St. Vincent’s Catholic School of Bayambang, Inc.

Bayambang, Pangasinan

LEARNING MODULE
Science 10 - Quarter 3

A Voyage to the Living

World

What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master the nature of
Biology. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language
used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the
textbook you are now using.
After going through this module, you are expected to;
 Explain the role of hormones in the female and male reproductive systems
 Describe the feedback mechanisms involved in regulating processes in the female reproductive system
 Explain how protein is made using information from DNA.
 Explain how mutations may cause changes in the structure and function of a protein.

Name: _________________________________________
Grade and section: _______________________________
LRN: ____________________
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 What is It
Lesson 1: Procreation: Life Starts Anew
Human Reproduction

involves

Sexual reproduction
Male Female
testes ovaries

Male Sex Hormone Female Gametes Female Sex Hormones

Male Gametes
(testosterone) Egg cell/ovum (estrogen and progesterone)
Sperm cell
Develops and maintains (haploid) Develop and maintain female
(haploid)
male secondary sexual secondary sexual
characteristics characteristics
Combine through

fertilization
produces

Zygote (diploid)
develops into

Offspring (diploid)
 The male reproductive system produces sperm cells and the hormone testosterone.
 the female reproductive system produces egg cells in the ovaries and nourishes the baby until birth.
 Sexual reproduction is the formation of offspring through the union of gametes.
 the menstrual cycle prepares the uterus for pregnancy
 the human gestation period takes about nine months.
 A human being passes through life stages of development that include physiological changes from a conception till birth.
 Our exposure to infectious agents increases our susceptibility to sexually transmitted diseases.
Stages of Human Development Before Birth
1. Fertilization of the ovum 3. Fetal development
2. Embryonic development 4. Birth
Prevention, Detection, and Treatment of Diseases of the Reproductive System
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
 Syphilis  Genital herpes
 Gonorrhea  AIDS
Infertility is defined as the inability of a couple to conceive a child after one year of regular unprotected intercourse.
Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART)
 Artificial Insemination by Donor (AID)  Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT)
 In vitro Fertilization (IVF) and Intracytoplasmic  Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (ZIFT)
Sperm Injection (ICSI)

Lesson 2: Who’s in Control

 Hormones are chemical messengers, carrying instructions to cells to change their activities.
 Gland is an organ whose cells secrete materials to be brought to the different regions of the body.
Major Endocrine Glands in the Body
 The Hypothalamus  The Parathyroid Glands  The Pancreas
 The Pituitary Gland  Thymus  The Gonads
 The Thyroid Gland  Adrenals  The Pineal Gland

Table 1. Hormones Secreted by the Pituitary Gland

Pituitary Hormones Action
Stimulates the adrenal glands to produce
Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)
related steroid hormones
Anterior pituitary

Growth hormone (GH) Stimulates the growth of bones and tissues

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and
luteinizing hormone (LH)
Prolactin
Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)
Posterior pituitary
Oxytocin
Regulates melanin production
Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid
hormone
Controls sexual function and production of the
sex hormones: estrogen and progesterone in
female, or testosterone in males
Stimulates milk production in women
Controls water loss in the kidneys
Stimulates milk production and contraction of
the uterus during childbirth
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 Table 2. Major Endocrine Organs and Hormones
Tissue/Gland Hormone Produced Target Major Action
Releasing and inhibiting Stimulates or inhibits the release of specific
Hypothalamus Anterior pituitary
hormones pituitary hormones
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Thyroid Stimulates production and secretion of thyroxine
Pituitary gland (Anterior)

(TSH)
Prolactin Mammary gland Stimulates milk production
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Adrenal cortex Stimulates secretion of corticosteroids
(ACTH)
Endorphin Brain Decreases pain
Growth hormone (GH) Many cells Stimulates general body growth
Stimulates ovulation and production of estrogen
Luteinizing hormone (LH) Ovary
and progesterone
Follicle-stimulating hormone Ovary Stimulates growth of ovarian follicle
(FSH) Testes Stimulates sperm production
Mammary gland Stimulates milk secretion
Pituitary gland Oxytocin
Uterus Induces uterine contraction
(Posterior)
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) kidney Increases water absorption
Thyroxine Most cells Increases metabolic rate and growth
Thyroid
Calcitonin Bones Stimulates calcium uptake
Bones Stimulates calcium release into blood
Parathyroid Parathyroid hormone
Digestive tract Stimulates calcium absorption
Increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood
Epinephrine (adrenaline) and Circulatory system
Adrenal glands sugar
norepinephrine
Respiratory system Increases breathing rate and clears airways
Insulin Many cells Stimulates glucose uptake from blood
Pancreas
Glucagon Many cells Stimulates glucose release from cells into blood
Estrogen Many cells Stimulates female development and behavior
Ovary
Progesterone Uterus Stimulates growth of uterine lining
Testes Testosterone Many cells Stimulates male development and behavior
Thymus Thymosin White blood cells Stimulates differentiation in white blood cells
Pineal Melatonin Brain Promotes sleep
Gastrointestinal
Gastrin Gut cells Stimulates hydrochloric secretion
tract
Prevention, Detection, and Treatment of Diseases of the Endocrine System
o
o Dwarfism o Thyroid Disorders
o Diabetes Mellitus  Hyperthyroidism
 Type 1 diabetes  Hypothyroidism
 Type 2 diabetes
 Gestational diabetes

Lesson 3: The Body’s Command Center

Neurons are the basic functional units of structure and function of the nervous system. They carry information
through the nervous system in the form of nerve impulses.
Table 3. Types of Neurons
Type of Neuron Functions
Sensory neurons  Conduct nerve impulses toward the central nervous system
 Transmit information from the cells and organs that gather information about conditions in the
internal and external environment.
 Sensory receptors are specialized sensory neurons
Motor neurons  Conduct impulses away from the central nervous system. Nerve impulses transmitted by motor
neurons cause muscles, organs, and glands to respond.
 Effectors are muscles, organs and glands that respond to impulses from motor neurons.
Interneurons  Conduct impulses within the central nervous system. Interneurons connect sensory neurons, motor
neurons, and other interneurons.
 Carry out functions of the central nervous system – processing and coordinating the incoming and
outgoing impulses of the peripheral nervous system.
 Nerve impulse is a wave of chemical and electrical change that is conducted along the membrane of a neuron.
Divisions of the Nervous System
The Central Nervous System The Peripheral Nervous System
 The Brain (Cerebrum, Cerebellum & Brain Stem)  The Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System
 The Spinal Cord
Prevention, Detection and Treatment of Diseases of the Nervous System
Infections of the Nervous System Nervous System and Neurodegenerative Disorders
 Encephalitis  Epilepsy
 Meningitis  Neurodegenerative diseases
 Rabies  Parkinson’s disease
 Tetanus  Alzheimer’s disease

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Lesson 4: The String of Life

Nucleic acids are organic compounds that function as storage of genetic information, which is transmitted from one
generation to the next in all living organisms.
Table 4. Differences Between DNA and RNA
DNA RNA
Sugar Deoxyribose (C5H10O4) Ribose (C5H10O5)
Strand Double-stranded Single-stranded
Nitrogenous bases Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine Adenine, uracil, Cytosine, Guanine
Location Mostly in the nucleus, but may also be found in Mostly in the cytoplasm, but may also be found
cytoplasm and mitochondria in the nucleus
Function Blueprint of biological guidelines that living Assists in carrying out DNA’s blueprint
organisms must follow to exist and function guidelines
properly

Central Dogma of Molecular

Genetics
Replication

DNA mRNA protein

Transcription Translation

genotype phenotype

Table 5. The genetic code is used to determine the amino acid specified by a triplet codon.
Second Base

h
T
U C A G
UUU UCU UAU UGU U
Phenyl- Tyrosine Cysteine
UUC alanine UCC UAC UGC C
U Serine
UUA UCA UAA UGA Stop codon A
Leucine Stop codon
UUG UCG UAG UGG Tryptophan G
CUU CCU CAU CGU U
Histidine
CUC CCC CAC CGC C
C Leucine Proline Arginine
First Base

CUA CCA CAA CGA A

Glutamine
CUG CCG CAG CGG G
AUU ACU AAU AGU U
Isoleucine Asparagine Serine
AUC ACC AAC AGC C
A Threonine
AUA Methionine ACA AAA AGA A
Lysine Arginine
AUG Start codon ACG AAG AGG G
GUU GCU GAU Aspartic GGU U
acid
GUC GCC GAC GGC C
G Valine Valine Glycine
GUA GCA GAA Glutamic GGA A
acid
GUG GCG GAG GGG G
Genetic Disorders
 Tay-Sachs disease or hexosaminidase
 Sickle cell anemia (SCA)
 Phenylketonuria (PKU)
 Hemophilia A & B
 Cystic fibrosis (CF)
 Cri-du-chat syndrome
 Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)

SCIENCE 10 WORKSHEET
NOTE: Please submit the worksheet ONLY

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 Name: _________________________________ Grade & Section: _____________________ Score: ______

What I Have Learned

ACTIVITY 1
Directions: Draw the MALE and FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM in a clean sheet of paper with
proper label.

Assessment
Directions: Choose the letter of the BEST ANSWER. Write the chosen letter on the space provided before
each number.
____ 1. The testicles are located at the external part of the male body because __________.
a. It is the normal embryonic location
b. There is a need for autonomic peripheral nerves
c. It is the direct cannection of the epididymis to the urethra
d. Spermatgenesis requires a temperature lower than the body temperature.
____ 2. Ovulation usually occurs ___________.
a. During menstruation
b. 14 days before menstruation
c. One to three days after mentruation
d. One to three days before menstruation
____ 3. In males, gametes are formed in the _______________.
a. Epididymis c. Seminiferous tubules
b. Prostate glands d. Vas deferens
____ 4. Fertilization of the ovum by the sperm usually occurs in the _________.
a. Fallopian tube c. Uterus
b. Ovary d. Vagina
____ 5. Which is the correct pathway of the sperm?
a. Epididymis – seminiferous tubules – vas deferens – urethra
b. Seminiferous tubules – epididymis – vas deferens – urethra
c. Urethra – vas deferens – epididymis – seminiferous tubules
d. Vas deferens – urethra – seminiferous tubules – epididymis
____ 6. Which is the correct pathway of the egg?
a. Fallopian tube – uterus – follicle c. Follicle – uterus – fallopian tube
b. Follicle – fallopian tube – uterus d. Uterus – fallopian tube – follicle
____ 7. Which process refers to the union of an egg and a sperm cell?
a. Fertilization c. Menstrual cycle
b. Menstruation d. Ovulation
____ 8. The site of pregnancy is the ____________.
a. Cervix c. Uterus
b. Allopian tube d. Vagina
____ 9. The monthly release of an ovum from the ovary is called _____________.
a. Ejaculation b. Fertilization c. Gestation d. Ovulation
____ 10.The hormone that aids in follicle maturation is _____________.
a. Estrogen c. Progesterone
b. Luteinizing hormone d. Semen
____ 11.All are parts of the female reproductive except _____________.
a. Fallopian tube c. Seminal vesicle
b. Ovary d. Uterus
____ 12.All are parts of the male reproductive system except _____________.
a. Cervix c. Testes
b. Scrotum d. Vas deferens
____ 13.What mechanism regulates the amount of a hormone in the blood?
a. Adaptation c. Negative feedback
b. Diffusion d. Secretion
____ 14. Which of the following is true about insulin?
a. It is an enzyme
b. It is secreted by the thyroid gland
c. It is involved in fight-and-figh respone
d. It is involved in the metabolism of glucose, amino acids, and fats.
____ 15.The chemicals produced in one part of a plant that affect the growth and respponse of other parts are called
____________.
a. Enzymes b. Hormones c. Target cells d. Tropisms
____ 16.A speeding car suddenly approcahes you. Which of your endocrine glands will most likely function to release a
hormone?
a. Adrenal gland c. Pituitary gland
b. Pineal gland d. Thyroid gland
____ 17.A body part that is involved in both the nervous and endocrine systems is the ________.
a. Adrenal gland c. Testes
b. Hypothalamus d. Thyroid gland
Name: _________________________________ Grade & Section: _____________________ SCIENCE 10
____ 18.If you skip a meal, which of the following conditions would prevail?

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 a. Insuin levels would rise
b. Glucagon levels would rise
c. Insulin levels would rise, and glucose would be converted to glycogen
d. Glucagon wold tise, and glycogen would be converted to glucose.
____ 19.An advantage of having the endocroine system as well as the nervous system involved in fight-or-flight response is
that _________.
a. The endocrine responds faster
b. The endocrine usually lasts longer
c. The endocrine system affects only the largest organs whose response is needed to meet the emergency.
d. The response by the endocrine system frees the nervous system to think of a way out of the situation instead
of simply maintaining the body in the alert state
____ 20.All are functions of the endocine system except ____________.
a. Facilitation of efficient gas exchange
b. Ensurance of proper growth and development
c. Maintainance of a relatively constant internal environment
d. Provision of a mechanism for rapid response to changes in the body
____ 21.Which of the following best describes the relationship of insulin and glucagon?
a. They are antagonistic hormones
b. Insulin stimulates the pancreas to secrete glucagon
c. They work together to prepare the body to deal with stress
d. High levels of insulin inhibt pancreatic secretion of glucagon
____ 22.Which of the following homones have antagonistic effects?
a. FSH and LH
b. Oxytocin and prolactin
c. Parathyroid and calcitonin
d. Testosterone and melatonin
____ 23.Which is not a part of the central nervous sytem?
a. Cranial nerves c. Spinal cord
b. Hypothalamus d. Thalamus
____ 24.Which of the folowing can conduct impulses away from the neuron cell body or toward it?
a. Axon c. Myelin sheath
b. Dendrite d. Synapse
____ 25.The peripheral nervous system includes the __________.
a. Brain c. Spinal cord
b. Nerves d. Synapse
____ 26.Which of the following correctly traces the path of light into our eye?
a. Cornea – lens – pupil – retina
b. Cornea – pupil – lens – retina
c. Lens – cornea – pupil – retina
d. Pupil – cornea – lens – retina
____ 27.The cerebellum is the site for managing __________.
a. Behavior
b. Memory
c. Motor activity
d. Respiration
____ 28.Aside from hearing, ears help us in maintaining our ____________.
a. Balance
b. Brain function
c. Hormone secretion
d. Nerve pressure
____ 29.Movement, pressure and tension are received by the ______________.
a. Chemoreceptors
b. Mechanoreceptors
c. Photoreceptors
d. Thermoreceptors
____ 30.A brain disorder associated with muscular rigidity and resting tremor is experienced by patients with _________.
a. Alzeimer’s disease
b. Encephalitis
c. Meningitis
d. Parkinson’s disease
____ 31.In which direction does an impulse travel along a neuron?
a. From axon to axon
b. From axon to dendrite
c. Form dendrite to axon
d. From dendrite to dendrite
____ 32.Which controls the “fight-or-flight” response that we experienced during a stressful situation?
a. Central nevous system
b. Parasympathetic division
c. Somatic nervous ystem
d. Sympathetic division