2

General
Biology 2 12
Quarter 4
Module 1
Animal and plant reproduction
General Biology 2 – Grade 12
Quarter 4 – Module 1: Animal and plant reproduction
First Edition, 2020

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General
Biology 2
12
Quarter 4
Module 1
Animal and plant reproduction
Introductory Message

For the facilitator:

Welcome to the General Biology 2 of Grade 12 Module 1 Compare and contrast how
animals and plants reproduce.

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators from
Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its Officer-In-Charge Schools Division
Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A. Agustin in partnership with the Local
Government of Pasig through its mayor, Honorable Vico Sotto.
The writers utilized the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum using the Most
Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) while overcoming their personal, social,
and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs namely: Communication,
Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking and Character while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners
as they do the tasks included in the module.
For the learner:

Welcome to the General Biology 2 Module 1 Compare and contrast how

animas and plants reproduce.

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often
used to depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create
and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies
and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning material while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectation - These are what you will be able to know after completing the
lessons in the module.

Pre-test - This will measure your prior knowledge and the concepts to be
mastered throughout the lesson.

Recap - This section will measure what learnings and skills that you
understand from the previous lesson.

Lesson- This section will discuss the topic for this module.

Activities - This is a set of activities you will perform.

Wrap Up- This section summarizes the concepts and applications of the
lessons.

Valuing-this part will check the integration of values in the learning

competency.

Post-test - This will measure how much you have learned from the entire
module. Ito po ang parts ng module
 EXPECTATION
After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Identify the types of animal and plant reproduction.

2. compare animal and plant reproduction and,
3. value the importance of animal and plant reproduction.

PRETEST

Directions: Read the statements/questions comprehensively and choose the

letter of the best answer. Write the answer on a separate sheet of paper.

_______1. How can plants reproduce asexually naturally?

A. Using anthers C. Using runners

B. Using cuttings D. Using pollen

________2. What are the functions of ovaries in a flowering plant?

A. to produce female gametes C. to produce male and female

gametes.

B. to produce male gametes D. to produce stigma.

________3. Which statements about wind-pollinated plants is correct?

A. Their stamens and stigmas are inside the flower and, compared to
insect-pollinated plants, they have large petals.

B. Their stamens and stigmas are outside the flower and, compared to
insect-pollinated plants, they have small petals.
C. Their stamens and stigmas are outside the flower and, compared to
insect-pollinated plants they have large petals.

D. Their stamens and stigmas are in the middle the flower and,
compared to insect-pollinated plants they have small petals.

________4. The male hormones, testosterone, is produced in the

A. Bladder C. testes
B. penis D. urethra
 _______5. A female’s eggs are reproduced in the
A. Fallopian tube C. Uterus
B. Ovaries D. Vagina

RECAP

Directions: Read each question carefully and choose the letter of the best answer.

__________1. Which of the following is NOT a form of asexual reproduction?

A. Budding B. Fertilization
B. Fission D. Fragmentation
_________2. During pollination, pollen grains are transferred from the anther to
the.
A. Ovary C. Sepal
B. Pistil D. Stigma
_________3. If a stigma receives pollen from another flower of the same species, the
flower is?
A. A complete flower
B. An incomplete flower
C. Cross-pollinated
D. Self-pollinated

____________4. Which of the following is true about sexual reproduction?

A. Genetically identical offspring are produced.

B. Only one parent is involved.
C. It puts animals at an evolutionary disadvantage in terms of variation.
D. It involves the exchange of genetic material between two individuals.

___________5. How goes genetic variation influence a species survival?

A. Increases ability to adopt to environmental changes.

B. Decreases the ability to adopt the environmental changes.
C. Makes reproduction more likely.
D. Increases the number of individuals available to reproduce with.
 L E S S O N 1.1

Key Terms:

TERM MEANING

Sexual reproduction Process of creating new individual using two parent

organisms.

Asexual reproduction Process of creating new individual using one parent or

organism.

Offspring New organism that results from reproduction

Gamete Sex cell (in males: sperm, in females: eggs)

Fertilization The joining of gametes to form a new organism.

Zygote Cell formed during the fusion of two gametes.

TYPES OF REPRODUCTION

There are two major forms of reproduction. Asexual and Sexual reproduction

Sexual reproduction Sexual reproduction requires two parents. Each parent

contributes a gamete - a sex cell that has half of the normal DNA of a regular body

cell. In males, the gametes are sperm and in females, the gametes are eggs.

When these two gametes combine during fertilization, the result is a zygote, which

then continues to develop into an embryo.

Asexual reproduction

Asexual reproduction requires only one parent.

There are many types of asexual reproduction. Four major types are:

1) Binary fission: Single parent cell doubles its DNA, then divides into two cells.

Usually occurs in bacteria.

Prokaryotic cell undergoing the process of binary fission.

2) Budding: Small growth on surface of parent breaks off, resulting in the

formation of two individuals. Occurs in yeast and some animals (like the hydra

below).

Hydra reproduce asexually through budding

3) Fragmentation: Organisms break into two or more fragments that develop into a

new individual. Occurs in many plants, as well as some animals (like coral,

sponges, and starfish).

Starfish losing an arm. The arm fragment grows into another starfish and the original

starfish regrows its lost arm.

4) Parthenogenesis: An embryo develops from an unfertilized cell. Occurs in

invertebrates, as well as in some fish, amphibians, and reptiles.

.
 Sexual and asexual reproduction in plant

Plants are living organisms. That means they need to reproduce in order to pass
on their genes to future generations. Plants can create offspring through either
sexual or asexual reproduction.

Sexual Reproduction
Sexual reproduction requires genetic material (DNA) from two parents. The parent
plants have male and female sex cells, called gametes. The genetic material from
the male and female gametes combines to produce offspring. This process is
called fertilization.
Seeds produced through fertilization contain genetic material from both parents.
As a result, the offspring are not genetically identical to either of the parent
plants. This genetic diversity can help them survive if the environment changes.
Flowering plants reproduce sexually through a process called pollination. The
flowers contain male sex organs called stamens and female sex organs
called pistils. The anther is the part of the stamen that contains pollen. This
pollen needs to be moved to a part of the pistil called the stigma.

Plants can either self-pollinate or cross-pollinate. Self-pollination happens when

a plant’s own pollen fertilizes its own ovules. Cross-pollination happens when
the wind or animals move pollen from one plant to fertilize the ovules on a
different plant. The advantage of cross-pollination is that it promotes genetic
diversity. Some plants have features that prevent self-pollination, such as pollen
and ovules that develop at different times.
Pollinators are animals that carry pollen between plants. Many pollinators are
insects, like bees, butterflies, moths and beetles. Some birds, including
hummingbirds, also play a part. Likewise, certain mammals, like bats and
rodents, move pollen between plants. The colours and smells of flowers often
attract pollinators. Pollen will stick to a pollinator’s body as it feeds on the
flower’s nectar.
Fertilization is the next step after pollination. Once it reaches the pistil, the
pollen needs to fertilize an egg inside the stigma. This egg is called an ovule.
Fertilization creates fruits that contain seeds. Some fruits are fleshy, like oranges
and watermelons. Others are dry, like acorns or walnuts. These fruits are an
attractive food for various animals. After digesting fruit, animals expel waste that
contains seeds. This way, seeds can take root and grow in places far from the
plants that produced them!

Asexual Reproduction
Asexual reproduction only requires DNA from one parent. It creates offspring
that are genetically identical to the parent. Genetically identical offspring are
called clones. Clones lack genetic diversity. This makes them more susceptible to
disease. It also makes them less adaptable to changes in the environment.
There are different methods of asexual reproduction. They include vegetative
propagation and fragmentation.
Vegetative propagation does not require seeds or spores. Instead, offspring
grow from a part of the parent plant. In different plants, vegetative propagation
happens in different ways. Here are a few examples.

 Garlic, onions and tulip plants all reproduce using true bulbs. These short
underground stems are also called scaly bulbs. They have a basal plate
that is usually surrounded by modified leaves. These leaves form a papery
covering called a tunic. New bulbs grow off of the parent bulb’s basal plate.
 Crocuses reproduce using corms, which are similar to true bulbs.
However, a corm doesn’t have as many layers. Corms are used up during
the growing season and get replaced by one or more new corms.
 Potato plants reproduce using tubers. These underground growths produce
new plants from stems or growing points called eyes.
 Ginger plants reproduce using rhizomes. These stems that grow sideways
along the soil or just below the surface. They branch apart to produce new
points of growth.
 Strawberry plants reproduce using stolons. They look like branches
growing along the ground. Stolons anchor themselves to the ground and
develop roots. And these roots grow into new plants.
Did you know?
Apomixis is a form of asexual reproduction in some species of grasses. The
plant produces seed without fertilization.
Fragmentation is another form of asexual reproduction. It involves new plants
growing from small parts of the parent plant that fall to the ground. For example,
animals or the wind can break stems or leaves off plants. This is one of the ways
that plants like liverworts and mosses reproduce.
Horticulturists are people who study plants. They often use asexual
reproduction through fragmentation to grow new plants. They do this by cutting a
leaf off a plant and placing it in water or soil. This process is often
called propagating from cuttings.

Sexual and Asexual Reproduction in Animal

Sexual reproduction is the production of a new organism from two parents by

making use of their sex cells or gametes. The humans, fish, frogs, cats and dogs, all
reproduce by the method of sexual reproduction.

It is important to know the meaning of some important terms like male sex, female
sex, gametes, sperms, ova or eggs, fertilization, zygote and embryo which are
involved in sexual reproduction.

 An animal having male sex cells called ‘sperms’ in its body is called male and
an animal having female sex cells called ‘ova’ or ‘eggs’ in its body is called
female.
 Gametes: The cells involved in sexual reproduction or we can say that they
are sexual reproductive cells. They are of two types: male
gametes and female gametes. The male gamete in animal is called ‘sperm’
and the female gamete in animals is called ‘ovum’ or ‘egg’. Also female
gamete or female sex cell is known by two names: ovum and egg both are
same. The plural of ovum is ova. The ovum or egg contains water and stored
food. Nucleus is the important part of ovum. Sperm cells are hundreds or
thousands time smaller than ovum or egg and have a long tail. The sperm
are motile which can move independently with the help of their tails.
  Fertilization: The fusion of a male gamete with a female gamete to form a
zygote during the sexual reproduction i.e. the fusion of a sperm with an
ovum or egg to form zygote is called fertilization. The zygote is also known as
‘fertilized egg’ or ‘fertilized ovum’. This zygote grows and develops to form a
new baby. The stage of development between the zygote or fertilized egg and
the newly formed baby is called embryo.
 Internal and external fertilization: The fertilization which occurs inside
the female body is called internal fertilization i.e. it takes place in mammals
including human beings, birds and reptiles. The fertilization which occurs
outside the female body is called external fertilization i.e. it takes place in
amphibians like frogs, toads and fishes.
The method in which a zygote grows and develops in to a full organism also varies
in different animals. As in humans zygote grows and develops in to a baby inside
female body and gives birth to a young ones, in animals like cats, dogs etc also
gives birth to young ones but in birds it is entirely different which lay eggs. For
example: Hen sits on its egg to give warmth so that zygote grows and develops to
form a complete chick. This chick then comes out from egg by breaking its
shell. So, all the organisms do not give birth to individuals like humans do.

 It is important to understand that why the amount of DNA does not get
doubled during sexual reproduction?
Gametes are also known as reproductive cells which contains only half the amount
of DNA or half number of chromosomes as compared to the normal body cells of an
organism. So, when male gamete combines with female gamete during sexual
reproduction, then the new cell ‘zygote’ will have the normal amount of DNA.
Human sperm has 23 chromosomes and human egg has also 23 chromosomes,
after fusion 23 + 23 = 46 chromosomes, which is the normal number of
chromosomes.
How Sexual reproduction in Animals takes place?
It occurs in following steps:

 Sperms or male gametes are produced by male parent and sperm contains
long tail i.e. flagellum for movement.
 Ova, eggs or female gametes are produced by female parent which is a bigger
cell than the sperm having a lot of cytoplasm.
 The sperm enters in to the ovum or egg and fuses to form a new cell called
‘zygote’. This process is known as fertilisation. So, the zygote is fertilized
ovum.
 The zygote then divides again and again to form a large number of cells,
ultimately grows and develops to form a new baby. Fertilization of an ovum or
egg by a sperm to form a zygote.

What is Asexual Reproduction in Animal?

Asexual reproduction is the production of new individuals from a single parent. This
type of reproduction is generally observed in single-celled organisms. Here no fusion
of gametes is involved and a single parent divides into two or more daughter cells.
The offsprings produced are genetically and physically identical to the parent and
are known as clones.

Features of Asexual Reproduction

Following are the important features of asexual reproduction:

 No formation of gametes or fertilization takes place.

 Only one parent is involved.
 The process occurs in very less time.
 The offsprings produced are exact copies of the parent, there is no variation.
 The growth of the offspring is rapid.

Asexual Reproduction Examples

Asexual reproduction takes place in different ways. The different asexual reproduction examples include:

Binary Fission
In this type of reproduction, parent cell divides into two equal parts each
containing a nucleus. These are called daughter cells. The daughter cells are
genetically and physically similar to the parent cell. This type of asexual
reproduction can be seen in organisms such as amoeba, bacteria, euglena, etc.

Budding is another method of asexual reproduction where a new organism

develops from an outgrowth from the parent body known as a bud. These derive
nutrition from the parent for growth and development. Once grown, the new
organism detaches from the parent body. This process is called budding. This
types of reproduction can be seen in Hydra.

Fragmentation
This type of asexual reproduction is exhibited by Planaria. In this, the parent body
breaks into several pieces where each piece grows into a new individual. The
detachment of the body parts is intentional.

Regeneration
In this, if a part of the body of an organism is detached, the detached part grows
into a completely new individual. Regeneration is observed in Echinoderms.
 AC T I V I T I E S

Activity 1. Directions: Using Venn diagram identify the types of Asexual

reproduction.

ANIMALS PLANTS

Activity 2. Directions: For the scenarios below indicate if the type of reproduction
is SEXUAL or ASEXUAL by using the abbreviation below.
ASEXUAL-ASR SEXUAL-SR
_______________ 1.A bumble bee spreads pollens between two flowers.
________________2. Bacteria replicate by split thing into new cells.
________________3. Earthworms have both male and female reproductive organs but
still exchange genetic material.

________________ 4. Fish spread sperm over eggs that have been deposited on the
bottom of a pond.
________________ 5. A flatworm gets cut into 2 pieces and both pieces grow into new
organisms.

Activity 3: Asexual Reproduction in Animals

Directions. Match animals to the type of asexual reproduction and their
descriptions. Write the type of asexual reproduction and the letter of the
description in each column.
 Type of asexual reproduction:
PARTHENOGENESIS
TRANSVERSE FISSION
BINARY FISSION
BUDDING
FRAGMENTATION

Descriptions:

A. The organism split into two separate organism.

B. A new individual grows on the body of its parent.
C. Multiple pieces of the parent breaks off and develops into a new organism.
D. The organism divides into two, leaving one piece headless and the other
tailless each piece grows the missing body parts.
E. Females egg develop into a new organism without being fertilized by
a sperm cell.

TYPES OF ANIMALS
1. honey bee (Apis mellifera)
2. hydra (Hydra oigactis)
3. amoeba (Amoeba proteus)
4. star fish (Asteroidea)
5. flat worms (plathelminthes)
6. aphids (Myzus persicae)
7. bluegreen algae (cyanobacterium)
8. black worm (Lumbriculus variegatus)
9. yeast (Saccharo)

TYPES OF ASEXUAL DESCRIPTIONS TYPES OF

REPRODUCTION ANIMAL/S
1.PARTHENOGENESIS
2.REGENERATION
3.BINARY FISSION
4.BUDDING
5.FRAGMENTATION
 WRAP–UP

Activity 4 Answer open ended statements.

I. Two main types of reproduction in both animal and plant:
1. Shows ..._____________________________________
2. Shows ..._____________________________________

II. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction. (5

sentences)

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

VALUING

Activity 5 Essay
The evolutionary success of organisms depends on reproduction. Some groups of
organisms reproduce asexually, some reproduce sexually, while others reproduce
both sexually and asexually.

a. Using THREE difference organisms, give an example of one organism that

reproduces sexually, one that reproduces asexually, and one that
reproduces BOTH sexually and asexually. For each organism given as an
example, describe two reproductive adaptations. These adaptations may be
behavioral, structural, and/or functional.

Example: Starfish or sea star can reproduce sexually or asexually by

fragmentation.

b. What environmental conditions would favor sexual reproduction? Explain.

What environmental conditions would favor asexual reproduction? Explain.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
 POSTTEST

Directions: Read each question carefully and choose the letter of the best answer.

_________1. The part of a flower that contains the pollen; located at the end of stamen.
A. Anther C. Petal
B. Ovary D. Pistil
__________2. A female reproductive organ that produces eggs
A.Anther C. Petals
B. Ovary D. Pollen
__________3. The colorful, leaf-like structures that encircle the center part of the
flower.
A. Anther C. Petals
B. Ovary D. Stamen
___________4. Reproduction that involves two parents is called.

A. Asexual reproduction C. Genetics

B. Behaviour D. Sexual production

___________5. The joining of male and female reproductive cells is called?

A. Budding Fruiting

B. Fertilization D. Pollination
 PRETEST
ACTIVITY 1
1. B
2. A
Animals Plants 3. B
4. C
1.Budding 1.Plantlets/budding 5. B
2.Regeneration 2.Tubers
3.Fragmentation 3.Runners
POSTTEST
4.Fission 4.Bulb 1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
5. B
ACTIVITY 2 RECAP
1.SR
1. C
2.ASR 2. D
3. D
3.SR 4. D
5. A
4.SR
5.ASR
KEYTOCORRECTION
ACTIVITY 3

TYPES OF ASEXUAL DESCRIPTIONS TYPES OF

REPRODUCTION ANIMAL/S
1.PARTHENOGENESIS (E) Females eggs develop into a new Honeybee, aphids
organism without being fertilized by
a sperm cell.
2.Regeneration Star fish
( D) The organism divides into two,
leaving one piece headless and the
other
tailless each piece grows the missing
body parts.
3.BINARY FISSION (A) The organism split into two Amoeba, blue
separate organisms. green algae

4.BUDDING (C) Multiple pieces of the parent Hydra,Yeast

break off and develops into a new
organism.
5.FRAGMENTATION B. A new individual grows on the Flatworm, Black
body of its parent. worm,
 R E F E R E N CE S
Google

Slideshare.net/bassanthur/how-do-seed-plants-grow
Khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hsreproduction-and-cell-
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Jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/sexual-reproduction-in-animals-
14579414001
Byjus.com/biology/asexual-reproduction-animals
Letstalkscience.ca/educational-resources/backgrounds/plant-reproduction
Ck12.org/biology/plant-reproduction-and-life-
cycle/enrichment/plants:classification-reproduction-and evolution-example-
10-referrer=concept_details
Fod.infobase.com/http/52300/52383_guide.pdf
Britanica.com/science/plant-reproductive-system/brophyte-reproductive-
systems