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Science
Quarter 4 – Module 2

Cellular Reproduction
Self-Learning Module in Science 8
Quarter 4 – Module 2: Cellular Reproduction
First Edition, 2021

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in
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Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the
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Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand
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publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Author: Ronalyn D. Vinluan

Editors: Adelina D. Vinluan, EdD
Maggie M. Bautista
Reviewers: Elvira C. Viray, EdD
Catherine B. Operana, EdD
Jerry R. Junio, PhD

Management Team

OIC, Schools Division Superintendent: Ely S. Ubaldo, CESO VI

Asst. Schools Division Superintendent:
Chief Education Supervisor:
Education Program Supervisor, LRMDS:
Education Program Supervisor, Science:
District Supervisor:
School Head/ Head Teacher in-Charge:
Marciano U. Soriano Jr., CESO VI
Carmina C. Gutierrez, EdD
Michael E. Rame, EdD
Jerry R. Junio, PhD
Catherine B. Operana, EdD
Elvira C. Viray, EdD
Adelina D. Vinluan, EdD

Printed in the Philippines: Department of Education – SDO Pangasinan 1

Office Address: Alvear St. East Capitol Ground, Lingayen, Pangasinan
Telefax: (075) 522-2202
E-mail Address: pangasinan1@deped.gov.ph

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Introductory Message

For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Science 8 Self-Learning Module (SLM) on Cellular

Reproduction.
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by
educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher
or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12
Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social and economic constraints
in schooling.
The learning resources hope to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this
also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking
into consideration their needs and circumstances.
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use
this module. You also need to keep track of the learners’ progress while
allowing them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected
to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the
module.

For the learner:

Welcome to the Science 8 Self-Learning Module (SLM) on Cellular

Reproduction.
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and
time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource
while being an active learner. This module has the following parts and
corresponding icons:

What I Need to
Know This will give you an idea of the skills
or competencies you are expected to
learn in the module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that

aims to check what you already
know about the lesson to take. If you
get all the answers correct (100%),
you may decide to skip this module.

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What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help
you link the current lesson with the
previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will

be introduced to you in various
ways; a story, a song, a poem, a
problem opener, an activity or a
situation.

What is It This section provides a brief

discussion of the lesson. This aims
to help you discover and understand
new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for

independent practice to solidify your
understanding and skills of the
topic. You may check the answers to
the exercises using the Answer Key
at the end of the module.
What I Have This includes questions or blank
Learned sentence/paragraph to be filled in to
process what you learned from the
lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity

which will help you transfer your
new knowledge or skill into real life
situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate

your level of mastery in achieving the
learning competency.

Answer Key This contains answers to all

activities in the module.

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 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with your mind. It is here to
help you master Cellular Reproduction. The scope of this module permits it
to be used in many different learning situations.
This module contains:
 Week 2: Lesson 1: Cellular Reproduction

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1.1.1 Compare mitosis and meiosis, and their role in the cell
division cycle; (S8LT-IVe-16)

1.1.2 Explain the significance of meiosis in maintaining the

chromosome number; (S8LT-IVe-17)

What I Know

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which of the following is true about plant cell division which
differentiates it from animal cell division?
a. Formation of cell plate
b. Undergoing cytokinesis
c. Formation of cleavage furrow
d. Production of 2 new cells

2. Choose the correct sequence in the steps of cell cycle.

a. Anaphase, prophase, interphase, metaphase, telophase
b. Interphase, anaphase, metaphase, prophase, telophase
c. Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
d. Prophase, metaphase, interphase, anaphase, telophase

3. All of the following are functions of mitosis except ________________.

a. Growth
b. Reduction division
c. production of reproductive cells
d. replacement of old worn-out cells

4. Mitosis is important for humans because it helps in the _____________.

a. Formation of sex cells
b. Death of unnecessary cells
c. growth and repair of tissues
d. maintains healthy number of sex cell

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5. It is the checkpoint in the cell cycle that ensures its readiness to enter
M phase?
a. S checkpoint
b. G2 checkpoint
c. G1 checkpoint
d. M checkpoint

6. In which stage of mitosis do you observe the division of centromere to

occur?
a. Anaphase
b. Metaphase
c. Synthesis
d. Interphase

7. Genetic material duplication usually happens during ______________.

a. Interphase
b. G2 phase
c. Mitotic phase
d. S phase

8. It is a discrete unit of inheritance which determines a hereditary trait.

a. Alleles
b. Variation
c. Genes
d. Phenotype

9. What do you call the allele that is not expressed in heterozygous

individuals?
a. Recessive
b. Phenotype
c. Dominant
d. Genotype

10. What describes the physical characteristics of an individual?

a. Dominant
b. Genotype
c. Recessive
d. Phenotype

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 Lesson
Cellular Reproduction
1
What’s In
Activity 1
Go Forth and Multiply!

Direction: Arrange the jumbled letters in each item to form a term related to
cellular division. Use the given clues to answer each item.

________1. It consists of the outer and inner membranes of the nucleus.

(two words) UNCELRA MMEBREAN

________2. It is the process of cellular division that produces reproductive

cells, which contain half the number of chromosomes as the parent cells.
MSIEOIS

________3. It refers to the division of cytoplasm following mitosis.

CTYOIKNSISE

________4. It is the process wherein the cell divides to produce two daughter
cells with exactly the same number and type of chromosomes.
IMTSIOS

________5. The stage of mitosis in which the chromosomes line up at the

center of the cell.
MATAEPHSE
The number of chromosomes in a cell is characteristic of the species
to which it belongs. For example, humans have 46 chromosomes while rice
have 12.
Identify the chromosome numbers of some common organisms in the table
below.

Organism Chromosome number

Saccharomyces cerevisiae 6.
(common yeast)
Caenorhabdites elegans 7.
(roundworm)
Drosophila melanogaster 8.
(fruit fly)
Canis lupus familiaris 9.
(dog)
Homo sapiens 10.
(man)

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 What’s New?
Activity 2
Cell Cycle

Direction: Label the stages of the cell cycle. Write the stage being described
in the following important events.
6.

________ 1. cell “double checks” and

continues to produce essential
7. 8.
molecules and proteins
________ 2. DNA is produced and
chromosomes are replicated
________ 3. the cell increases in size in 9.
preparation for cell division
________ 4. the cell finally divides into
two daughter cells
________ 5. collectively called the cell’s 10.
resting phase

What is It
Did you experience having a bruises? Have
you ever wondered how cute babies are then
becoming as big or tall as you are right now? The
best answer to all of those questions are —
because our cells reproduce by means of cell
division. It is the process in which one cell (parent
cell) divides to form new cells (daughter cells).

a. Chromosome- an organized structure of DNA

and Figure 1. Child with bruises.
protein found in cells. Kidspot.com
b. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)- like a recipe book
which holds the instructions for making all the
proteins in our bodies.
c. Organelle- a specialized sub-unit within a cell
that has a specific function such as;
mitochondrion, golgi bodies, lysosome, vacuole, etc.
d. Karyokinesis- division of the nucleus.
e. Cytokinesis- division of the cytoplasm.
f. Diploid number (2N)- the cell contains two sets
of chromosomes, half from the father and another Figure 2. Cell and DNA
half from the mother. genetics.thetech.org

In order for a cell to reproduce, it must undergo Cell Cycle.

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The Cell Cycle

The cell cycle is divided into

two stages: the interphase where
the chromosomes are long and
extended and are also referred to
as chromatin, and the cell
division phase where the
chromosomes become condensed
or thickened (Figure 3).

I. Interphase
(Cell Resting & Preparation
Phase)
It refers to the period that Figure 3. The cell cycle.
follows one cell division and precedes
another. In this stage, the cell does not
divide but it grows and the chromosome doubles and replicates itself.
The interphase is divided into three sub stages:
1. First Gap Period or G1 – The stage from the formation of a new cell
until it begins to replicate its DNA is during which time the cell grows
initially. This stage is characterized by protein and ribonucleic acid
(RNA) synthesis. RNA, which is synthesized based on the DNA, is then
used to synthesize proteins.
2. Synthesis stage or S – It is the period of DNA synthesis or replication.
The chromosomes are duplicated in preparation for the next cell
division.
3. Second Gap Period or G2 - falls between the S period and the next cell
division or M (mitosis or meiosis, see discussion below) phase. G2
represents a period of rapid cell growth to prepare for cell division.

II. M Phase (Cell Division Phase)

In eukaryotic cells, there are two types of cell division: mitosis and
meiosis.

1. Mitosis
This type of cell division produces two (2) identical cells with the same
number of chromosomes. Mitosis is divided into four stages.

Prophase. The chromosomes are thicker and shorter and each chromosome
is made up of two identical sister chromatids as a consequence of replication
of DNA during the S phase. The two chromatids produced from one
chromosome are still attached at one point, called the centromere. The
nuclear membrane and nucleoli may still be visible.

Metaphase. Nuclear membrane has disappeared while chromosomes align

at the metaphase plate. The spindle fibers formed and each fiber binds to a

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protein called the kinetochore at the centromere of each sister chromatid of
the chromosome.

Anaphase. Paired centromeres of each chromosome separate towards the

opposite poles of the cells because they are pulled by the spindle fibers
through their kinetochores. Each chromatid is now regarded as a full-
pledged chromosome and is only made up of one sister chromatid.

Telophase. Chromosomes are at the opposite poles of the spindle. A new

nuclear membrane forms around them while the spindle fibers disappear.
There is also cytokinesis or the division of the cytoplasm to form two
separate daughter cells right after mitosis.

Figure 4. Mitosis

Mitosis Facts to Remember:

It is for the division of body or somatic cells such as; skin cells, bone cells,
and blood cells, (all cells of the body except egg and sperm cell).
The purpose of mitosis is for body growth and repair.
In mitosis, one parent cell produces two daughter cells identical to the
parent cell.
The parent cell in mitosis has a diploid number (2N) of chromosomes as
well as each daughter cell. The chromosome number will not change.

In comparison of mitosis to meiosis, meiosis also starts with an

interphase as well as the other stages of cell division. But, in meiosis, the
parent cell divides twice in which we called Meiosis I and Meiosis II which
also has different stages such as Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and
Telophase.

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2. Meiosis

Figure 5. Meiosis

Meiosis, Greek word which means “to make smaller.” In this division,
it reduces the chromosome number in half. It usually takes place in plants
and animals whenever gametes or sex cells are formed through the process
called gametogenesis.

The cell in meiosis undergoes two rounds of cell division to produce

four daughter cells, each with half the chromosome number as the original
parent cell and with a unique set of genetic material as a result of exchange
of chromosome segments during the process of crossing over.

Meiosis I

Prophase I. Meiosis starts with this stage and includes the following sub-
stages:
Leptotene. Each chromosome is made up of two long threads of sister
chromatids as a result of replication during the S phase of the cell
cycle.

Zygotene. The chromosomes begin to pair off. Pairs of chromosomes

are called homologous chromosomes, and this pairing process is
exact.

Pachytene. The chromosomes contract due to repeated coiling.

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 Crossing over takes place during this
stage where a segment of a sister chromatid
of one chromosome is exchanged with the
same segment of the sister chromatid of the
homologous chromosome through the
formation of a cross-linkage of the segments
called a chiasma (Figure 6). After crossing
over, the sister chromatids of each
chromosome may no longer be identical with
each other based on the genetic material they Figure 6. Crossing over of homologous
contain. chromosomes during meiosis I.
Diplotene. The chromosomes begin to uncoil.
Diakinesis. The paired chromosomes disperse in the nucleus.

Metaphase I. The paired chromosomes arrange themselves along the

equatorial plate.

Anaphase I. Spindle fibers form and attach to the centromeres of the

chromosomes. The homologous chromosomes separate from each other
completely and start their movement toward the poles of the cells as they
are pulled by the spindle fibers. As the centromere of each chromosome does
not divide, the sister chromatids remain together.

Telophase I. The chromosomes reach their respective poles. Cytokinesis

follows and two daughter cells are formed. Each cell now has only half the
chromosome number because only one chromosome from each pair goes to
the daughter cell. This is called the haploid condition, in contrast to the
diploid condition at the beginning of meiosis I where each chromosome pair
is intact. Telophase I is followed by interphase II.

Note that each chromosome still has two sister chromatids; it is therefore
necessary for the cells to undergo another round of division.

The second meiotic division, also known as meiosis II, consists of the
following stages: prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II and telophase II;
which are identical with the mitotic stages. The results are four cells, two from
each daughter cell from meiosis I, with one half the diploid chromosome
number and with only one sister chromatid for each chromosome.

Importance of Meiosis
All organisms have diploid number of chromosomes. Meiosis ensures
that all the chromosome number of organisms remains the same generation
after generation. It also makes sure that each daughter cell receives a copy
of each kind of kind of chromosomes; thus, each daughter cell would receive
each kind of genes.
The occurrence of crossing-over and the independent-assortment of
chromosomes during fertilization ensures that the chromosomes are

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distributed to the daughter cells in different combinations, bringing about
remarkable variations in the characteristics of the organisms.

Meiosis and Sex Cells

Gametogenesis is the process where sex cells undergo meiosis to form

sperm cells (spermatogenesis) in male and egg cells (oogenesis) in female.

SPERMATOGENESIS OOGENESIS

n n n

Figure 7. Meiosis in Sex cells

Spermatogenesis- The production of sperm by the process of meiosis.

It begins at the age of puberty (13-16 years of age) and continues until old
age. Starting from a diploid (2N) spermatogonia that will actively divide by
mitosis so that there will be continuous supply of sperms all throughout a
male’s life. The male hormones stimulate the growth of spermatogonia. One
(1) spermatogonium will differentiate into 1 primary spermatocyte. At puberty,
this one primary spermatocyte divide by means of Meiosis I to produce 2
haploid secondary spermatocytes. The secondary spermatocytes undergo
Meiosis II and each cell produces two spermatids that are haploid (N). This
result to a total of 4 spermatids that will mature into 4 sperm cells. The entire
process of spermatogenesis results to 4 haploid sperm cells from 1 diploid
spermatogonium.
Oogenesis- The process of producing egg cells by means of meiosis. The
production of oogonia by means of mitosis begins during the prenatal stage
in the development of a human female. Meiosis I begins at nearing a birth of
a human female. In Meiosis I, one (1) oogonium transformed into 1 primary
oocyte which remains at this stage until the female is born and reach puberty.
As Meiosis I finally complete, a primary oocyte divides into 2 haploid (N) cells
of unequal sizes. The large cell is called secondary oocyte and the small one
is called first polar body.

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 Both cells enter Meiosis II, and the division process occurs again. The
secondary oocyte divides again into 2 unequal sizes: a haploid ovum or egg
cell and second polar body. The first polar body also divided into 2 polar
bodies. All the polar bodies will soon degenerate. The entire process of
oogenesis results to only 1 haploid ovum or egg cell from 1 diploid oogonium.

What’s More

Activity 3
Mitosis

Direction: Label the four stages of mitosis. Describe each stages by

matching Colum I with Column II. Write only the letter of your answer.

5.

6.

7.

8.

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 What I Have Learned

To summarize what you have learned today, complete the graphic

organizer below of the Cell Cycle and Its Stages then compare Mitosis from
Meiosis.

1.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis

Description MITOSIS MEIOSIS

How many daughter cells produced? 8. 12.
(two/four)
Do chromosomes halve?
9. 13.
(Yes/No)
Do pairing of homologous 10. 14.
chromosomes take place? (Yes/No)
Does daughter cells produce are
always identical in terms of genetic 11. 15.
material? (Yes/No)

You’ve successfully finished the module, Cellular Reproduction.

I bet you are ready to move forward to the next module! But before that,
let’s evaluate what you have learned so far from our lesson.

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 What I can do

Activity 4
Meiosis and Sex Cells

Direction: Write the chromosomal number of the cell in each stage of

meiosis whether diploid (2N) or haploid (N).

Primary Oocyte Primary Spermatocytes

1. 8.

Secondary Secondary
2. 3. 9. 12.
Oocyte Spermatocytes

Mature
4. 5. 6. 7. 10. 11. 13. 14.
Ovum

Polar Bodies
Spermatids

Direction: Choose from the “tiles” below to make a graphic organizer

showing the similarities and differences of spermatogenesis and oogenesis.

1. 2. 3.

A. B. C. D. E. F.

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 Assessment

Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following is not correct about the Interphase?
a. It has 3 sub-stages; G1, S and G2.
b. It is also called the cell’s resting phase.
c. It is the actual phase where the cell divides.
d. It is the phase that prepares the cell for division.

2. Which of the following describes the cell during the G1 Phase?

a. cell quadruples
b. chromosomes are tripled
c. the cell is divided into two new cells
d. the cell continuously produces molecules

3. Choose the correct sequence of events in a cell in mitotic phase.

I. Sister chromatids will separate and will move toward the
opposite pole of the cell.
II. The chromosomes become visible as they are duplicated.
III. The chromosomes will align at the center of the cell.
IV. Two daughter cells will form.

a. I, II, III, IV c. IV, I, III, II

b. IV, III, II, I d. II, III, I, IV

4. Which of the following cells will NOT divide during Mitosis?

a. Blood cell c. Sperm cell
b. Skin cell d. Bone cell
5. Which of the following BEST describes meiosis?
a. It involves the division of body cells.
b. It involves the division of sperm cell and egg cell.
c. It is the division of sex cells to produce haploid daughter cells.
d. It is the division of sex cells to produce diploid daughter cells.

6. What do you call the exchange of genetic material between non-sister

chromatids of homologous chromosomes at Prophase I?
a. variation c. cytokinesis
b. synapsis d. crossing over

7. If there are 2 oogonia, how many ova or egg cell will be produced after
meiosis?
a. 1 egg cell c. 3 egg cells
b. 2 egg cells d. 4 egg cells

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8. Which of the following statement is not a correct statement about
spermatogenesis and oogenesis?
a. Spermatogenesis and oogenesis are both the division of somatic or
body cells.
b. Spermatogenesis and oogenesis are both the division of gametes or
sex cells.
c. Spermatogenesis and oogenesis are meiotic division of sex cells.
d. Spermatogenesis and oogenesis produce haploid sex cells.

9. Which of the following important event in meiosis best explains the

differences in characteristic among each organism?
a. The exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of
homologous chromosomes.
b. The reception of a copy of each kind of chromosome by each
daughter cell.
c. The pairing of homologous chromosomes during Prophase I.
d. The production of haploid daughter cells.

10. In what stage of cell cycle does the cell increase in size in preparation for
the cell division?
a. G1 c. M Phase
b. Interphase d. S Phase

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References
Bibliography
Evangelista, Eden Vela, and Edith Reyes Malonzo. 2006. Science in Today's World
Series Biology Textbook. Quezon City: SIBS Publishing House.

P. Campo et. al. (First Edition 2013). Cellular Reproduction. Science Learner’s
Module. DepEd-BLR. Meralco Avenue, Pasig City. Pages 317-328

Rabago, Lilia M. 2003. Functional Biology Modular Approach. Quezon City: Vibal
Publishing House.

Seeley, et al. 1999. Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology-3rd Edition. California:

Mc Graw-Hill

Self-Learning Module of Department of Education – Schools Division of Pasig City-

Science 8 Q4-SLM4,5 & 6 headed by its Officer-in-Charge Schools Division
Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A. Agustin
Websites
Canstockphoto.com
https://www.canstockphoto.com/illustration/sunflower.html, August 26, 2020

Clipart.com
http://www.clker.com/clipart-775846.html, August 26, 2020

Commons Wikimedia Org

genetic.thetech.org
https://www.google.com/search?q=cell+and+dna&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&
ved=2ahUKEwiOuJ2s6YzwAhWBF6YKHa9yB2MQ_AUoAXoECAEQAw&biw=1707&
bih=750#imgrc=tefz2goeIkBvYM

InformedHealth.org
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279410/, September 2, 2020

Kidspot.com
https://www.kidspot.com.au/health/family-health/first-aid/when-you-need-to-
worry-about-your-childs-bruises/news-
story/51956380c974230eebac6e836669022e

Oxford University Museum of Natural History

http://www.oum.ox.ac.uk/thezone/animals/life/respire.htm, August 26, 2020

https://pixy.org/475793/, August 28, 2020

Public Domain Vectors.org

https://publicdomainvectors.org/en/free-clipart/Hen-and-chickens/41579.html,
August 26, 2020

Sciencefatcs.net

www.toppr.com/ask/question/mention-the-stages-of-mitosis-with-the-help-of-
diagrams

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