Cells: The Working Units of Life

Test File
to accompany
Life: The Science of Biology, Ninth Edition
Sadava • Hillis • Heller • Berenbaum
Chapter 5: Cells: The Working Units of Life
TEST FILE QUESTIONS

(By Catherine Ueckert)
Multiple Choice
1. Most plant and animal cells are

a. smaller than a chloroplast.
b. smaller than most bacteria.
c. large enough to be seen with a light microscope.
d. smaller than small molecules.
e. large enough to be seen with the unaided eye.
Answer: c
Textbook Reference: 5.1 What Features Make Cells the Fundamental Units of Life?
Page: 78
Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding
2. The surface area-to-volume ratio of an object can be decreased by

a. cutting it into smaller pieces.
b. flattening it.
c. stretching it.
d. making it spherical.
e. All of the above
Answer: d
Page: 78
3. What must cells do in order to survive?

a. Obtain and process energy
b. Convert genetic information into proteins
c. Keep certain biochemical reactions separate from one another
d. Both a and b
e. All of the above
Answer: e
Page: 78
4. How does the surface area-to-volume ratio of a 1-mm cube compare to the surface
area-to-volume ratio of a 3-mm cube?
a. The 3-mm cube has a higher ratio.
b. The ratio increases as the cube becomes larger.
c. Increasing the volume increases the ratio.
d. The ratio decreases as the cube becomes larger.
e. The ratio does not change.
Answer: d
Page: 78
Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying
5. The surface area-to-volume ratio of a cell

a. can be increased by increasing the volume of the cell.
b. can be decreased by decreasing the surface area.
c. explains why cells are small.
d. is of little significance to maintaining cell homeostasis.
e. None of the above
Answer: c
Page: 78–79
6. A general function of all cellular membranes is to

a. regulate which materials can cross the membrane.
b. support the cell and determine its shape.
c. produce energy for the cell.
d. produce proteins for the cell.
e. move the cell.
Answer: a
Page: 79
7. What is the major distinction between a prokaryotic and a eukaryotic cell?

a. A prokaryotic cell does not have a nucleus, whereas a eukaryotic cell does.
b. A prokaryotic cell does not have DNA, whereas a eukaryotic cell does.
c. A prokaryotic cell is smaller than a eukaryotic cell.
d. Prokaryotic cells have not prospered, whereas eukaryotic cells are evolutionary
“successes.”
e. A prokaryotic cell cannot obtain energy from its environment.
Answer: a
Page: 80
Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing
8. Members of the domains Bacteria and Archaea
a. have nuclei.
b. have chloroplasts.
c. are multicellular.
d. are prokaryotes.
e. have flagella.
Answer: d
Page: 80
9. A prokaryotic cell does not have a _______ or _______.

a. nucleus; membrane-bound organelles
b. nucleus; DNA
c. nucleus; ribosomes
d. nucleus; membranes
e. cell wall; membranes
Answer: a
Page: 80–81
Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering
10. Ribosomes are not visible under a light microscope, but they can be seen with an
electron microscope because
a. electron beams have more energy than light beams.
b. electron microscopes focus light with magnets.
c. electron microscopes have more resolving power than light microscopes.
d. electrons have such high energy that they pass through biological samples.
e. living cells can be observed under the electron microscope.
Answer: c
Page: 81
11. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a prokaryotic cell?

a. A plasma membrane
b. A nuclear envelope
c. A nucleoid
d. Ribosomes
e. Enzymes
Answer: b
Textbook Reference: 5.2 What Features Characterize Prokaryotic Cells?
Page: 82
12. Which of the following is (are) found in prokaryotic cells?
a. Mitochondria
b. Chloroplasts
c. Nuclear membrane
d. Ribosomes
e. Endoplasmic reticulum
Answer: d
Page: 82
13. The DNA of prokaryotic cells is found in the

a. plasma membrane.
b. nucleus.
c. ribosome.
d. nucleoid region.
e. mitochondria.
Answer: d
Page: 82
14. Ribosomes are made up of

a. DNA and RNA.
b. DNA and proteins.
c. RNA and proteins.
d. proteins.
e. DNA.
Answer: c
Page: 82
15. The cytosol

a. is a static region of the cell.
b. contains DNA.
c. is composed largely of water.
d. supports the cell and determines its shape.
e. chemically modifies proteins and other molecules.
Answer: c
Page: 82
16. A specialized structure found in some prokaryotes is the

a. cell wall.
b. ribosome.
c. cytosol.
d. mitochondrion.
e. chloroplast.
Answer: a
Page: 83
17. Specialized cellular appendages of prokaryotes that help bacteria adhere to one
another when they exchange genetic material are called
a. the Golgi apparatus.
b. cilia.
c. flagella.
d. pili.
e. b, c, and d
Answer: d
Page: 83
18. In some prokaryotic organisms, the plasma membrane folds to form an internal
membrane system that is able to
a. carry on photosynthesis.
b. engulf and phagocytize bacteria.
c. synthesize proteins.
d. propel the cell.
e. hydrolyze carbohydrates to ATP.
Answer: a
Page: 83
19. Some bacteria are able to propel themselves through liquid by means of a
structure called the
a. flagellum.
b. pilus.
c. cytoplasm.
d. cell wall.
e. peptidoglycan molecule.
Answer: a
Page: 83
20. If you removed the pili from a bacterial cell, the bacterium would
a. no longer be able to swim.
b. lose some of its ability to adhere to other cells.
c. no longer be able to regulate the movement of molecules into and out of the cell.
d. dry out.
e. change its shape.
Answer: b
Page: 83
21. Prokaryotic cells generally are smaller than eukaryotic cells because
a. prokaryotes have more diverse energy sources.
b. prokaryotes have a capsule that limits cell growth.
c. the rigid cell wall of prokaryotes limits cell size.
d. prokaryotes lack the genetic material needed for protein synthesis.
e. only eukaryotes have compartmentalization, which allows for specialization.
Answer: e
Textbook Reference: 5.3 What Features Characterize Eukaryotic Cells?
Page: 84
22. Biological membranes in a eukaryotic cell

a. separate the cell from its environment.
b. regulate what goes into and out of the cell.
c. help maintain a constant internal environment.
d. communicate with adjacent cells.
e. All of the above
Answer: e
Page: 84
23. The membrane surrounding each organelle

a. is composed of hydrophobic proteins.
b. regulates traffic into and out of the cell.
c. is studded with ribosomes.
d. allows for interactions among molecules.
e. is perforated with pores.
Answer: b
Page: 84
24. The role of organelles is to

a. provide structural support for the cell.
b. decrease the flow of materials into and out of the cell.
c. increase the efficiency of cellular activities.
d. provide a means of cellular reproduction.
e. regulate the flow of traffic inside the cell.
Answer: c
Page: 84
25. Which of the following statements about the nuclear envelope is true?
a. It contains pores for the passage of large molecules.
b. It is composed of two membranes.
c. It contains ribosomes on the inner surface.
d. Both a and b
e. All of the above
Answer: d
Page: 85
26. A large organelle found in eukaryotic cells that genetically controls the cell’s
activities is the
a. chloroplast.
b. nucleus.
c. flagellum.
d. vacuole.
e. centriole.
Answer: b
Page: 85
27. You would not expect to find RNA in which of the following structures?
a. Nucleus
b. Mitochondrion
c. Vacuole
d. Ribosome
e. Prokaryotic cell
Answer: c
Page: 85
28. Of the following structures of an animal cell, the one with the largest volume is
the
a. cilium.
b. mitochondrion.
c. lysosome.
d. nucleus.
e. ribosome.
Answer: d
Page: 85
29. Ribosomes are the structures in which

a. chemical energy is stored in the form of ATP.
b. cell division is controlled.
c. genetic information is used to make proteins.
d. sunlight energy is converted into chemical energy.
e. new organelles are made.
Answer: c
Page: 85
30. Ribosomes are not found in

a. mitochondria.
b. chloroplasts.
c. the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
d. prokaryotic cells.
e. the Golgi apparatus.
Answer: e
Page: 85
31. What is the difference between “free” and “attached” ribosomes?

a. Free ribosomes are in the cytoplasm, whereas attached ribosomes are anchored to
the endoplasmic reticulum.
b. Free ribosomes produce proteins in the cytosol, whereas attached ribosomes
produce proteins that are inserted into the ER.
c. Free ribosomes produce proteins that are exported from the cell, whereas attached
ribosomes make proteins for mitochondria and chloroplasts.
d. Both a and b
e. Both a and c
Answer: d
Page: 85, 89
32. One difference between plant and animal cells is that

a. only animal cells have mitochondria.
b. only animal cells contain centrioles.
c. plant cells have a cell wall, whereas animal cells have a plasma membrane.
d. plant cells lack a cytoskeleton.
e. only plant cells have peroxisomes.
Answer: b
Page: 86–87
33. Chromatin is a series of entangled threads composed of

a. microtubules.
b. DNA and protein.
c. fibrous proteins.
d. cytoskeleton.
e. membranes.
Answer: b
Page: 88
34. The function of the nuclear pores is to

a. synthesize and repair DNA, the unit of genetic information.
b. assemble ribosomes from raw materials that are synthesized in the nucleus.
c. communicate with components of the endomembrane system.
d. regulate movement of materials across the nuclear membrane.
e. support the nuclear envelope.
Answer: d
Page: 88
35. A component of the nucleus that may be involved in the aging process is the
a. nuclear lamina.
b. nuclear pore.
c. nuclear matrix.
d. nucleoplasm.
e. nuclear envelope.
Answer: a
Page: 88
36. The membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum are continuous with the
membranes of the
a. nucleus.
b. Golgi apparatus.
c. nucleolus.
d. plasma membrane.
e. mitochondria.
Answer: a
Page: 88–89
37. Which of the following is not a component of the endomembrane system?

a. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
b. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
c. Golgi apparatus
d. Lysosomes
e. Plastids
Answer: e
Page: 89
38. The rough ER is the portion of the ER that

a. lacks ribosomes.
b. is the oldest and was once the smooth ER.
c. has ribosomes attached to it.
d. is connected to the Golgi apparatus.
e. is the site of steroid synthesis.
Answer: c
Page: 89
39. Cholesterol is synthesized by

a. chloroplasts.
b. lysosomes.
c. the SER.
d. the Golgi.
e. mitochondria.
Answer: c
Page: 89
40. Proteins that are transported in vesicles are made by

a. the Golgi apparatus.
b. ribosomes within the mitochondrion.
c. the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
d. ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
e. ribosomes within chloroplasts.
Answer: d
Page: 89
41. Proteins from the Golgi are transported to the correct location by means of
a. glycoproteins found on the packaged proteins.
b. the general flow of vesicles within the cell.
c. the control provided by the nucleus.
d. motor proteins.
e. microtubules.
Answer: a
Page: 89
42. An organelle consisting of a series of flattened sacks stacked somewhat like

pancakes is the
a. mitochondrion.
b. chloroplast.
c. Golgi apparatus.
d. rough endoplasmic reticulum.
e. flagellum.
Answer: c
Page: 90
43. Cells that synthesize a large amount of protein, such as _______ cells, are
packed with rough endoplasmic reticulum.
a. liver
b. glandular
c. red blood
d. skin
e. brain
Answer: b
Page: 90
44. Cells that perform little protein synthesis but are involved with protein
modification typically have large numbers or amounts of
a. RER.
b. mitochondria.
c. ribosomes.
d. SER.
e. lysosomes.
Answer: d
Page: 90
45. A secondary lysosome is a lysosome that

a. provides a backup to the primary lysosomes.
b. is smaller than a primary lysosome.
c. will become a primary lysosome when it fuses with a phagosome.
d. is a primary lysosome that has fused with a phagosome.
e. has exocytosed.
Answer: d
Page: 91
46. Lysosomes are important to eukaryotic cells because they contain

a. photosynthetic pigments.
b. starch molecules for energy storage.
c. their own DNA molecules.
d. the cells’ waste materials.
e. digestive enzymes.
Answer: e
Page: 91
47. Which of the following statements about lysosomes is true?

a. They are the sites where autophagy occurs.
b. They provide turgor in plant cells.
c. They may contain anthocyanins that aid in pollination.
d. They are found only in plants.
e. They may have arisen through endosymbiosis.
Answer: a
Page: 92
48. The folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane

a. increase the volume of the mitochondrial matrix.
b. create membrane-enclosed compartments within the mitochondrion.
c. increase the surface area for the exchange of substances across the membrane.
d. anchor the mitochondrial DNA.
e. have no known purpose.
Answer: c
Page: 92
49. In the mitochondria, “food” molecules are converted to ATP by a process known
as
a. cellular respiration.
b. metabolism.
c. diffusion.
d. metabolic processing.
e. catabolism.
Answer: a
Page: 92
50. The DNA of mitochondria

a. is needed to hydrolyze monomers.
b. is used to make proteins needed for cellular respiration.
c. directs photosynthesis.
d. controls the cell’s activities.
e. synthesizes polysaccharides for the plant cell wall.
Answer: b
Page: 93
51. The DNA of a chloroplast is located in the

a. intermembrane space.
b. matrix.
c. cristae.
d. stroma.
e. granum.
Answer: d
Page: 93
52. Components of chloroplasts include

a. grana and thylakoids.
b. chromatin and nucleoplasm.
c. cristae and matrix.
d. a trans region and a cis region.
e. lysosomes and phagosomes.
Answer: a
Page: 93
53. Which type of organelle is found in plants but not in animals?

a. Ribosomes
b. Mitochondria
c. Nuclei
d. Plastids
Answer: d
Page: 93
54. Chloroplasts are the structures in which

a. chemical energy is stored in the form of ATP.
b. cell division is controlled.
c. genetic information is used to make proteins.
d. sunlight energy is converted into chemical energy.
e. new organelles are made.
Answer: d
Page: 93
55. Chloroplasts are a kind of

a. leucoplast.
b. endoplasmic reticulum.
c. chromoplast.
d. Golgi apparatus.
e. plastid.
Answer: e
Page: 93
56. The carotenoid pigments that give ripe tomatoes their red color are contained in
organelles called
a. chloroplasts.
b. proplastids.
c. protoplasts.
d. leucoplasts.
e. chromoplasts.
Answer: e
Page: 94
57. Starch molecules are stored inside

a. chromoplasts.
b. granularplasts.
c. chloroplasts.
d. potatoplasts.
e. leucoplasts.
Answer: e
Page: 94
58. Which of the following is a function of a plant cell vacuole?

a. Storage of toxic by-products and wastes
b. Support for the cell
c. Containment of animal-attracting pigments that aid in pollination
d. Hydrolysis of seed proteins into plant embryo food
e. All of the above
Answer: e
Page: 95
59. Which of the following organelles is found only in plant cells?

a. Cilium
b. Nucleus
c. Mitochondrion
d. Glyoxysome
e. Peroxisome
Answer: d
Page: 95
60. Of the following plant cell structures, which is most likely to have the greatest
volume?
a. Glyoxysome
b. Lysosome
c. Chromosome
d. Ribosome
e. Vacuole
Answer: e
Page: 95
61. The overall shape of a cell is determined by its

a. cell membrane.
b. cytoskeleton.
c. nucleus.
d. cytosol.
e. endoplasmic reticulum.
Answer: b
Page: 95
62. Which of the following is not a function of vacuoles?

a. Contributing to plant survival
b. Helping plants maintain turgor pressure
c. Containing pigments that aid in pollination
d. Aiding in plant embryo development
e. Helping to anchor the cell in place
Answer: e
Page: 95
63. Microvilli are created by projections of

a. microtubules.
b. actin.
c. myosin.
d. intermediate filaments.
Answer: b
Page: 95–96
64. Microtubules are composed of monomers of

a. α- and β-tubulin.
b. δ- and λ-actin.
c. ρ- and σ-myosin.
d. κ tubules.
e. κ actinomin.
Answer: a
Page: 96
65. Which of the following structures is (are) involved with maintaining the position
of the organelles within a cell?
a. Golgi apparatus
b. Endoplasmic reticulum
c. Mitochondria
d. Microfilaments
e. Intermediate filaments
Answer: e
Page: 96
66. Hair and intermediate filaments are composed of

a. microtubules.
b. microfilaments.
c. collagen.
d. hydroxyapatite.
e. keratin.
Answer: e
Page: 96
67. Microtubules are made of

a. actin, and they function in locomotion.
b. tubulin, and they are essential in chromosome distribution during mitosis.
c. tubulin, and they are found in microvilli.
d. actin, and they function to change cell shape.
e. polysaccharides, and they function in locomotion.
Answer: b
Page: 97
68. An organelle with an internal cross-section showing a characteristic “9 + 2”

morphology is the
a. mitochondrion.
b. vacuole.
c. Golgi apparatus.
d. flagellum.
e. cytoskeleton.
Answer: d
Page: 97
69. Cilia
a. are shorter and more numerous than flagella.
b. are composed of microfilaments.
c. are composed of intermediate filaments.
d. propel ribosomes through the cytoplasm.
e. are needed for plasmodesmata to function.
Answer: a
Page: 97
70. The surface area of the small intestine is greatly increased by

a. microtubules.
b. pili.
c. thylakoid membranes.
d. myosin.
e. microvilli.
Answer: e
Page: 97
71. Which of the following organelles is found at the base of every eukaryotic
cilium and flagellum?
a. Centriole
b. Basal body
c. Nucleolus
d. Flagellum
e. Microvillus
Answer: b
Page: 97
72. The cellular structures that are almost identical to centrioles are the
a. basal bodies.
b. microbodies.
c. chromoplasts.
d. microfilaments.
e. centromeres.
Answer: a
Page: 97
73. The semirigid structure that supports the plant cell and determines its shape is
the
a. capsule.
b. flagellum.
c. cell wall.
d. cytosol.
e. cytoplasm.
Answer: c
Textbook Reference: 5.4 What Are the Roles of Extracellular Structures?
Page: 100
74. Uniform concentrations of cytoplasmic materials in plants are maintained by

a. motor proteins such as kinesin.
b. membrane-lined channels called plasmodesmata.
c. the semirigid cell wall.
d. constantly-beating cilia.
e. an internal cytoskeleton.
Answer: b
Page: 100
75. The type of cell that always lacks a cell wall is the _______ cell.
a. bacterial
b. plant
c. animal
d. fungal
e. prokaryotic
Answer: c
Page: 100
76. The extracellular matrix of animal cells

a. is composed of cellulose.
b. contains plasmodesmata.
c. limits the cell volume by remaining rigid.
d. helps orient cell movements during embryonic development.
e. acts as a barrier to disease-causing fungi.
Answer: d
Page: 100
77. Some organelles in eukaryotic cells are thought to have

a. originated from extracellular symbiotic relationships.
b. their own endoplasmic reticulum.
c. their own mitochondria.
d. originated from endosymbiotic relationships.
e. the ability to live free from the host cell.
Answer: d
Textbook Reference: 5.5 How Did Eukaryotic Cells Originate?
Page: 101
78. Which of the following organelles were once independent prokaryote

organisms?
a. Mitochondria and lysosomes
b. Mitochondria and chloroplasts
c. Chloroplasts and Golgi apparatus
d. Golgi apparatus and ribosomes
e. Ribosomes and lysosomes
Answer: b
Page: 101
79. Which of the following is not an argument for the endosymbiotic theory?
a. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are about the same size as prokaryotic cells.
b. Mitochondria and chloroplasts cannot be grown in culture, free of a host cell.
c. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have DNA and ribosomes.
d. Mitochondrial ribosomes synthesize proteins similar to those synthesized by
bacterial ribosomes.
e. All of the above are arguments for the endosymbiotic theory.
Answer: b
Page: 101–102
Fill in the Blank
1. The fundamental unit of life is the _______.

Answer: cell
Page: 77
2. The three principle tenets of biology—that all organisms are composed of cells,
that all cells come from preexisting cells, and that cells are the fundamental units of
life—make up the unifying principle known as the _______.
Answer: cell theory
Page: 77
3. When you cut an orange in half, you _______ the surface area-to-volume ratio.
Answer: increase
Page: 78
Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying
4. The ability of living organisms to maintain a constant internal environment is

known as _______.
Answer: homeostasis
Page: 79
5. The light microscope has glass lenses that focus visible light for imaging, whereas
the electron microscope has _______ that focus electrons for imaging.
Answer: electromagnets
Page: 80–81
6. Archaea and Bacteria do not typically have membrane-enclosed internal

compartments; therefore, they are known as _______.
Answer: prokaryotes
Page: 82
7. The DNA in a prokaryotic cell can be found in the _______ region.

Answer: nucleoid
Page: 82
8. Some bacteria are not detected by the human immune system because they
possess an outer layer of slime known as a _______.
Answer: capsule
Page: 83
9. Membrane-bound compartments with distinctive shapes and functions are termed

_______.
Answer: organelles
Page: 84
10. RNA is able to carry information for protein synthesis from the DNA in the
nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm by passing through small perforations in
the nuclear membrane called _______.
Answer: nuclear pores
Page: 86
11. The shape of the nucleus is maintained by a protein meshwork called the
_______.
Answer: nuclear lamina
Page: 88
12. A short sequence of amino acids that determines whether a protein enters the
nucleus is called the _______.
Answer: NLS (or nuclear localization signal)
Page: 88
13. Steroids, fatty acids, and phospholipids are synthesized in the _______.
Answer: smooth ER
Page: 89
14. The _______ is an organelle that serves as a sort of “post office,” where some of
the proteins synthesized on ribosomes and the rough ER are processed and sent to
their destinations.
Answer: Golgi apparatus
Page: 90
15. The side of the Golgi facing the ER is the _______ face.
Answer: cis
Page: 90
16. The substances that enter the Golgi come from the _______.
Answer: ER (or endoplasmic reticulum)
Page: 90
17. The organelle with many folds, called cristae, is the _______.
Answer: mitochondrion
Page: 92
18. _______ is the process by which light energy is converted into chemical bonds.
Answer: Photosynthesis
Page: 93
19. Toxic peroxides that are formed unavoidably as side products of important
cellular reactions are collected and neutralized in _______.
Answer: peroxisomes
Page: 94
20. _______ are involved in cytoplasmic streaming, in the “pinching” of a cell that
ultimately divides an animal cell into two daughter cells, and in the formation of
pseudopodia.
Answer: Microfilaments
Page: 95
21. Tough ropelike filaments that stabilize cell structure and resist tension are called
_______ filaments.
Answer: intermediate
Page: 96
Diagram
1. The very large organelle shown below has genetic control of a cell’s activities.
What is the name of this structure?
a. Mitochondrion
c. Nucleus
d. Vacuole
e. Golgi apparatus
Answer: c
Page: 88
2. The organelle shown below is found in all cells but is most numerous in cells
requiring a large amount of energy (e.g., liver cells). What is the name of this
organelle?
a. Lysosome
b. Golgi apparatus
c. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
d. Mitochondrion
e. Chloroplast
Answer: d
Page: 92
STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS

(By Ed Dzialowski)
Knowledge and Synthesis
1. A mass of cells is found in the sediment surrounding a thermal vent in the ocean
floor. The salinity in the area is quite high. Microscopic examination of the cells
reveals no evidence of membrane-enclosed organelles. This cell would be classified
as a
a. eukaryotic cell.
b. prokaryotic cell.
c. member of domain Archaea or Bacteria.
d. Both a and c
e. Both b and c
Answer: e
Feedback: Several characteristics suggest that this is a prokaryote. It survives in
high salinity and high heat, although the sure indication is that it contains no
membrane-enclosed organelles. Prokaryotes are in the domain Archaea and
Bacteria.
Page: 82
2. Centrifugation of a cell results in the rupture of the cell membrane and the
compacting of the contents into a pellet in the bottom of the centrifuge tube. Bathing
this pellet with a glucose solution yields metabolic activity, including the production
of ATP. One of the contents of this pellet is most likely which of the following?
a. Cytosol
b. Mitochondria
c. Lysosomes
d. Golgi bodies
e. Thylakoids
Answer: b
Feedback: The pellet is undergoing cellular respiration, a function that occurs in the
mitochondria. You can also assume that if the single membrane of the cell itself is
ruptured, other organelles enclosed in single membranes would be ruptured as well.
Page: 92
3. Eukaryotic cells are thought to be derived from prokaryotic cells that underwent
phagocytosis without digestion of the phagocytized cell. This mutualistic
relationship is explained by the _______ theory.
a. endosymbiotic
b. cell
c. evolutionary
d. parasite
e. prokaryotic
Answer: a
Feedback: The endosymbiotic theory explains the presence of DNA in mitochondria
and chloroplasts as well as the presence of two membranes around these organelles.
Page: 101
4. Though science fiction has produced stories like “The Blob,” we do not see very
many large single-celled organisms. Which of the following tends to limit cell size?
a. The difficulty in maintaining a continuous large membrane
b. The difficulty of reproduction in a large cell
c. Surface area-to-volume ratios
d. All of the above
Answer: c
Feedback: As volume increases, the surface area available for exchange does not
increase proportionally. Eventually the surface is not large enough for maintenance
of the metabolic activity of the cell.
Page: 78–79
5. Microscopes are used to resolve images that cannot be seen with the unaided eye.
Electron microscopes use _______ to resolve images, whereas light microscopes use
_______ to resolve images.
a. light and lenses; diffraction of electron beams
b. diffraction of electron beams; light and lenses
c. lasers; light and lenses
d. light and lenses; lasers
Answer: b
Feedback: In electron microscopy, a concentrated beam of electrons is focused on
an object, allowing resolution of structures as small as 2 nm. Light microscopy,
using lights and lenses, can only resolve objects down to approximately 0.2 μm.
Page: 80–81
6. What is the correct cellular function of the RER?

a. DNA synthesis
b. Photosynthesis
c. Cellular respiration
d. Protein synthesis
e. mRNA degradation
Answer: d
Feedback: The RER is the site of protein synthesis.
Page: 89
7. Photosynthesis occurs in the

a. chloroplast.
b. mitochondria.
c. Golgi apparatus.
d. nucleus.
e. RER.
Answer: a
Feedback: The chloroplasts are the organelles involved in photosynthesis.
Page: 93
8. Lysosomes are involved in

a. DNA synthesis.
b. the breakdown of phagocytized material.
c. protein folding.
d. pigment production.
e. cell membrane production.
Answer: b
Feedback: Lysosomes are organelles that contain digestive enzymes used to break
down macromolecules taken in by phagocytosis.
Page: 91
9. The packaging of proteins to be used outside the cell occurs in the

a. nucleus.
b. SER.
c. Golgi apparatus.
d. chromoplast.
e. nuclear pore.
Answer: c
Feedback: The Golgi apparatus packages proteins for both internal and external use.
Page: 90
10. Which of the following organelles is not enclosed in a double membrane?

a. Nucleus
b. Chloroplast
c. Mitochondrion
d. RER
e. All of the above have double membranes.
Answer: d
Feedback: The nucleus, the mitochondria, and the chloroplasts are the only
organelles enclosed in double membranes.
Page: 88, 92–93
11. Movement of cells in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is accomplished by which

of the following structures?
a. Cilia
b. Pili
c. Dynein
d. Cell membranes
e. Flagella
Answer: e
Feedback: Though the flagella are of different structures, they serve the same role in
prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Page: 98
12. Which of the following statements about mitochondria and chloroplasts is true?
a. Animal cells produce chloroplasts.
b. Both mitochondria and chloroplasts may be found in the same cell.
c. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are not found in the same cell.
d. In certain conditions, chloroplasts can revert to mitochondria.
Answer: b
Feedback: Mitochondria and chloroplasts may be found in the same cell. Almost all
eukaryotic cells contain mitochondria.
Page: 92–93
13. Which of the following statements best describes ribosomes?

a. Ribosomes guide protein synthesis.
b. Ribosomes are found only in the nucleus or on the RER.
c. There are no ribosomes in the mitochondria.
d. Ribosomes are the site of photosynthesis.
e. All of the above
Answer: a
Feedback: Ribosomes, found in the nucleus, the cytosol, and in organelles such as
the mitochondria, RER, and chloroplasts, complex with RNA to guide protein
production.
Page: 90
14. Nuclear DNA exists as a complex of proteins called _______ that condenses into
_______ during cellular division.
a. chromosomes; chromatin
b. chromatids; chromosomes
c. chromophors; chromatin
d. chromatin; chromosomes
Answer: d
Feedback: The complex of proteins and DNA is called chromatin. Chromatin takes
the form of chromosomes only during cell reproduction.
Page: 89
15. Rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum differ

a. only by the presence (RER) or absence (SER) of ribosomes.
b. both in the presence (RER) or absence (SER) of ribosomes and in their function.
c. only in microscopic appearance.
d. only in their function.
Answer: b
Feedback: Both the structure and the function of RER and SER differ.
Page: 89
Application
1. Explain how microtubules and dynein function to make cilia and flagella move.
Answer: Dynein molecules bind to pairs of microtubules in the flagella or cilia. With
the addition of cellular energy, the dynein molecules undergo a conformational
change that results in microtubules sliding past one another, resulting in a whiplike
motion of the flagella.
Page: 97–98
2. Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Answer: Prokaryotic cells are small in size, have no membrane-enclosed organelles,
are found only in domains Archaea and Bacteria, and have DNA in a nucleoid;
Eukaryotic cells are 10 or more times greater in size, have membrane-enclosed
organelles, are found in all domains other than Archaea and Bacteria, and have DNA
in a nucleus.
Textbook Reference: 5.2 What Are the Characteristics of Prokaryotic Cells? 5.3
What Features Characterize Eukaryotic Cells?
Page: 82, 84
3. Explain the significance of organelles. What are the costs and benefits of having
large compartmentalized cells?
Answer: Organelles allow different metabolic environments to exist in the same cell.
This partitioning of jobs allows for greater specialization but comes at an energy
cost. Eukaryotic cells are more energy expensive.
Page: 84
4. What is the primary function of a cell membrane? What characteristics of
membranes allow them to contribute to metabolic activity?
Answer: A cell membrane exists to form an inside and an outside of a cell. The
presence of an inside and an outside allows for the establishment of different
environments. In addition, membranes hold integral proteins with a variety of
chemical properties and activities. This allows for the enzymatic activity associated
with membranes. Stacks of membranes, such as those in mitochondria and
chloroplasts, increase the amount of chemical activity in an area.
Page: 79
5. The organelles that contain their own DNA are all enclosed in double membranes.
Relate this observation to the endosymbiotic theory.
Answer: See Figure 5.26 for a description of the origin of double membranes from
endosymbiosis.
Page: 102
6. There are structural similarities between mitochondria and chloroplasts. If we can

assume that form follows function, what would be the explanation for the
similarities between these two organelles?
Answer: Both mitochondria and chloroplasts are involved in energy-transformation
activities that require many enzymes. The stacking or folding of membranes
provides enzymatic activity centers for these reactions.
Page: 92–93
TEXTBOOK SELF-QUIZ
1. Which structure is generally present in both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic plant
cells?
a. Chloroplasts
b. Cell wall
c. Nucleus
d. Mitochondria
e. Microtubules
Answer: b
2. The major factor limiting cell size is the

a. concentration of water in the cytoplasm.
b. need for energy.
c. presence of membrane-enclosed organelles.
d. ratio of surface area to volume.
e. composition of the plasma membrane.
Answer: d
3. Which statement about mitochondria is not true?

a. The inner mitochondrial membrane folds to form cristae.
b. The outer membrane is relatively permeable to macromolecules.
c. Mitochondria are green because they contain chlorophyll.
d. Fuel molecules from the cytosol are used for respiration in mitochondria.
e. ATP is synthesized in mitochondria.
Answer: c
4. Which statement about plastids is true?

a. They are found in prokaryotes.
b. They are surrounded by a single membrane.
c. They are the sites of cellular respiration.
d. They are found only in fungi.
e. They may contain several types of pigments or polysaccharides.
Answer: e
5. If all the lysosomes within a cell suddenly ruptured, what would be the most
likely result?
a. The macromolecules in the cytosol would break down.
b. More proteins would be made.
c. The DNA within mitochondria would break down.
d. The mitochondria and chloroplasts would divide.
e. There would be no change in cell function.
Answer: a
6. The Golgi apparatus

a. is found only in animals.
b. is found in prokaryotes.
c. is the appendage that moves a cell around in its environment.
d. is a site of rapid ATP production.
e. modifies and packages proteins.
Answer: e
7. Which structure is not surrounded by one or more membranes?

a. Ribosome
b. Chloroplast
c. Mitochondrion
d. Peroxisome
e. Vacuole
Answer: a
8. The cytoskeleton consists of

a. cilia, flagella, and microfilaments.
b. cilia, microtubules, and microfilaments.
c. internal cell walls.
d. microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments.
e. calcified microtubules.
Answer: d
9. Microfilaments
a. are composed of polysaccharides.
b. are composed of actin.
c. allow cilia and flagella to move.
d. make up the spindle that aids the movement of chromosomes.
e. maintain the position of the chloroplast in the cell.
Answer: b
10. Which statement about the plant cell wall is not true?
a. Its principal chemical components are polysaccharides.
b. It lies outside the plasma membrane.
c. It provides support for the cell.
d. It completely isolates adjacent cells from one another.
e. It is semirigid.
Answer: d
BIOPORTAL DIAGNOSTIC QUIZ (Personalized Study Plan Quiz)

(By Richard McCarty)
1. Which of the following is not a function of the plasma membrane of eukaryotes?

a. Perceiving chemical signals
b. Making ATP
c. Adhering to other cells
d. Ion homeostasis
e. Selective uptake
Answer: b
Page: 79
2. Prokaryotes
a. have a cell wall similar in composition to that of plant cells.
b. have a nucleus.
c. do not have ribosomes.
d. are surrounded by a plasma membrane.
e. are larger than eukaryotic cells.
Answer: d
Page: 82–83
3. Plant cells do not have lysosomes. Which of the following structures likely fulfills
the function of lysosomes in plant cell?
a. Vacuole
b. Peroxisome
c. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
d. Golgi apparatus
e. Chloroplast
Answer: a
Page: 84
4. Which of the following statements about the nucleus in animal cells is false?
a. The nucleus occupies the largest volume of the cell.
b. DNA replication takes place in the nucleus.
c. The nucleus is the site of protein synthesis.
d. DNA in the nucleus combines with proteins.
e. The nucleolus is located in the nucleus.
Answer: c
Page: 85, 88
5. Which of the following organelles is involved in energy conversions?

a. Lysosomes
b. Vacuoles
c. Chloroplasts
d. Peroxisomes
e. Nuclei
Answer: c
Page: 85, 91–94
6. Nucleic acids are not found in which of the following structures?

a. The nucleus
b. Mitochondria
c. Plant vacuoles
d. Ribosomes
e. Prokaryotic cells
Answer: c
Page: 85, 92–93, 95
7. The endomembrane system
a. is present in prokaryotes.
b. includes the endoplasmic reticulum and the nucleus.
c. includes the Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum.
d. functions to make ATP.
e. does not exist in plant cells.
Answer: c
Page: 89
8. Which one of the processes listed below is not carried out by the smooth
endoplasmic reticulum?
a. protein synthesis.
b. modification of proteins.
c. chemical modification of foreign molecules, including drugs.
d. lipid biosynthesis.
e. steroid biosynthesis
Answer: a
Page: 89–90
9. Some proteins that are on the surface of mammalian cells contain carbohydrates.
These proteins are synthesized by _______ and the sugars added in the _______.
a. mitochondrial ribosomes; smooth endoplasmic reticulum
b. the rough endoplasmic reticulum; Golgi apparatus
c. cytoplasmic ribosomes; smooth endoplasmic reticulum
d. Golgi apparatus; rough endoplasmic reticulum
e. cytoplasmic ribosomes; plasma membrane
Answer: b
Page: 89–91
10. Lysosomes
a. are derived from the endoplasmic reticulum.
b. are derived from the Golgi apparatus.
c. contain enzymes that synthesize proteins.
d. have a higher internal pH than the cytoplasm.
e. are derived from the plasma membrane.
Answer: b
Page: 91–92
11. Plastids are
a. present in all eukaryotes.
b. always green.
c. present in photosynthetic prokaryotes.
d. present in nearly all plant cells.
e. very similar to mitochondria.
Answer: d
Page: 93–94
12. The cytoskeleton

a. includes flagella.
b. is fully present in prokaryotes.
c. moves organelles within cells.
d. is composed of polymers of nucleotides.
e. surrounds cells like cell walls.
Answer: c
Page: 95
13. Which of the following structures occupies the largest volume in a mature plant
cell?
a. Peroxisome
b. Ribosome
c. Chloroplast
d. Vacuole
e. Mitochondrion
Answer: d
Page: 95
14. Which of the following statements best describes what happens to the organelles
of the pepper fruit cells as the fruit turns from green to red?
a. Leucoplasts become chloroplasts
b. Chloroplasts become leucoplasts
c. Chromoplasts become chloroplasts
d. Leucoplasts become chromoplasts
e. Chloroplasts become chromoplasts
Answer: e
Page: 95
15. Which of the following structures is involved with the movement of organelles
within a cell?
a. Golgi apparatus
c. Mitochondrion
d. Microtubules
e. Intermediate filaments
Answer: d
Page: 97
16. Cilia and eukaryotic flagella

a. propel cells by rotation of the structures.
b. contain microfilaments.
c. contain microtubules that are sufficient to drive movement.
d. must have a motor protein that uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to power
movement.
e. contain centrioles.
Answer: d
Page: 97–98
17. Which of the following proteins powers both the movement of cilia and vesicles
within a cell?
a. Myosin
b. Actin
c. Keratin
d. Dynein
e. Kinesin
Answer: d
Page: 98
18. The extracellular matrix of animal cells

a. holds cells together.
b. contains collagen.
c. contains proteoglycans.
d. is involved in chemical signaling between cells.
e. All of the above
Answer: e
Page: 100
19. Which of the following organelles were probably once independent prokaryote
organisms?
a. Mitochondria and lysosomes
b. Mitochondria and chloroplasts
c. Chloroplasts and Golgi apparatus
d. Golgi apparatus and ribosomes
e. Ribosomes and lysosomes
Answer: b
Page: 101
20. Which one of the following organelles is thought to have arisen from an
endosymbiotic relationship with a prokaryote?
a. Mitochondria
b. Nuclei
c. Golgi apparatus
d. Lysosomes
e. Peroxisomes
Answer: a
Page: 101–102

Cells: The Working Units of Life

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Chapter 5: Cells: The Working Units of Life

TEST FILE QUESTIONS

1. Most plant and animal cells are

2. The surface area-to-volume ratio of an object can be decreased by

3. What must cells do in order to survive?

5. The surface area-to-volume ratio of a cell

6. A general function of all cellular membranes is to

7. What is the major distinction between a prokaryotic and a eukaryotic cell?

9. A prokaryotic cell does not have a _______ or _______.

11. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a prokaryotic cell?

13. The DNA of prokaryotic cells is found in the

14. Ribosomes are made up of

15. The cytosol

16. A specialized structure found in some prokaryotes is the

22. Biological membranes in a eukaryotic cell

23. The membrane surrounding each organelle

24. The role of organelles is to

29. Ribosomes are the structures in which

30. Ribosomes are not found in

31. What is the difference between “free” and “attached” ribosomes?

32. One difference between plant and animal cells is that

33. Chromatin is a series of entangled threads composed of

34. The function of the nuclear pores is to

37. Which of the following is not a component of the endomembrane system?

38. The rough ER is the portion of the ER that

39. Cholesterol is synthesized by

40. Proteins that are transported in vesicles are made by

42. An organelle consisting of a series of flattened sacks stacked somewhat like

45. A secondary lysosome is a lysosome that

46. Lysosomes are important to eukaryotic cells because they contain

47. Which of the following statements about lysosomes is true?

48. The folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane

50. The DNA of mitochondria

51. The DNA of a chloroplast is located in the

52. Components of chloroplasts include

53. Which type of organelle is found in plants but not in animals?

54. Chloroplasts are the structures in which

55. Chloroplasts are a kind of

57. Starch molecules are stored inside

58. Which of the following is a function of a plant cell vacuole?

59. Which of the following organelles is found only in plant cells?

61. The overall shape of a cell is determined by its

62. Which of the following is not a function of vacuoles?

63. Microvilli are created by projections of

64. Microtubules are composed of monomers of

66. Hair and intermediate filaments are composed of

67. Microtubules are made of

68. An organelle with an internal cross-section showing a characteristic “9 + 2”

70. The surface area of the small intestine is greatly increased by

74. Uniform concentrations of cytoplasmic materials in plants are maintained by

76. The extracellular matrix of animal cells

77. Some organelles in eukaryotic cells are thought to have

78. Which of the following organelles were once independent prokaryote

Fill in the Blank

1. The fundamental unit of life is the _______.

4. The ability of living organisms to maintain a constant internal environment is

6. Archaea and Bacteria do not typically have membrane-enclosed internal

7. The DNA in a prokaryotic cell can be found in the _______ region.

9. Membrane-bound compartments with distinctive shapes and functions are termed

STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS

Knowledge and Synthesis

6. What is the correct cellular function of the RER?

9. A prokaryotic cell does not have a _ or _.