, go to the G
‘Measurement window’ (4), open the menu under (6)
and select ‘Delete’ to erase the old measured values.

Create report
To print out or save an alignment report, do
the following:
• Connect Leonova to the PC. 1
• Start the Leonova Infinity Service Program

and select ‘Alignment report’ (1).
• Select alignment file (2) saved under the

‘FILE’ menu and press OK.
• To print out the report, select printer,

number of copies, etc under the ‘Print
out’ menu. You can write comments and a
header to be added on the report (3).
• To save the report as a document, select

Excel file or Word file (4).
4
3
2

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User guide

General measurement functions B

Free measurement techniques C

Shock pulse measurement D

© Copyright SPM Instrument AB. ISO 9001 certified.

Leonova Infinity Patent No: US#7,313,484, US#7,167,814, US#7,200,519, US#7,054,761,

LineLazer Patent No: SE0400586-4, US#7,301,616, US#5,684,578, US#6,873,931

CondID Patent No: ZL97195901.3, US#6,499,349, US#6,725,723

Leonova service program..................................................... 19

Safety copies of Leonova files.............................................. 21

General instrument functions A:

A: General instrument functions

Leonova Infinity is a multi-function, hand-held data

This instruction, SPM 71792, describes the general

Supplied accessories 90362 / 90379 / 90380

15178 Stylus for touch screen

71789 Instruction “Getting started”

The equipment listed above is part of the LeonovaTM

General instrument functions A:

TAB: power on, navigation

SHIFT: capitals, navigation

Navigation keys and

Input for shock

Brackets for stylus on

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Leonova is powered by a rechargeable lithium-ion bat-

The maximum battery capacity is 1800 mAh at 7.4 V. A

A Connector for battery charger

Measuring results are default stored in the flash memory

Note. If the battery is empty, connect the charger and

The charger is specified for 100 to 240 VAC, 50 to 60 Hz.

Battery loading starts automatically within 30 seconds after

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Do not use force; poking hard at the screen

Please note that, to open a file, you first mark it

• TAB moves from menu bar to display window

This is the general rule. Details are explained

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a. FILE: Communication, Read CondID, measurement files saved by the user.

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2. Language: Choose among available languages.

3. Date/time: Adjust when needed.

5. Fonts: Select text presentation.

8. Battery status: Calibrate. Adjust time for automatic power off.

9. About Leonova: Software version data and serial number.

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Firmware Leonova interface to Windows CE

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‘Function and use’ under TOOLS shows a list of

The ‘refill’ icon marks the functions where credits

Loaded measuring rounds are shown at the bottom

Touching this icon shows the number of

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Mark a line and touch the edit button. ‘Tank size’ is

The emergency tank size is fixed to 250, and the

The last three lines can be edited, both warning

The loading of new credits and functions is de-

Functions for Limited Use (Function & Use) Credit consumption

LEO230 Shock pulse method dBm/dBc 1

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‘General settings’ has its own menu bar (1).

Marking the box (2) changes from mm to

This selection (5) affects the measurement

‘Measuring point name . .’ repeats the name on a

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General measurement functions B:

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General measurement functions B: