Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region I
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF ILOCOS NORTE

General Biology 1
Quarter 1, Week 1 – Module1:
Postulates of the Cell Theory

MELC: Explain the postulates of the cell theory

(STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-1)

Prepared by:

Andy A. Dalida
Davila National High School
Science SHS – General Biology 1
Quarter 1 – Module 1: Postulates of the Cell Theory
First Edition, 2020

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 11
General Biology 1
Quarter 1 – Module 1:
Postulates of the Cell Theory
Introductory Message
For the Facilitator:

Welcome to the General Biology 1 Module on the Postulates of the Cell

Theory. This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by
educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or
facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum
while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also
aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Note to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that will help you
in guiding the learners

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them
to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and
assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
For the learner:

Welcome to the General Biology 1 Module on the Postulates of the Cell

Theory. This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an
active learner.
This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need This will give you an idea of the skills or

to Know competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

What I This part includes an activity that aims to check

Know what you already know about the lesson to take. If
you get all the answers correct (100%), you may
decide to skip this module.
 What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link the
current lesson with the previous one.

Whats New In this portion, the new lesson will be introduced to

you in various ways such as a story, a song, a poem,
a problem opener, an activity or a situation.

What is it This section provides a brief discussion of the

lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent practice to

solidify your understanding and skills of the topic.
You may check the answers to the exercises using
the Answer Key at the end of the module.

What I have This includes questions or blank

Learned sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process what
you learned from the lesson.

What I Can This section provides an activity which will help you
Do transfer your new knowledge or skill into real life
situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of

mastery in achieving the learning competency.

Additional In this portion, another activity will be given to you

Activities to enrich your knowledge or skill of the lesson
learned.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

This is a list of all sources used in developing this
References module.
The following are some reminders in using this module:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer WhatIKnowbefore moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not
alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you master the nature of Biology. The scope of this module permits it to be used in
many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module will talk about the Postulates of the Cell Theory

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. state the cell theory;
2. Familiarize the key points of cell theory and the individual contributions of
Hooke, Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow.
3. Identify the contributions of different scientist in the completion of the Cell
Theory.
 What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. A German botanist who established that all plant tissues are composed of
cells and that an embryonic plant arose from a single cell. He declared that
the cell is the basic building block of all plant matter.
a. Robert Hooke c. Matthias Scleiden
b. Robert Brown d. Theodor Schwann

2. In what year did Robert Hooke discovered the cell?

a. 1660 c. 1665
b. 1835 d. 1838

3. Who completed the cell theory?

a. Robert Brown c. Robert Hooke
b. Rudolf Virchow d. Theodor Schwann

4. When Anton Van was observing a pond water in a microscope, he noticed

small organisms moving in water and he named it as _________.
a. Organelle c. Animacules
b. Amoebla d. Paramecium

5. He first described cells in the year 1665. He cut thin slices of cork from the
bark of a tree and observed many small boxes using a simple microscope
which reminded him of cells (small rooms) in a monastery where he worked
with.
a. Robert Brown c. Robert Hooke
b. Rudolf Virchow d. Theodor Schwann
 Lesson
Postulates of the Cell Theory
1

The CELL THEORY, or cell doctrine, states that all organisms are composed
of similar units of organization, called cells. The concept was formally articulated in
1839 by Schleiden & Schwann and has remained as the foundation of modern
biology. The idea predates other great paradigms of biology including Darwin's
theory of evolution (1859), Mendel's laws of inheritance (1865), and the
establishment of comparative biochemistry (1940). Ultrastructural research and
modern molecular biology have added many tenets to the cell theory, but it remains
as the preeminent theory of biology. The Cell Theory is to Biology as the Atomic
Theory is to Physics.

What’s In

The completion of the Cell theory was made possible by different scientist
who worked individually with the help of technology like microscope. This
instrument in Biology is very important to see in depth details of a microscopic
specimen or microorganisms. The advancement of technology also brought about
new discoveries and innovations that made scientist formulate the cell theory and
led to new discoveries in the field of science.

As part our review, lets match the following information about microscope
and let’s see how much knowledge have you learned in your previous subjects.

1. Holds the objectives of the microscope

and can be rotated.
2. Scientist who invented the lenses of a. Electron Microscope
microscope. b. Galileo Galilei
3. It is used to hold the specimen in c. Revolving Nosepiece
d. Draw Tube
place.
e. Robert Brown
4. Type of microscope that is used to see f. Stage Clip
organelles in more than 1000x g. Hans and Zacharias
magnification. Jansen
5. Holds the eyepiece in place.
 Note the Teachers
The teacher must consider the prerequisite skills needed in
the development of this competency including the schema or
background knowledge which may reinforce learning. This module
will help the learners bridge the gap of learning to attain mastery
of the lesson in its spiral progression.

What is New

Cells are the fundamental units of living organisms. The cell is the key to
biology because it is at this level that life truly springs.
In this lesson, you will be learning about the postulates of the cell theory,
how it started, and who are the people involved in the completion of the said
theory.

What is It

Formulation of the Cell Theory

In 1838, Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden were enjoying after-
dinner coffee and talking about their studies on cells. It has been suggested that
when Schwann heard Schleiden describe plant cells with nuclei, he was struck by
the similarity of these plant cells to cells he had observed in animal tissues. The
two scientists went immediately to Schwann's lab to look at his slides. Schwann
published his book on animal and plant cells (Schwann 1839) the next year, a
treatise lacking of acknowledgments of anyone else's contribution, including that of
Schleiden (1838). He summarized his observations into three conclusions about
cells:

1. The cell is the unit of structure, physiology, and organization in living

things.
 2. The cell retains a dual existence as a distinct entity and a building block
in the construction of organisms.
3. Cells form by free-cell formation, similar to the formation of crystals
(spontaneous generation).
We know today that the first two principles are correct, but the third is
clearly wrong. The correct interpretation of cell formation by division was finally
promoted by others and formally announced in Rudolph Virchow's powerful
statement, "Omnis cellula e cellula"... "All cells only arise from pre-existing cells".

The modern principles of the Cell Theory include the following:

1. All known living things are made up of cells.
2. The cell is the structural and functional unit of all living things.
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells by division. (Spontaneous generation
does not occur).
4. Cells contain hereditary information which is passed from cell to cell
during cell division.
5. All cells are basically the same in chemical composition.
6. All energy flow (metabolism and biochemistry) of life occurs within cells.

What’s More

Activity 1.1 Let’s Dig Treasures

Direction: Hunt words related to one of the tenets of the Cell Theory by
encircling them.Use the words that you found and write it on the line provided.

C A L L O U N D A R A G O
Q W G J D H X A S E D H F
O D F G K F D R F S M G T
R S H C T K K E G O O K G
A K A E S F G E K L R L J
N A J L S J L C F U E K B
S F B L O N E T R T K J D
M F S S D J R I K I U O H
I V U W A K H O C O L I M
S C E L L S N N I N G U V
S A H P C O M P O S E D N
Activity 1.2Let’s Dig Treasures
Direction:Complete the table with corresponding data based from the
passage you will read below.

Early evidence for the cell theory was provided by German scientists. In
1838, the botanist Matthias Schleiden concluded that all plants are composed of
cells. A year later, the zoologist Theodor Schwann came to the same conclusion
about animals. In 1855, Rudolf Virchow, a physician who had been studying how
disease affects living things, reasoned that cells come only from other cells. Over
the years, modern scientists have gathered much additional evidence that strongly
supports the cell theory.

Year Scientist Discovery/Postulate

1665 1. Studied thin slices of

cork and found box-like
shape rooms and later
termed as “cells’’.

2. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek 3.

1838 Matthias Schleiden 4.

5. 6. Stated that animals are

made up of cells.

1855 7. 8.

What I have Learned

Activity 1.3Complete Me

Fill in the blanks with word/s to complete the sentences/paragraphs.

1. The unified cell theory states that

_________________________________________________,
__________________________________________, and
_______________________________________________________.
2. Robert Hooke first studied cells by looking in the microscope the thin
slice of ____________ taken from the bark of the tree. He found a room-like
structure and he called it as _____________. There are also scientists who
 worked and helped in the completion of the Cell Theory. One of them is
_________________ who worked on plant cells. ______________________ also
worked in animal cells. ______________________ completed the cell theory
and he is known for his postulate that cells arise from pre-existing cells
which lay the groundwork for cellular pathology. His work made it easier
for to diagnose diseases more accurately.

What I Can Do

Activity 1.4Performance Task

Make your own poem about the Cell Theory at home. You can use English or
Filipino as medium of your composition. You can write in free verse with a
minimum of four (4) stanzas but do not exceed 7 stanzas. Be creative! Recite your
poem and take a video of it and send it on the google classroom.

Assessment

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. Cell theory states:

I. All living cells must have a cell wall.
II. All living cells require glucose for survival.
III. The basic unit of life is a cell.
a. I only
b. II only
c. I and II only
d. II and III only

2. What did Schleiden and Schwann both discover individually?

a. All living things are composed of one or more cells.
b. Spontaneous generation of cells is an incorrect theory.
c. All cells have organelles.
d. All livings things engage in metabolic functions.

3. In a histology lab a scientist observes the following features under the

microscope. Which of these observations supports cell theory?
I.Cardiac cells are joined by gap junctions and contain three nuclei.
II. Mature platelet cells do not contain a nucleus, but do contain
mitochondria.
 III. Spermatogonia undergoing division
IV. The bulk of tissue samples from endocrine glands contain cells as
their main building blocks.
a. II only
b. I and III only
c. II and IV only
d. III and IV only
4. Viruses infect cells and replicate themselves by utilizing various enzymes
and cellular components of their host cell. Could you apply the same tenets
of cell theory to viral replication?
a. No, viruses do not strictly adhere to cell theory because they are not
living organisms.
b. No, viruses do not strictly adhere to cell theory because viruses do not
directly come from other viruses; they require an intermediate cell to
replicate.
c. Yes, viruses strictly adhere to cell theory because an individual virus
is a singular cellular unit.
d. Yes, viruses strictly adhere to cell theory because from one virus
directly arises another virus.
5. Which of the following is NOT a premise of cell theory?
I. All cells arise from other cells.
II. All living cells require water for survival.
III. All living things are only composed of cells.
a. I only
b. II only
c. I and II only
d. II and III only

Additional Activities
 Direction:Using the data from the timeline, answers the guide questions
below.

1600 2000

Guide Questions:

1. What are the three statements that describe the cell theory?

2. When did Hooke first use the term cell, did he intend to have it apply to living
material?Explain your answer.

3. What do you think were the evidences when Virchow postulated that all new cells
arise from existing cells?

4. How did Virchow’s idea contribute to the formation of the cell theory?

Answer Key
 Pre Test What’s In Activity 1.1

1. C 1. C All cells are composed of

2. C 2. G one or more cells.
3. B 3. F
4. C 4. A
5. C 5. D

Activity 1.2 Activity 1.3 Assessment

1. Robert Hooke The cell is the fundamental 1. D
2. 1674 unit of structure and 2. A
function in living things.
3. Discovered living 3. D
organism in a pond water All organisms are made up of 4. B
using his simple one or more cells. 5. D
microscope Cell arises from pre-existing
4. Concluded that plants are cells
composed of cells Cork
5. 1839
Cell
6. Theodor Schwann
7. Rodulf Virchow Matthias Schleiden

8. Cells comes pre-existing Theodor Schwann

cells/ completed the cell
Rudolf Virchow
theory

9.

References
"K To 12 Curriculum Guide In General Biology 1". 2016. Deped.Gov.Ph.
https://www.deped.gov.ph/wpcontent/uploads/2019/01/General
Biology 1-CG.pdf.
Department of Education. "K To 12 Most Essential Learning Competencies With
Corresponding CG Codes". Pasig City: Department of Education Central
Office, 2020.
Claveria, Florencia G., et.al., 2016.General Biology 1. Quezon City. Commission on
HigherEducation.

Belardo, Gisselle M., 2016. General Biology 1. Quezon City. Vibal Publishing House.

Pagunasan, Manuela P., et. al., 2007. Biology. Quezon City. SalesianaBOOKs Publishing
House Inc.

www.biologycorner.com

Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
 Region I
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF ILOCOS NORTE

General Biology 1
Quarter 1, Week 1– Module 2:
Cell Structure and Functions

MELC: Describe the structure and function of

major and subcellular organelles
(STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-2)

Prepared by:

Andy A. Dalida
Davila National High School
Introductory Message
For the Facilitator:

Welcome to the General Biology 1 Module on Cell Structure and Functions.

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators
both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in
helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while
overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also
aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Note to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that will help you
in guiding the learners

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them
to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and
assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
For the learner:

Welcome to the General Biology 1 Module on Cell Structure and Functions.

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.
This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need This will give you an idea of the skills or

to Know competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

What I This part includes an activity that aims to check

Know what you already know about the lesson to take. If
you get all the answers correct (100%), you may
decide to skip this module.
 What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link the
current lesson with the previous one.

Whats New In this portion, the new lesson will be introduced to

you in various ways such as a story, a song, a poem,
a problem opener, an activity or a situation.

What is it This section provides a brief discussion of the

lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent practice to

solidify your understanding and skills of the topic.
You may check the answers to the exercises using
the Answer Key at the end of the module.

What I have This includes questions or blank

Learned sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process what
you learned from the lesson.

What I Can This section provides an activity which will help you
Do transfer your new knowledge or skill into real life
situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of

mastery in achieving the learning competency.

Additional In this portion, another activity will be given to you

Activities to enrich your knowledge or skill of the lesson
learned.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

This is a list of all sources used in developing this
References module.
The following are some reminders in using this module:
7. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
8. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
9. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
10. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
11. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
12. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not
alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you master the nature of Biology. The scope of this module permits it to be used in
many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module is divided into three lessons, namely:

 Lesson 1 – Cell: The Basis of Life
 Lesson 2- Cell Structures and Functions
 Lesson 3- Cell Types

After going through this module, you are expected to:

4. define cell;
5. identify the different parts of the cell;
6. differentiate plant cells from animal cells;
7. differentiate unicellular organisms from multicellular organisms;
8. differentiate prokaryotic from eukaryotic cells; and
9. appreciate the cell as a highly organized structure.
 What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.

6. The ____________ is the basic unit of life.

a. organism c. tissue
b. cell d. organ
7. Where is the site of protein synthesis?
a. Nucleus c. Ribosome
b. Lysosome d. Mitochondria
8. Organisms whose cells do not have a nucleus are called______________.
a. Plants c. Eukaryotes
b. Organelles d. Prokaryotes
9. What type of cell has these characteristics: contains DNA but no nucleus, contains
flagella, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and a cell membrane.
a. Plant c. Animal
b. Fungi d. Bacteria
10. A cell with relatively few energy needs will probably have a relatively small number
of______________.
a. Ribosomes c. Mitochondria
b. Lysosomes d. Chromosomes
11.Which of the following is not a component of the endomembrane system?
a. Mitochondrion c. Endoplasmic Reticulum
b. Golgi Apparatus d. Lysosome
12.Which of the following is made of phospholipid bilayers which only allow
certain materials in and out of the cell?
a. Ribosomes c. Cell Membrane
b. Vesicles d. Nucleoplasm
13. Which of the following statements is always true?
a. All cells have a cell wall. c. All cells contain a chloroplast.
b. All cells contain a nucleus. d. All cells have a cell membrane.
14. A cell is observed to contain a nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts. From this
information you can conclude that the cell is:
a. A plant cell c. A bacterial cell
b. An animal cell d. A prokaryotic cell
15. Which of the following is found in the nucleus?
a. Vacuoles c. Mitochondria
b. Chloroplasts d. Chromosomes
 Lesson
Cell : The Basis of Life
1

Our body is made up of cells. All organisms are made up of one or more cells
depending on their structure and function. Some contains specialize cells for a
specific purpose. Just as a house is made from a variety of building materials, the
human body is constructed from many cell types. Each of these cell types plays a
vital role during the growth, development, and day-to-day maintenance of the body.
In spite of their enormous variety, however, cells from all organisms like bacterium,
onion, and human share certain fundamental characteristics.

What’s In

Organisms can be unicellular or multicellular. Unicellular organisms are

one-celled organisms that can perform life functions on their own. Bacteria and
some protest are examples of this. A living thing that are made up of many cells, it
is called multicellular organisms. Organisms with several cells of one kind
interconnect with each other and perform a shared function form tissues, several
tissues combine to form an organ, and several organs make up an organ system
that function together as an organism.

As part our review, lets identify the parts of the body whether it is cell,
tissue, organ, or organ system and let’s see how much knowledge have you learned
in your previous subjects.

Do It!

1. Heart
2. Epithelial
3. Sperm
4. Kidney
5. Squamosal
 Note the Teachers
The teacher must consider the prerequisite skills needed in
the development of this competency including the schema or
background knowledge which may reinforce learning. This module
will help the learners bridge the gap of learning to attain mastery
of the lesson in its spiral progression.

What is New

Close your eyes and picture a brick wall. What is the basic building block of
the wall? A single brick, of course. Like a brick wall, your body is composed of basic
building blocks, and the building blocks of your body are cells.
Have you also tried to look closely at something? You may have picked up a
coin and looked closely at its surface. You may also have examined the face of a
stamp or looked at a blade of grass. Such curiosity led early investigators to
examine living things in the hope of getting a better view of their structure. Little by
little, they discovered that all living things are made of cells. Cells are the basic
units of structure and function in living things. All organisms such as the birds you
watch, the cork trees and so on are made of living cells.

What is It

Cell: The Basis of Life

Cells are the basic working units of the body. An enormous number of activities take
place in the cells. Some of these activities serves to keep the cell itself alive, while other
activities contribute to the survival of the entire body. Any activity that takes place in the
body is a result of activities that take place in the cell. Thus, the pumping of the blood by the
heart is due to the action of the heart cells and the formation of urine in the kidney is a result
of activities that take place in the kidney cells.
 Cells, the smallest unit of life, have all the characteristics of living things. They grow
and develop, reproduce, respond to stimuli, and create and used energy. The individual
entities by themselves. The entire system that is the cell are not living entities of themselves.
The entire system that is the cells with its properly organized parts and its integrated reactions
is the real functional unit of the living system.

Characteristics of Life

All living organisms share several key characteristics or functions: order,

sensitivity or response to the environment, reproduction, growth and development,
regulation, homeostasis, and energy processing. When viewed together,
these characteristics serve to define life.

Order

Figure 1. Rabbits represent a highly organized structure consisting of cells, tissues,

organs, and organ systems.

Organisms are highly organized, coordinated structures that consist of one

or more cells. Even very simple, single-celled organisms are remarkably complex:
inside each cell, atoms make up molecules; these in turn make up cell organelles
and other cellular inclusions.

In multicellular organisms (Figure 1), similar cells form tissues. Tissues, in

turn, collaborate to create organs (body structures with a distinct function). Organs
work together to form organ systems.

Sensitivity or Response to Stimuli

Organisms respond to diverse stimuli. For example, plants can bend toward
a source of light, climb on fences and walls, or respond to touch (Figure 2).
Figure 2.The leaves of this sensitive plant (Mimosa pudica) will instantly droop and
fold when touched. After a few minutes, the plant returns to normal. (credit: Alex
Lomas)
Even tiny bacteria can move toward or away from chemicals (a process
called chemotaxis) or light (phototaxis). Movement toward a stimulus is considered
a positive response, while movement away from a stimulus is considered a negative
response.

Reproduction

Single-celled organisms reproduce by first duplicating their DNA, and then

dividing it equally as the cell prepares to divide to form two new cells. Multicellular
organisms often produce specialized reproductive germline cells that will form new
individuals. When reproduction occurs, genes containing DNA are passed along to
an organism’s offspring. These genes ensure that the offspring will belong to the
same species and will have similar characteristics, such as size and shape.

Growth and Development

Figure 3. Although no two look alike, these puppies have inherited genes from both
parents and share many of the same characteristics.

Organisms grow and develop following specific instructions coded for by

their genes. These genes provide instructions that will direct cellular growth and
development, ensuring that a species’ young (Figure 3) will grow up to exhibit many
of the same characteristics as its parents.

Regulation

Even the smallest organisms are complex and require multiple regulatory
mechanisms to coordinate internal functions, respond to stimuli, and cope with
environmental stresses. Two examples of internal functions regulated in an
organism are nutrient transport and blood flow. Organs (groups of tissues working
together) perform specific functions, such as carrying oxygen throughout the body,
removing wastes, delivering nutrients to every cell, and cooling the body.

Homeostasis

In order to function properly, cells need to have appropriate conditions such

as proper temperature, pH, and appropriate concentration of diverse chemicals.
These conditions may, however, change from one moment to the next. Organisms
are able to maintain internal conditions within a narrow range almost constantly,
despite environmental changes, through homeostasis (literally, “steady state”)—the
ability of an organism to maintain constant internal conditions. For example, an
organism needs to regulate body temperature through a process known as
thermoregulation. Organisms that live in cold climates, such as the polar bear
(Figure 4), have body structures that help them withstand low temperatures and
conserve body heat. Structures that aid in this type of insulation include fur,
feathers, blubber, and fat. In hot climates, organisms have methods (such as
perspiration in humans or panting in dogs) that help them to shed excess body
heat.

Energy Processing

All organisms use a source of energy for their metabolic activities. Some
organisms capture energy from the sun and convert it into chemical energy in food
(photosynthesis); others use chemical energy in molecules they take in as food
(cellular respiration).
 What’s More

Activity 1.1 Mix and Match

Direction: Match its LEVEL of organization to its meaning.

_____1. Atom/Molecule A. All living & nonliving things on earth

_____2. Organ B. Smallest level at which life exists

C. a group of one kind of organism living in an area
_____3. Population
D. group of similar cells working together
_____4. Biome
E. Several populations of organisms living together
_____5. Cell
F. a living thing that may be unicellular or multicellular
_____6. Organelle
G. a group of similar tissues working together
_____7. Community
H. all the living and non-living things living in a similar
_____8. Ecosystem environment such as a desert
_____9. Tissue I. parts of a cell such as the nucleus
_____10. Organism J. smallest part of an element or compound

Activity 1.2 Characteristics of Life

Direction: Identify the characteristic of life that is illustrated by each of the
following statements.

Made of Cells • Reproduction • Growth • Obtain and Use Energy •

Development • Responds to Stimuli • Evolve/Adapt • Maintain homeostasis

1. _______________________ Anton increases five inches in height this

year.
2. _______________________ Our cat had a litter of kittens yesterday.
3. _______________________ My dog has become much less clumsy now
that he is a year old.
4. _______________________ Eat a good breakfast and you will be able to
run longer.
5. _______________________ When that car pulled in the driveway, my cat
ran to hide under the porch.
6. ________________________That owl’s night vision allows it to see the
movement of mice on even the darkest night.
 7. _______________________ Single-celled organisms live in the pond
behind school.
8. _______________________ Your body normally maintains a temperature
of 37 oC.

What I have Learned

Activity 1.3 Complete Me

Fill in the blanks with word/s to complete the sentences/paragraphs.

Cell is = __________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________.

The Characteristics of life are = ____________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

What I Can Do

Activity 1.4 Performance Task

Choose and get a picture of certain organism.
From the chosen organism, you make a bubble map
presenting how do you identify the living organism
based from the characteristics of life.
 Lesson
Cell Structures and Functions
2

All cells share four common components, a plasma membrane that covers
and separate the cell’s interior from its surrounding environment, cytoplasm that
contains cellular components, DNA that contains the genetic material of the cell,
and ribosomes which synthesize proteins. However, prokaryotes differ from
eukaryotes in several ways.

What’s In

All cells are essentially similar in their basic feature. They, however differ in
their details of organization. Therefore, in any discussion about the cell, one can
describe the typical cell or the average cell.

A typical cell is composed of three elements: the plasma membrane, nucleus,

and cytoplasm. Basic organelles are found in most cells.

As part our review, can you give organelles that are found inside the cell and
give their specific functions?

Note the Teachers

The teacher must consider the prerequisite skills needed in
the development of this competency including the schema or
background knowledge which may reinforce learning. This module
will help the learners bridge the gap of learning to attain mastery
of the lesson in its spiral progression.
 What is New

Imagine that you could become smaller, down to the size of one micron (1
micron = 1/1000 inch). Your whole body would be smaller than the typical animal
cell. Imagine, that you could step inside this cell and explore it. Find out some
structures inside a cell. Be able to explore how bacterial cells are different from
other cells such as plant and animal cells.

What is It

Cell Structures and Functions

CELL
FUNCTIONS
STRUCTURES
Separates cell from external environment; controls
Plasma
passage of organic molecules, ions, water, oxygen
Membrane
and wastesinto and out of the cell.
Providesstructuretocell;siteof many metabolic
Cytoplasm
reactions; mediuminwhich organelles are found.
Nucleoid Location of DNA
Cell organelle that houses DNA and directs
Nucleus
synthesis of ribosomes andproteins
Ribosomes Protein synthesis
Mitochondria ATP production or cellular respiration
Oxidizes and breaks down fatty acids and amino
Peroxisomes
acids and detoxifies poisons.
Vesicles and Storage and transport; digestive function in plant
Vacuoles cells
Unspecified role in cell division in animal cells;
Centrosome
organizing center of microtubules in animalcells.
Digestion of macromolecules; recycling or worn out
Lysosomes
organelles
Protection, structural support and maintenance of
Cell Wall
cell shape
Chloroplast Photosynthesis
Endoplasmic
Modifies proteins and synthesizes lipids
reticulum
Golgi apparatus Modifies, sorts, tags, packages and distributes lipids
 CELL
FUNCTIONS
STRUCTURES
and proteins
Maintains cells’ shape, secure organelles on specific
positions, allows cytoplasm and vesicles to move
Cytoskeleton
within the cell, and enables unicellular organisms to
move independently
Flagella Cellular locomotion
Cellular locomotion, movement of particles along
Cilia extracellular surface of plasma membrane, and
filtration

The distinction between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is considered to be

the most important distinction among groups of organisms. Eukaryotic cells
contain membrane-bound organelles, such as the nucleus, while prokaryotic
cells do not. Differences in cellular structure of prokaryotes and eukaryotes
include the presence of mitochondria and chloroplasts, the cell wall, and the
structure of chromosomal DNA.

Prokaryotes were the only form of life on Earth for millions of years until more
complicated eukaryotic cells came into being through the process of evolution.

Definition of eukaryotes and prokaryotes

Prokaryotes (pro-KAR-ee-ot-es) (from Old Greek pro- before + karyon nut or

kernel, referring to the cell nucleus, + suffix -otos, pl. -otes; also spelled
"procaryotes") are organisms without a cell nucleus (= karyon), or any other
membrane-bound organelles. Most are unicellular, but some prokaryotes are
multicellular.

Eukaryotes (IPA: [juːˈkæɹɪɒt]) are organisms whose cells are organized into

complex structures by internal membranes and a cytoskeleton. The most
characteristic membrane bound structure is the nucleus. This feature gives
them their name, (also spelled "eucaryote,") which comes from the Greek ευ,
meaning good/true, and κάρυον, meaning nut, referring to the
nucleus. Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are eukaryotes.

Differences Between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells

 The difference between the structure of prokaryotes and eukaryotes is so
great that it is considered to be the most important distinction among groups
of organisms.

1. The most fundamental difference is that eukaryotes do have "true"

nuclei containing their DNA, whereas the genetic material in
prokaryotes is not membrane-bound.

2. In eukaryotes, the mitochondria and chloroplasts perform various

metabolic processes and are believed to have been derived from
endosymbiotic bacteria. In prokaryotes similar processes occur across
the cell membrane; endosymbionts are extremely rare.
3. The cell walls of prokaryotes are generally formed of a different
molecule (peptidoglycan) to those of eukaryotes (many eukaryotes do
not have a cell wall at all).
4. Prokaryotes are usually much smaller than eukaryotic cells.
5. Prokaryotes also differ from eukaryotes in that they contain only a
single loop of stable chromosomal DNA stored in an area named the
nucleoid, while eukaryote DNA is found on tightly bound and organised
chromosomes. Although some eukaryotes have satellite DNA structures
called plasmids, these are generally regarded as a prokaryote feature
and many important genes in prokaryotes are stored on plasmids.
6. Prokaryotes have a larger surface area to volume ratio giving them a
higher metabolic rate, a higher growth rate and consequently a shorter
generation time compared to Eukaryotes.
7. Genes

 Prokaryotes also differ from eukaryotes in the structure, packing,

 density, and arrangement of their genes on the chromosome.
Prokaryotes have incredibly compact genomes compared to
eukaryotes, mostly because prokaryote genes lack introns and
large non-coding regions between each gene.
 Whereas nearly 95% of the human genome does not code for
proteins or RNA or includes a gene promoter, nearly all of the
prokaryote genome codes or controls something.
 Prokaryote genes are also expressed in groups, known as
operons, instead of individually, as in eukaryotes.
 In a prokaryote cell, all genes in an operon(three in the case of the
famous lac operon) are transcribed on the same piece of RNA and
then made into separate proteins, whereas if these genes were
native to eukaryotes, they each would have their own promoter
and be transcribed on their own strand of mRNA. This lesser
degree of control over gene expression contributes to the
simplicity of the prokaryotes as compared to the eukaryotes.

EUKARYOTES PROKARYOTES

Nucleus Present Absent

Number of More than one One--but not true chromosome:

chromosomes Plasmids

Cell Type Usually multicellular Usually unicellular (some

cyanobacteria may be multicellular)

True Present Absent

Membrane
bound Nucleus

Example Animals and Plants Bacteria and Archaea

Genetic Meiosis and fusion of Partial, undirectional transfers DNA

Recombination gametes

Lysosomes and Present Absent

peroxisomes
Microtubules Present Absent or rare

Endoplasmic Present Absent

reticulum

Mitochondria Present Absent

Cytoskeleton Present May be absent

DNA wrapping Eukaryotes wrap their DNA Multiple proteins act together to fold
on proteins. around proteins called and condense prokaryotic DNA. Folded
histones. DNA is then organized into a variety of
conformations that are supercoiled and
wound around tetramers of the HU
protein.

Ribosomes Larger Smaller

Vesicles Present Present

Golgi Present Absent

apparatus

Chloroplasts Present (in plants) Absent; chlorophyll scattered in the

cytoplasm

Flagella Microscopic in size; Submicroscopic in size, composed of

membrane bound; usually only one fiber
arranged as nine doublets
surrounding two singlets

Permeability Selective not present

of Nuclear
Membrane

Plasma Yes Usually no

membrane
with steroid

Cell wall Only in plant cells and fungi Usually chemically complex
(chemically simpler)

Vacuoles Present Present

Cell size 10-100um 1-10um

 What’s More

Activity 2.1 Cell Analogy

Direction: Read the story carefully then answer the given questions below.
The School City

The School City is one of the famous school in the world that offers varied programs
for young learners. The mission of the school is to produce quality students which provide
strong leaders, businessman, and a good citizens of the nation. The School is highly equipped
with high-end technology that enable learners to gain a lot of meaningful and life-long
learning experiences. It has an automated gate that will only allow students enrolled in the
school. If you are late to school, you might find doors that are locked. Doors are time
bounded which only open at certain times and you really need to obey all rules. All rooms
have a locker for students to store their bags, food, and school materials. The principal’s
office is where you can found the head of the school and directs all teachers to teach students
effectively. The teachers follow curriculum guidelines to provide students with knowledge
and critical thinking skills.

Everyone in the school has tasks to do. The entire school is designed to build good
rapport among people in it. Hallways connect the buildings of the school. These are used
when moving from one room to another and also the medium to transmit messages from one
teacher to another.

Snacks of the students are produced and packed at the Home Economics building and
transported to the school canteen for selling. Soiled food are kept in a container and used as
food in the poultry farm of the school.

The school is like a community that contains people who live harmoniously with one
another.

Match the parts of the school city (underlined) with the parts of the cell.
1. Mitochondria ____________________________________________________

2. Ribosomes  ______________________________________________________

3. Nucleus __________________________________________________________

4. Endoplasmic Reticulum _____________________________________________

5. Golgi Apparatus ___________________________________________________

6. Protein __________________________________________________________

7. Cell Membrane ____________________________________________________

8. Lysosomes _______________________________________________________

9. Cell Wall_________________________________________________________

10. Vacuole _________________________________________________________

Activity 2.2 Self Check

Direction: Answer the following questions briefly.

1. What is a prokaryote, and when did prokaryotes arise?

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_____________.

2. Describe three main features inside a prokaryotic cell.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_.

3. Describe the structures that form the outside of a prokaryotic cell. Tell whether each
structure is common to all prokaryotes.

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
 _______________________________________________________________________
______________________.

4. What is a eukaryote, and when did eukaryotes first arise?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________.

What I have Learned

Activity 2.3 Complete Me

Let us see how well you can make a summary of what you know about the
cell. Below is a table that lists the names of the cell structure(s). Now, compare
animal, plant and bacterial cells by putting a (/) if the structure is present and an
(X) if the structure is absent under each column.

STRUCTURES ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL BACTERIAL CELL

Cell Wall
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Ribosome
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Golgi Bodies
Lysosome
Vacuoles
Chloroplast
Nucleus
Chromosome
 What I Can Do

Activity 2.4 Performance Task

Challenge!
Make your own model of a cell at home. Prepare a small package of
gulaman and pour it into a dish. Put common foods in the gelatin
to represent cell structures. You could use lettuce or shredded
carrots for endoplasmic reticulum and raisins for mitochondria. Be
creative! Unmold your “cell”. And serve it to your family for salad or
dessert.
 Lesson
Cell Types
3

Our body is composed of different cell types that worked together for us to
stay alive. Some of our organs that are made up of specialized cells like heart, liver,
skin, brain etc. These types of cells are working individually but has an overall
impact on the organism.

What’s In

Just as there is variety among organisms, there is also variety among cells.
Your own body contains over a hundred different kinds of cells. Some of these cells
are round. Others are shaped like long, tangled strings.

As part our review, can you give specialized types of cells? Can you describe
each and give their functions?

FIND OUT!
Break a chicken egg into a dish, and look at the yolk. How
large do you think is it? Estimate its width. Then use a metric
ruler to measure the width of your chicken yolk cell. With a
hand lens, observe the yolk closely. Other cells that can be
seen easily are large fish eggs.
 Note the Teachers
The teacher must consider the prerequisite skills needed in
the development of this competency including the schema or
background knowledge which may reinforce learning. This module
will help the learners bridge the gap of learning to attain mastery
of the lesson in its spiral progression.

What is New

Cells in the human body number in the trillions and come in all shapes and
sizes. These tiny structures are the basic unit of living organisms. Cells
comprise tissues, tissues make up organs, organs form organ systems, and organ
systems work together to create an organism and keep it alive.
Each type of cell in the human body is specially equipped for its role. Cells of
the digestive system, for instance, are vastly different in structure and function
from cells of the skeletal system. Cells of the body depend on each other to keep the
body functioning as a unit. There are hundreds of types of cells, but the following
are the 11 most common.

What is It
Stem Cells

Pluripotent stem cell.

Credit: Science Photo Library - STEVE GSCHMEISSNER/Brand X Pictures/Getty

Images

Stem cells are unique in that they originate as unspecialized cells and have
the ability to develop into specialized cells that can be used to build specific organs
or tissues. Stem cells can divide and replicate many times in order to replenish and
repair tissue. In the field of stem cell research, scientists take advantage of the
renewal properties of these structures by utilizing them to generate cells for tissue
repair, organ transplantation, and for the treatment of disease.
Bone Cells

Colored scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of a freeze-fractured osteocyte (purple)

surrounded by bone (gray).

Steve Gschmeissner/Science Photo Library/Getty Images

Bones are a type of mineralized connective tissue that comprise a major

component of the skeletal system. Bones are made up of a matrix of collagen and
calcium phosphate minerals. There are three primary types of bone cells in the
body: osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and osteocytes.

Osteoclasts are large cells that decompose bone for resorption and
assimilation while they heal. Osteoblasts regulate bone mineralization and produce
osteoid, an organic substance of the bone matrix, which mineralizes to form bone.
Osteoblasts mature to form osteocytes. Osteocytes aid in the formation of bone and
help maintain calcium balance.

Blood Cells

Red and white blood cells in the bloodstream.

Science Photo Library - SCIEPRO/Getty Images

From transporting oxygen throughout the body to fighting infection, blood

cell activity is vital to life. Blood cells are produced by bone marrow. The three
major types of cells in the blood are red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Red blood cells determine blood type and are responsible for transporting
oxygen. White blood cells are immune system cells that destroy pathogens and
provide immunity. Platelets help clot blood to prevent excessive blood loss due to
broken or damaged blood vessels.
Muscle Cells

Muscle cells form muscle tissue,

which enables all bodily movement. The
three types of muscle cells are skeletal,
cardiac, and smooth. Skeletal muscle
tissue attaches to bones to facilitates
voluntary movement. These muscle cells
are covered by connective tissue, which
protects and supports muscle fiber
Immunoflourescence of a smooth muscle cell.
bundles.
Beano5/Vetta/Getty Images
Cardiac muscle cells form involuntary muscle, or muscle that doesn't require
conscious effort to operate, found in the heart. These cells aid in heart contraction
and are joined to one another by intercalated discs that allow
for heartbeat synchronization.
Smooth muscle tissue is not striated like cardiac and skeletal muscle.
Smooth muscle is involuntary muscle that lines body cavities and forms the walls
of many organs such as kidneys, intestines, blood vessels, and lung airways.
Fat Cells
 Adipocytes (fat cells) store energy as an insulating layer of fat and the majority of
the cell's volume is taken up by a large lipid (fat or oil) droplet.

Steve Gschmeissner/Science Photo Library/Getty Images

Fat cells, also called adipocytes, are a major cell component of adipose
tissue. Adipocytes contain droplets of stored fat (triglycerides) that can be used for
energy. When fat is stored, its cells become round and swollen. When fat is used,
its cells shrink. Adipose cells also have a critical endocrine function: they
produce hormones that influence sex hormone metabolism, blood pressure
regulation, insulin sensitivity, fat storage and use, blood clotting, and cell
signaling.
Skin Cells
 This image shows squamous cells from
the surface of the skin. These are flat,
keratinized, dead cells that are
continuously sloughed off and replaced
with new cells from below.

Science Photo Library/Getty Images

The skin is composed of a layer

of epithelial tissue (epidermis) that is
supported by a layer of connective tissue
(dermis) and an underlying subcutaneous layer. The outermost layer of the skin is
composed of flat, squamous epithelial cells that are closely packed together. The
skin covers a wide range of roles. It protects internal structures of the body from
damage, prevents dehydration, acts as a barrier against germs, stores fat, and
produces vitamins and hormones.
Nerve Cells
 Science Picture Co/Collection Mix: Subjects/Getty Images

Nerve cells or neurons are the most basic unit of the nervous system. Nerves
send signals between the brain, spinal cord, and other body organs via nerve
impulses. Structurally, a neuron consists of a cell body and nerve processes. The
central cell body contains the neuron's nucleus, associated cytoplasm,
and organelles. Nerve processes are "finger-like" projections (axons and dendrites)
that extend from the cell body and transmit signals.
Endothelial Cells

Dr. Torsten Wittman/Science Photo Library/Getty Images

Endothelial cells form the inner lining of the cardiovascular

system and lymphatic system structures. They make up the inner layer of blood
vessels, lymphatic vessels, and organs including the brain, lungs, skin, and heart.
Endothelial cells are responsible for angiogenesis or the creation of new blood
vessels. They also regulate the movement of macromolecules, gases, and fluid
between the blood and surrounding tissues as well as help manage blood pressure.
Sex Cells
 This image depicts sperm entering an ovum.

Science Picture Co/Collection Mix/Getty Images

Sex cells or gametes are reproductive cells created in male and

female gonads that bring new life into existence. Male sex cells or sperm are motile
and have long, tail-like projections called flagella. Female sex cells or ova are non-
motile and relatively large in comparison to male gametes. In sexual reproduction,
sex cells unite during fertilization to form a new individual. While other body cells
replicate by mitosis, gametes reproduce by meiosis.
Pancreatic Cells

Steve Gschmeissner/Science Photo Library/Getty Images

The pancreas functions as both an exocrine and endocrine organ, meaning

that it discharges hormones both through ducts and directly into other organs.
Pancreatic cells are important for regulating blood glucose concentration levels as
well as for the digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.

Exocrine acinar cells, which are produced by the pancreas, secrete digestive
enzymes that are transported by ducts to the small intestine. A very small
percentage of pancreatic cells have an endocrine function or secrete hormones into
cells and tissues. Pancreatic endocrine cells are found in small clusters called islets
of Langerhans. Hormones produced by these cells include insulin, glucagon, and
gastrin.

Cancer Cells
 These cervical cancer cells are dividing.

Steve Gschmeissner/Science Photo Library/Getty Images

Unlike all of the other cells listed, cancer cells work to destroy the body.
Cancer results from the development of abnormal cell properties that cause cells to
divide uncontrollably and spread to other locations. Cancer cell development can
originate from mutations stemming from exposure to chemicals, radiation, and
ultraviolet light. Cancer can also have genetic origins such as chromosome
replication errors and cancer-causing viruses of the DNA.
Cancer cells are allowed to spread rapidly because they develop decreased
sensitivity to anti-growth signals and proliferate quickly in the absence of stop
commands. They also lose the ability to undergo apoptosis or programmed cell
death, making them even more formidable.

What’s More

Activity 3.1 Complete the Table

IMAGE CELL TYPES FUNCTION

1.

2.
 3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

What I have Learned

Activity 3.2 Metacognition for Stating Knowledge

My chosen word is Cell Types.
I know that I know something about_____________________________________________.
First, I know that _______________________________________________________________.
In addition, I know _____________________________________________________________
Finally, I know __________________________________________________________________
Now, you know something that I know ___________________________________________.
 What I Can Do

Activity 3.3 Performance Task

Challenge!
Make a research on the use of stem cell in the field of medicine
and why is it is called as one promising advancement in science.

Assessment

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following is NOT true of chloroplasts?

a. They synthesize sugar c.. They contain pigments
b. They are only found in plants d. They appear green because of chlorophyll
2. Which of the following organelles transports materials inside the cell
a. Lysosome c. Mitochondria
b. Chloroplast d. Endoplasmic reticulum
3. Which of the following is found in the nucleus?
a. Vacuoles c. Mitochondria
b. Chloroplasts d. Chromosomes
4. What type of cell has these characteristics: contains DNA but no nucleus, contains
flagella, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and a cell membrane.
a. Plant c. Animal
b. Fungi d. Bacteria
5. What site regulates what goes in and out of the cell?
a. Cell wall c. Cell membrane
b. Vacuole d. Nuclear membrane
6. A group of cells that work together as a team is called______________.
a. Cell c. Organ
b. Tissue d. Organism
7. Unspecialized cells that can be made specialized to form certain types of cells, tissues,
 or organ.
a. Bone Cells c. Stem Cells
b. Nerve Cells d. Sex Cells
8. Type of cell that contains more complex structures that function as one are classified
as ___________.
a. Eukaryotes c. Prokaryotes
b. Bacteria d. Fungi
9. Digestive enzymes or hydrolytic enzymes are terms associated with
a. Ribosomes c. Golgi apparatus
b. Lysosomes d. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
10. In which of the following items would you expect to find cells?
a. Strawberry c. Silver dollar
b. Eyeglasses d. Plastic flower

Additional Activities
Direction: Complete the concept map with word/s.

Word Bank:

breaking down osmosis lysosomes mitochondria nucleolus

endoplasmic reticulum vesicles ATP ribosomes DNA
Insulin diffusion Golgi body energy export
cytoplasm mitosis chromatin delivery system Semi-
Permeable

Answer Key
 What I Know Activity 1.1 Activity 1.2

1. B 1. J 1. Growth
2. C 2. G 2. Reproduction
3. D 3. C 3. Development
4. D 4. A 4. Obtain and Use
5. C 5. B Energy
6. A 6. I 5. Respond to Stimuli
7. C 7. E 6. Evolve/Adapt
8. D 8. H 7. Made of Cells
9. A 9. D 8. Maintain
10. D 10. F Homeostasis

Activity 1.3 Activity 2.1 Activity 2.2

1. School Canteen
Varied Answers Varied Answers
2. Teachers
3. Principal’s Office
4. Hallways
5. Home Economics
Building
6. Snacks
7. Door
8. Poultry Farm
9. Gate
10. Locker

Activity 2.3
 Activity 3.1 Assessment
1. B
1. Nerve Cell
2. A
2. Stem Cell
3. D
3. Blood Cell
4. Cancer Cell 4. D
5. Bone Cell 5. C
6. Muscle Cell 6. B
7. Sex Cell 7. C
8. A
9. B
10. A

Additional Activity

1. Nucleolus 11. Semi Permeable

2. Ribosomes 12. Export
3. Insulin 13. Golgi Body
4. Mitosis 14. Lysosome
5. Chromatin 15. ATP
6. DNA 16. Diffusion
7. Endoplasmic Reticulum 17. Osmosis
 8. Delivery System 18. Vesicle
9. Cytoplasm 19. Breaking down
10. Mitochondria 20. Energy

References
"K To 12 Curriculum Guide In General Biology 1". 2016. Deped.Gov.Ph.
https://www.deped.gov.ph/wpcontent/uploads/2019/01/General
Biology 1-CG.pdf.

Department of Education. "K To 12 Most Essential Learning Competencies With

Corresponding CG Codes". Pasig City: Department of Education Central
Office, 2020.
Claveria, Florencia G., et.al., 2016. General Biology 1. Quezon City. Commission on Higher
Education.

Belardo, Gisselle M., 2016. General Biology 1. Quezon City. Vibal Publishing House.

Pagunasan, Manuela P., et. al., 2007. Biology. Quezon City. SalesianaBOOKs Publishing
House Inc.

www.biologycorner.com
For inquiries and feedback, please write or call:

Schools Division of Ilocos Norte – Curriculum Implementation Division

Learning Resource Management Section (SDOIN-CID LRMS)

Office Address: Brgy. 7B, Giron Street, Laoag City, Ilocos Norte
Telefax: (077) 771-0960
Telephone No.: (077) 770-5963, (077) 600-2605
E-mail Address: ilocosnorte@deped.gov.ph