UNIT 1

TOPICS: 1. From childhood to adulthood.

2. Modern values.
3. Class division.
GRAMMAR: Verbals: The Infinitive. Infinitive constructions.

Step I

CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (1)

Lead in

1. a) Answer the questions:

 What can people be proud of?
 What do you take pride in?
 What things do you value most in life?
 What things could be called status symbols?
b) Look at the list of status symbols below and say which of them
are more important to you. Explain what makes you think so.
fashionable clothes a country house a good education
a fast and expensive car a yacht high-profile work

2. a) Skim through the text and say what the message of the text is.
 (1.5 min.)
People nowadays have more money, comfort and luxury goods. People
and some say this has made people have also become more acquisitive,
more materialistic. It means they which means they want to buy, own,
place too much importance on money, possess more and more. We are not

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only money-oriented but also over-
concerned with social and
professional status. We care too much
about our image, how other people
see us. We like to own status-symbols
like unnecessarily fast cars, the latest
hi-fi equipment, fashionable clothes.
But is the picture so black? Are we
really reduced to being mercenary
creatures, motivated only by money?
What can a mere individual do to
b) Sum up the text in three sentences.
c) Scan the text for details.
d) Answer the teacher’s questions.
improve the world? Perhaps it is time
for us to examine our priorities and
decide what is really important in life.
Perhaps we should try to find self-
fulfillment by exploring our
capabilities and finding satisfaction in
the spiritual aspects of life: an
appreciation of art and nature, service
to others, the improvement of our
minds.
(The New York Times, 2005.)

3. a) Open the brackets using the correct forms of the verbs.

blustery – windy, stormy
Anna, Marleen and Sarah __________ (1 – to come) from a small
town in the east of Germany. In many ways, their lives are quite similar
to those of middle-class young people from the United States. They
____________ (2 – to watch) American television shows like “Friends”,
“Sex in the City” and “The Simpsons,” dubbed in German. They have
cellphones, they Google, they _____________ (3 – to travel) – Anna as
far as China, and Sarah several times to America.
They talk of their ambitions and expectations. For them coming of
age means, above all, ___________ ( 4 – to come) to terms with
economic reality.
Asked about the things most important to her once she _________
(5 – to finish) school, Anna had a ready reply: “A job which seems
complicated ___________ (6 – to get).” She said she ____________ (7
– to want) ____________ (8 – to be) a journalist; her father ________ (9
– to be) a regional editor for the local daily newspaper, Volksstimme.
“__________ (10 – not/to be) alone,” Anna continued her list. “To have
friends.”
What would she like her life __________ (11 – to look) like when
she ________ (12 – to be) 25? “I hope I _____________________ (13 –
to graduate) from university,” Anna said. “I don’t want to be a lazy
student,” one who spends years, as some German students do, hanging
around the university, where tuition _______________ (14 – to cover)
by the state.
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 That _________ (15 – to be) nearly a year ago, when Anna,
Marleen and Sarah ______________________ (16 – first/to interview).
They ________________ (17 – just/to have) a ceremony marking
transition to adulthood. The ceremony came on a blustery Saturday in
the auditorium of the Town Hall. While their parents and grandparents
_______________ (18 – to watch), the girls _____________ (19 – to
call) to the stage, __________ (20 – to give) a yellow rose and a
handshake, and a book. “I _________ ________ (21 – to move),” Anna
said, “when they said that childhood ____________ (22 – to be over),
and I ____________________ (23 – modal/to take) more responsibility
for my life.”
A year later, Anna said she _____________ (24 – to give) more
shape to her interest in becoming a journalist, writing for the youth
supplement of Volksstimme. Marleen, asked a year ago what _______
(25 – to be) important to her, said she really ____________ (26 – not/ to
know) . Now she ______________ (27 – to decide) to look for a job as a
clerk or secretary. Why _________ (28 – not/to go) to college and get a
better job? “You go to university and you still __________________ (29
– modal/to find) a job,” she replied. “I know people who just _________
(30 – to finish) school and __________ (31 – to get) jobs, and others
who got university diplomas and didn’t. There’s still a lot to learn,”
Marleen said. “It’s quite exhausting.”
b) Answer the teacher’s questions.

VOCABULARY EXTENSION

4. a) Read the text filling in the gaps with the proper words.
a peer [pIR] – someone who is of the same age as another person or belongs to the
same social or professional group as another person
an adolescent [LWdR'lesnt] – young teenager of about 13-16

One of the ______________ (1 – strongest/hardest) influences on

teenagers today is that of their peers. What their friends think, how they
dress and how they act in class and out of it ____________ (2 – affect/
effect) the behaviour of nearly every teenager. In their _____________
(3 – actions/efforts) not to be different, some children go so _________
(4 – far/farther) as to hide their intelligence and ability in case they are
made ___________ of (5 – laugh/fun). Generally, teenagers do not want
to stand out from the ___________ (6 – group/crowd). They want to
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____________ in (7 – fit/fall), to be accepted. In psychological
_____________ (8 – terms/expressions) the importance of peer pressure
can not be overemphasized. There is a lot of evidence that it has great
______________ (9 – meaning/bearing) on all aspects of their lives,
from the clothes they wear, the music they listen to and their (10 –
attitude/relation) to studies, to their ambitions in life, their relationships
and their (11 – sense/impression) of self-worth. However, as adolescents
grow up into young adults, individuality becomes more acceptable and
in their _____________ (12 – look/search) for their personal style, the
teenager and young adult will begin to experiment and be more willing
to _____________ (13 – face/carry) the risk of rejection by the group.
Concern about intellectual ability and _______________ (14 –
reaching/achieving) good exam results can dominate as the atmosphere
of competition develops and worries about the future _____________
(15 – override/overthrow) any fears of appearing too brainy.
b) Answer the teacher’s questions.

HOME ACTIVITIES (1)

5. a) Go through the texts in exercises 2– 4 and find the English for

придавать слишком большое значение чему-либо; предметы
роскоши; жадный, склонный к стяжательству; все больше и
больше; чересчур озабоченный чем-то; корыстный; приоритет;
самовыражение; духовная сторона жизни; служение людям; во
многом; быть похожим на...; дублировать; совершеннолетие; более
всего; примириться с чем-либо; “болтаться” по университету;
ратуша; молодежное приложение к журналу “Фольксштимме”;
почему бы не сделать что-то?; это очень изматывает; сверстники; в
попытке не выделяться (не отличаться); выделяться из толпы; с
точки зрения (психологии); вписываться (в какую-либо среду,
круг); иметь сильное влияние на / иметь отношение к; чувство
собственной значимости (достоинства); подростки; неприятие
группы; беспокойство об интеллектуальных способностях;
перевешивать страх чего-либо.
b) Illustrate the word combinations with sentences from the texts.

6. Retell any of the three texts (see exercises 2-4).

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 CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (2)

7. Paraphrase and add a sentence logically connected.

1. Some teenagers give too much attention to clothes. 2. Today people
are becoming more and more money-oriented. 3. As a rule, young adults
are much preoccupied with their social status. 4. All over the world
school leavers and university graduates have to learn to accept the
economic realities. 5. Becoming legally an adult implies more
responsibility. 6. University graduates in Russia have the same problems
as young people of the same age in other countries. 7. It’s quite tiring to
search for a job. 8. For younger teenagers it is very important to look
and act the same way as their peers. 9. Most young adults prefer to be
different from others. 10. Isn’t it better to find satisfaction in the spiritual
aspect of life? 11. More than anything some people like to own status-
symbols like fast cars and fashionable clothes. 12. Being fashionable
was low on her list of important things. 13. The girl is said to have
married the old man’s money. No doubt it was a marriage of
convenience.

8. a) Read the article and say in one sentence what it deals with.
Новое поколение выбирает прагматизм
(1) Сейчас на нашей планете живет значительно большей степени, чем
миллиард юношей и девушек. Нью- прежде.
йоркским агентством “Ди-Эм-Би- (3) Исследование показало, что
Би” в 26 странах мира были молодежь надеется на успешную
опрошены более 6,5 тысяч молодых карьеру (81%), вступление в брак
людей в возрасте от 15 до 18 лет – (69%), жизнь в условиях мира
тинейджеров. (66%).
(2) Одно из открытий этого (4) Большим сюрпризом стало то,
исследования: для тинейджеров что лишь 38% юношей и девушек
всего мира характерна зрелость намереваются жить в той стране,
нового типа. Они во многом более где они родились. Сегодняшние
умны и осведомлены, чем их заботы зачастую сильно
сверстники 20 лет назад. отличаются от проблем вчерашних
Сегодняшние юноши и девушки тинейджеров, когда молодых
озабочены суровой реальностью и людей волновали юношеские
невзгодами человеческой жизни в прыщи и нежелательная беремен-
ность. 55 % молодых людей боятся,

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что у них будет недостаточно
денег. 73% современных юношей и
девушек озабочены тем, как бы
устроиться на хорошую работу,
64% – опасностью потерять то, что
они любят, и – несмотря на вечную
проблему “отцов и детей”, – 63%
подростков беспокоятся о здоровье
своих родителей.
(5) Несмотря на подобные
проблемы, нынешние тинейджеры
во всем мире являются массовыми
потребителями, которым широко
доступны Интернет, телевидение,
кинематограф, журналы и музыка.
(6) Именно из-за любви молодежи
к средствам массовой информации
и развлечениям последние служат
источником приобретения тин-
ейджерами повседневного опыта.
Четыре наиболее увлекательных
вида деятельности, упомянутых
тинейджерами, связаны с
индустрией развлечений. Среди
любимых занятий вместо
ожидавшегося ответа “время-
препровождение с друзьями”
верхнюю строчку занимает
просмотр телепередач (93%).
(7) Естественно, многие при-
страстия меняются, а многие
остаются прежними. В ходе
исследования было установлено,
что любимыми занятиями являются
также участие в вечеринках,
проведение времени в семье,
занятия спортом, разговоры по
телефону и походы в магазин.
(8) Новое поколение молодежи –
это потребители не только сегод-
няшнего дня, но и будущего.
Обладая зрелостью 35-летних
людей и чувствами подростков,
сегодняшние тинейджеры хотят
всего и сразу.

(По материалам журнала Итоги, 2002 г.)

b) Choose the most appropriate English words/phrases

corresponding to the highlighted Russian ones. (More than one
word/phrase may be right.)
(1) миллиард (billion / milliard); опрашивать (to ask / to interview / to
poll);
(2) открытие (opening / discovery / revelation); зрелость (maturity /
ripeness);
(4) проблема отцов и детей (the problem of fathers and children /
generation gap problem / generation problem); беспокоиться (to
worry / to trouble / to be concerned about);
(5) потребители (consumers / users / buyers);
(6) опыт (experiment / test / experience); времяпрепровождение
(pastime / spending time);
(8) чувства (feelings / senses)

Key – 8:
b) (1) – billion; to interview / to poll; (2) – discovery / revelation;
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maturity; (4) – generation gap problem; to be concerned about; (5) –
consumers; (6) – experience; pastime; (8) – feelings.
c) Paraphrase using a large / small / significant number (of); a large
proportion; the majority of; a (slim) minority; a substantial number /
proportion / majority / minority.
1. Today, most teenagers are more intelligent and well-informed than
young adults were twenty years ago. 2. Research shows that 81% of
young people hope for a successful career. 3. According to the poll, 69
% of teenagers value a happy marriage. 4. The article points out that
66% of adolescents stress the importance of peace for a happy future. 5.
Strange as it may seem, only 38% of young adults intend to live in their
mother country. 6. On average 19% of teenagers leave school at 16 to
get a job. 7. No wonder that 73% of young men and women are greatly
concerned about their career prospects. 8. Figures suggest that 3 out of 4
people interviewed don’t enjoy their job. 9. Psychologists claim that
64% of teenagers are afraid of losing what is dear to them. 10. The
recent survey proves that despite the eternal generation gap problem
63% of adolescents worry about their parents’ health. 11. Despite their
young age, 55% of teenagers are afraid that they will not be able to earn
enough money. 12. Watching television rates as the most popular form
of entertainment with 93% of adolescents.
d) Answer the teacher’s questions.

HOME ACTIVITIES (2)

9. Render the article (see exercise 8) in English using the suggested

key words and phrases:
1. Introduction:
 The article deals with... / the article covers the subject (the problems) of...
to carry out research; to poll / to interview
2. Main body of the report:
The research suggests / indicates / implies that...
unexpected results, mature; intelligent and well-informed; to be over-
concerned about; to come to terms with economic reality;
The article goes on to say that...
to hope for sth; mother country; acne ['WknI]; unwanted pregnancy;
generation gap problem;

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 The writer points out that... / stresses (sth)
consumers; to have access to sth; mass media; source of experience;
exciting activities; entertainment industry; priorities;
3. Conclusion:
In conclusion / Finally, the writer says that...
maturity; feelings.

10. Write a paragraph (200-220 words) discussing Transition to

Adulthood: Problems and Values. Use the material of exercises 2-7 and
the following words and phrases: 
although; first of all; as far as I am concerned / as far as sth is concerned;
this is particularly important for/to...; for this reason; nevertheless;
moreover; in my opinion; I believe; finally; I absolutely agree (I totally
disagree) with the viewpoint that; in other words...; summing it up, I ...

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 Step II
CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (3)

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

The Infinitive

Время Non-Perfect Perfect

Залог Indefinite Continuous Perfect Perfect
Continuous
Active to build to be building to have to have been
built building
Passive to be built to have
– been built –
11. a) Read and find the Infinitives and Infinitive constructions. 
shortfall – дефицит, нехватка, недостача
As medical science progresses, we are becoming an increasingly
elderly society and, although living to a ripe old age can only be a good
thing, it brings with it a large number of problems that we have yet to
deal with properly. One such problem is that the burden of financing
care for the elderly seems to be falling on a reduced percentage of the
working population. The gradual but steady trend towards smaller
families is likely to result in a smaller number of people to pay for the
requirements of an increasingly elderly population. The services needed
by the elderly appear to have stretched to breaking point. Nursing
homes, homecare, meals on wheels and so on all need more investment
if we wish our elderly to live as fulfilled and independent a life as
possible.
Young people today are encouraged to start saving with personal
pension schemes as early as possible to ensure an adequately financed
retirement, since it is predicted that state pension levels in the future will
not be enough to guarantee a continuation of the lifestyle they have
become accustomed to. But we still have to cope with an expanding
older population who are discovering too late that the steps they had
taken to guarantee an income for their later years were not sufficient.
9
Obviously, the pressure on public funds to subsidize this shortfall is
enormous.
(After Virginia Evans, Linda Edwards, Upstream Advanced)
b) Answer the teacher’s questions.

12. Read the following sentences and translate them into Russian.
Comment on the forms of the Infinitive.
Compare

now now now then

Jim is happy to be in Paris. Meg is happy to have gone to Paris.

одновременность предшествование

then then now then

I was glad to be riding a bike. I am upset to have been waiting so long.

одновременность предшествование

then [Future] then [Future] then before then

I’ll be happy to be invited. I was happy to have been invited.

одновременность предшествование

1. The police broke into the house to find the burglars gone. 2. He was
sure that Rachel was about to make him very miserable indeed. 3. I find
it difficult to go away for the night without a rather heavy suitcase. 4.
Taking into consideration the English climate I like to have some
woolens just in case. 5. Mr. Markby was pleased to have been asked for
advice. 6. He was probably angry to have been scolded in my presence.
7. The rescue team were astonished to find the boy in the deserted
village. 8. Eliza was delighted to have been dancing all night. 9. She
pretended to be listening to music while her thoughts wandered
elsewhere. 10. You must attend the press conference. You will be sorry
to have missed the opportunity. 11. On the other hand, if we are unlucky
enough to have inherited a weak gene (ген), then there is little to be
done. 12. The postcard was written in French, in a tiny economic script
to take full advantage of the small space. 13. The young princess didn’t
want to be seen in public with her new boyfriend.

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 Complex Subject
with verbs in the Active Voice

noun/pronoun + active verb + to-infinitive

Complex Subject 

seems / seemed to do sth кажется, казалось,
appears / appeared to be done по-видимому
sb happens / happened to be doing sth случилось так, что
proved to have done sth оказалось
turned out to have been doing sth
to have been done
e.g. Her eyes were red. She seemed to have been crying.
sure to do sth несомненно,
is certain to be done весьма вероятно
sb was bound to be doing sth обязательно
will be likely to have done sth вероятно
unlikely to have been doing sth вряд ли
to have been done
e.g. He is likely to arrive a bit late.

13. Translate into Russian.

1. The discussion appears to have been friendly and fruitful. 2. He seems
to be sincere but I don’t completely trust him. 3. To our surprise the
stranger turned out to be an old friend of my mother’s. 4. If you happen
to find it, please let me know. 5. He seems to be satisfied to be doing
nothing. 6. His private life is unlikely to have any bearing on his
competence as a manager. 7. His decision proved to be a good one. 8.
Knowing Jim, he is bound to be late.

14. Paraphrase using the Complex Subject.

Model: T – It seems that money doesn’t make us happy.
St – Money doesn’t seem to make us happy.

15. Answer the questions using the Complex Subject + to seem, to appear,
to turn out, to prove, to happen.

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Model: T – Why did Steve give up his job? (dull and uninteresting)
St – It turned out to be dull and uninteresting.
1. cruel and narrow-minded; 2. to have a frightful temper; 3. to be out; to
call; 4. to come across; on the way to...; 5. to be well-qualified and
experienced; 6. to change one’s mind; 7. to work at one’s report; 8. to
mention it again

16. Answer the teacher’s questions and add sentences logically

connected.
Model: T – Does my departure upset your plans.
 It seems to. I expected you to drive me to town.
St –
 It doesn’t seem to. You can do as you like.

17. Paraphrase using the Complex Subject + to be (un)likely / certain / sure /

bound.
Model: T – I will probably be late home tonight.
St – I am likely to be late home tonight.

18. Answer the teacher’s questions and explain why you think so.

HOME ACTIVITIES (3)

19. Complete the sentences with the proper forms of the Infinitive.


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1. There appears _____________ (to be) a mistake over the numbers in
your yesterday’s report. 2. The building appears ________________ (to
use) as a hospital during the war. 3. There appears ______________ (to
be) very little we can do about it. 4. She seems ___________________
(to change) her mind. 5. The storm turned out ___________________
(to miss) Florida. 6. His statement turned out _____________ (to be)
false. 7. William’s words seemed ___________________ (to calm) her
down a little. 8. She is bound ________________ (to find out) the truth
sooner or later. 9. George’s overseas voyage seems ________________
(to help) him come to terms with some dark facts about his roots. 10. In
the past two years Debbie seems ________________________ (to do
one’s utmost) to realize her full potential as a scholar.

20. Translate into English. 

1. Похоже, что он весь семестр болтался по университету и ничего
не делал. 2. Эдна, кажется, чересчур озабочена приобретением
предметов роскоши, правда? – Да, похоже, что она становится все
более и более склонной к стяжательству. 3. Почему бы тебе опять
не поехать на Ближний Восток? – Моя недавняя поездка оказалась
очень изматывающей. 4. С точки зрения психологии его поведение
кажется естественным для подростка. 5. В отличии от своих
сверстников, Фред очень трудолюбив и предприимчив
(enterprising). Он обязательно сделает карьеру в бизнесе. 6. Если вы
будете придавать слишком большое значение карьерному росту
(career making), вы, скорее всего, лишите себя многих радостей
жизни. 7. Вряд ли Юлия упустила возможность опубликовать
аналитическую статью о проблеме отцов и детей в журнале Итоги.

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 CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (4)

PHRASAL VERBS and SET EXPRESSIONS

21. a) Match the following phrasal verbs with their definitions.

Translate them into Russian.
1. to fall for sb a. to feel a liking for someone, especially at once
2. to go out with sb b. to form or have a friendly relationship
3. to take to sb c. to have a romantic relationship with someone
and spend a lot of time together
4. to stand by sb d. to fall in love with someone
5. to let sb down e. to be loyal to someone who is in a difficult
situation
6. to get on with sb f. to make someone disappointed by not doing
something they are expecting you to do

b) Read the text filling in the gaps with phrasal verbs given above.
How did I meet my husband? Well, it was on a blind date. A friend
invited me to meet someone she knew. She said he was very nice and as
soon as I met him, I _____________________. (1) We started ________
____________ (2) with one another, and then I invited him home to
meet my parents, and they _____________ (3) him immediately – they
thought he was a lovely person.
Meeting him was a turning-point in my life. Whereas I’d always
had my head in the clouds, he was very practical and realistic – he had
his feet firmly on the ground. We managed _____________ (4) very
well.
He proposed to me while we were walking in the park. It was
completely out of the blue. I really wasn’t expecting it. I was over the
moon. I thought it was the most wonderful thing that could ever have
happened to me.
We still feel that way today. We don’t always see eye to eye on
some things but we have always supported and helped each other. I have
always _______________ (5) him, and he has never ____ me ________
(6) once. We are a partnership.
Well, we have our ups and downs now and then – everybody does
– but I know that we were made for each other.

14
c) Explain the meaning of the set expressions given in italics.
Translate them into Russian.
d) Paraphrase using the phrasal verbs and set expressions from the
text.
1. When Andrew was in trouble his wife gave him help and support. 2.
Despite Vanessa’s rise to stardom she has remained sensible and
realistic. 3. They have been dating each other since March and are
thinking of getting married. 4. For some time there was nobody in the
garden and then George appeared quite unexpectedly. 5. The singer we
had engaged failed us at the last moment, so we had to find a quick
replacement. 6. The company has had its dark and happy days, but it
seems to be doing well now. 7. Julia is always daydreaming and can
never concentrate on what she is doing! Will she ever act her age? 8.
Sheila fell in love with Brian when she turned to him for legal advice. 9.
My parents and I don’t agree on some things, like boyfriends, but on
the whole they are very understanding. 10. Both the children and the
parents liked the new governess the moment she appeared in the house.
11. Keith was beside himself with happiness about becoming a father.
12. Laura and her mother-in-law have never really been on good terms
with each other.
e) Answer the teacher’s questions.

22. Translate into English.

Говорят, что Уолтер и Ирэн – отличная пара. Уолтер –
известный психолог. Он предан науке, обожает свою жену и детей,
но совершенно не приспособлен к повседневной жизни: он даже не
пользуется мобильным телефоном, так как он их постоянно теряет,
а однажды его чуть не сбила машина, когда он переходил дорогу,
говоря по телефону. Он не придает большого значения таким
статусным вещам как дорогие машины, модная одежда и предметы
роскоши. Ирэн говорит, что ее муж витает в облаках. Сама же она
очень практична. Ей приходится вести дом, заниматься детьми и
работать педиатром в местной больнице. Хотя на многие вещи они
смотрят по-разному, они хорошо ладят. Как во всякой семье, у них
бывали черные и белые полосы. Но они всегда поддерживали друг
друга и уверены в том, что дети тоже никогда их не подведут.

15
23. Read the following paragraph and speak about the changing
family pattern in the UK and the US using the suggested key
phrases:
In the UK and the US, there is a traditional idea of a typical family,
called a nuclear family, consisting of a father who goes out to work, a
mother who takes care of the home and two or three children. Although
this type of family is often praised by politicians and often shown in
advertisements, fewer and fewer real families are actually like this. Most
married women now have jobs, and there are more single-parent
families.
Divorce also leads to more complicated families. If the parents
remarry the children may have to fit into a step family. They often have
to come to terms with having half brothers or half sisters from their
parent’s new marriage.

16
 An extended family, a large family group all living together,
including grandparents, cousins etc. used to be common in former times
but is now very unusual in the US and the UK.
(Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture)
* * *
The family pattern in the UK and the US seems ... The nuclear family
appears ... Most married women tend ... There appear ... Divorce is
likely ... If the parents remarry the children are likely ... An extended
family doesn’t seem ...

24. a) Speak about the present-day family pattern in your country.

Base your answer on the key phrases suggested in exercise 22.
b) Discuss how you see the family pattern in different cultures in the
mid-21st century. Use the phrases suggested below.
 in my opinion/view; to my mind; personally I (don’t) believe that...; it
strikes me that...; I feel very strongly that...; I’m convinced that...
 moreover; besides; what is more
 because of; for this reason; due to
 clearly; obviously; needless to say; in particular
 in fact; actually; apparently; at first sight

HOME ACTIVITIES (4)

25. Render the following article in English. Use the suggested key
words and word combinations. 

17
in recent decades extended family for personal use
single-parent families family ties unwilling to be married
to call sb by one’s name common interests research
a decline in the birthrate common activities to compromise
to improve the an automobile drive praise
economic well-being at the turn of the claim to be happy
nuclear family century a poll
weaker family ties

Изменения в традиционной британской семье

В последние десятилетия
структура традиционной
английской семьи претерпела
значительные изменения.
Во-первых, резко возросло число
неполных семей. В неполных
семьях считается нормой для
родителя иметь партнера (boyfriend
или girlfriend). Дети обращаются к
ним по имени, и их присутствие в
жизни семьи считается
естественным. Во-вторых, в привели к ослаблению внутри-
последние годы увеличилось число
семей с одним ребенком, причем не
только в неполных семьях.
Спад рождаемости в Великобри-
тании начался в конце 1960-х го-
дов. В 1970-е годы вместе c ростом
благосостояния произошло разде-
ление на нуклеарную семью и
cемью-клан. По мере того, как
родители и дети становились ближе
друг другу, связь с остальными
родственниками становилась все
слабее. Переезды, поиски работы в
других городах привели к тому, что
многие люди годами не видятся со
своими родственниками, а левстве число одиночек или людей,
некоторые дети просто не знакомы
со своими тетями, дядями,
двоюродными сестрами и живущих в семьях с традиционным
братьями. Близость и общность
интересов членов нуклеарной
семьи объяснялась наличием дома,
сада и машины, т.е. тех
материальных ценностей, которые
позволяли членам семьи принимать
участие в какой-то совместной
деятельности: обустройство жили-
ща, уход за садом, совместные
поездки на автомобиле.
На рубеже веков увеличение
количества работающих женщин и
внедрение в быт новых технологий
семейных связей. Новые матери-
альные ценности, такие как мо-
бильные телефоны, DVD плейеры,
цифровые камеры, компьютер
предназначены для индивидуаль-
ного пользователя.
В то же время появилось большое
количество людей, сознательно не
желающих вступать в брак. Их те-
перь не называют холостяками и
старыми девами: вместо слов
bachelor и spinster появились слова
single, singleton, solo living. Соглас-
но исследованию, проведенному в
2002 году, в Соединенном Коро-
живущих в неполных семьях,
превышает число британцев,
укладом. Для многих британцев
привычные формы
18
взаимоотношений утратили
определенную долю привлекатель-
ности. В одних случаях это объяс-
няется желанием сделать карьеру, в
других – нежеланием идти на ком-
промиссы, которых требует семей-
ная жизнь. Но хотя одиночки доро-
жат своей независимостью и заяв-
ляют, что совершенно счастливы,
опрос, проведенный в 2001 году
показал, что по крайней мере
половина из них в открытую или
тайно ищут партнера для
совместного проживания.

19
26. Translate into English. 
1. Похоже, что Магда все еще не смирилась со своим провалом в
качестве ведущей телевизионного ток-шоу (talk show hostess). 2.
Маркус, казалось, отлично вписался в новую компанию (gang). 3.
Кажется, ты не понимаешь, что служение людям является
неотъемлемой составляющей деятельности члена парламента. 4. В
попытках не выделяться из толпы Рич, казалось, копировал
худшие черты своих сверстников. 5. То, что вы только что сказали,
кажется, не имеет никакого отношения к предмету дискуссии. 6.
Мистер Дженнингс случайно получил доступ к секретным
сведениям (classified information) и незамедлительно
воспользовался этим для своей собственной выгоды. 7. Если ты
случайно встретишь Уолтера, скажи ему, чтобы он прочитал
последний номер молодежного приложения к местной газете: там
есть интересная статья о проблеме отцов и детей. 8. Навряд ли
Уильям смирился с потерей своего положения в компании. Он
всегда был очень честолюбив (ambitious). 10. Линда наверняка
ухватится за возможность принять участие в телешоу. Она придает
большое значение тому, чтобы постоянно быть на виду.

27. a) Listen to the text Class in America. Read it after the speaker.
b) Get ready to discuss the text in class.
c) Give the English for the following words and word combinations.
Write out the sentences illustrating them. 
по этой причине; политические взгляды; маркетолог; занятие, род
деятельности; политические пристрастия, лояльность; в то время
как; быть тесно связанным с классовой принадлежностью;
классовые различия; продолжительность жизни; судья Верховного
суда; подавляющее большинство; главный исполнительный
директор; отпрыски; иерархия; равные возможности.
 Step III
CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (5)

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

Complex Subject
with verbs in the Passive Voice

noun/pronoun + passive verb + to-infinitive

Complex Subject 

told кому-то сказали

is ordered to do sth кому-то приказали
sb was allowed to be done кому-то разрешили
will be asked to be doing sth кого-то попросили
(etc.) required
made кого-то заставили
e.g. He was allowed to stay out late.
said говорят, что
to do sth
known известно, что
to be done
is supposed предполагается, что
to be doing sth
sb was believed
to have done sth
will be reported сообщается, что
to have been doing
(etc.) considered считается, что
sth
thought
to have been done
expected ожидается, что
e.g. The iceberg is reported to be floating west.

28. Translate into Russian.

1. Despite his established reputation, Harris was made to quit the job. 2.
The patient was told to stay indoors until she felt any better. 3. She was
required to be interviewed. 4. Jane and Patsy were allowed to keep a pet
in the dorm. 5. Praise is said to develop in children a sense of self-worth.
6. London’s King’s Cross is believed to be gradually turning into an area
known for crime of all kinds. Tourists are advised not to go there at all.
7. Mr. Rochester is known to have been running the family business for
over 20 years. 8. Hiccups (икота) are said to be cured by a sudden
shock. 9. The hurricane is expected to reach Florida in a few hours. 10.
Joan Rowling is considered to be the wealthiest woman in the world. 11.
The President was reported to have lost control of the army. 12. This
isn’t what we are supposed to be discussing. 13. Today was supposed to
have been sunny, but it’s raining. 14 The painting has been reported to
be missing. 15. Changes in the taxation system are expected to be
proposed. 16. Sailing across the Atlantic in a small boat is considered to
be dangerous.

29. Make sentences with the Complex Subject using the suggested
words and word combinations.
Model: – the iceberg / to expect / to float / south
– The iceberg is expected to float south.
1. Charles Dickens / to know / to be one of the most prominent novelists
of his time; 2. this book / to suppose / to write / a young woman; 3. this
promising pianist / to believe / to teach / his father / since his childhood;
4. Mitch / to expect / to leave the house at dawn; 5. all passengers for
flight 406 to New York / to require / to proceed to gate 23; 6. Alice / to
say / to be / a beautiful woman / once; 7. the students / to make / to learn
50 new words every week; 8. such remarks / to consider / to be
unacceptable today.

30. Paraphrase using the Complex Subject.

Model: T – It is believed that Chapman left England last week.
St – Chapman is believed to have left England last week.
1. They say Mrs. Turner is having business difficulties. 2. There are
rumours that the escaped prisoner is living in Bolivia. 3. It was thought
that the manuscript had been destroyed. 4. They say that the late Mrs.
Lemon was difficult to deal with. 5. It is believed that the jewels were
stolen by one of the visitors. 6. It is known that Victorian values were
reflected in the 19th century English novels. 7. It is recognized that
extended families have almost disappeared in Great Britain. 8. It is
believed that medical science has been rapidly advancing in the past
decade.
 Substantivised Adjectives

31. Paraphrase as in the model:

Model: T – Rich people are accused of being concerned only with
their own interests.
St – The rich are accused of being concerned only with
their own interests.
1. Educated and affluent people send their children to public schools
such as Eton, and then to Oxford or Cambridge University. 2. Young
people see less need to distinguish between manual work and other types
of work. 3. British people are sometimes said to be moving towards a
completely middle-class society. 4. The gap between rich and poor
people in Britain is wider that in most other European countries. 5.
Japanese people are known to have a complicated social hierarchy. 6.
She has a highly developed social conscience, and does a lot of
voluntary work to help those out of employment. 7. Swedish people pay
heavy taxes thus providing for the most generous system of welfare in
Europe. 8. The state should provide better care for elderly people.

Text 1. Class in America.

Cross-cultural Notes:
1. African-American – a recent US name for black Americans
descended from Africans, especially those descended from American
slaves. In the 1990s, the name became more popular and politically
correct than ‘black’. About 12% of the US population are African
Americans.
2. meritocracy [LmerI'tOkrRsI] – a social system which gives the
highest positions to those with the most ability.
3. school district (Amer.) – an area within one state that includes a
number of primary and secondary schools which are governed together.
4. the American dream – the idea that the US offers opportunities for a
good and successful life. For minorities and people coming from abroad
to live in America, the dream also includes freedom and equal rights.
Many immigrants to the US in the early 20 th century believed in the
American dream.
5. chief executive officer – the person in charge of a large company.
One difficulty in talking about
class is that the word means different
things to different people. At its most
basic, classes are known to be groups
of people of similar economic and
social position; people who, for that
reason, may share political attitudes,
lifestyles, consumption patterns,
cultural interests and opportunities to
get ahead. As some sociologists and
marketing consultants see it, the
commonly accepted big three classes
– the upper, middle and working
classes – have broken down into
dozens of microclasses, defined by
occupations or lifestyles.
Today, class is a source of identity,
a system of exclusion, culture and
taste. It is an accident of birth that can
influence the outcome of a life. Some
Americans barely notice it; others feel
its weight in powerful ways.
Religion and political allegiances
are no longer reliable markers of
class. And the once tight connection
between race and class has weakened,
too, as many African-Americans have
moved into the middle and upper
middle classes. The United States has
gone a long way toward an
appearance of classlessness. It has
become harder to identify people’s
status in the clothes they wear, the
cars they drive, the God they worship,
the colour of the skin.
But class is still a powerful force
in American life. Over the past three
decades, it has come to play a greater,
not a lesser, role in important ways.
At a time when education matters
more than ever, success in school
remains linked tightly to class. At a
time when the country is increasingly
integrated racially, the rich are
isolating themselves more and more.
At a time of extraordinary advances in
medicine, class differences in health
and lifespan are wide and appear to be
widening.
Mobility, the movement of
families up and down the economic
ladder, is the promise that lies at the
heart of the American dream. Today,
anyone may have a chance at
becoming a Supreme Court justice or
a chief executive officer, and there are
more and more self-made billionaires.
At the same time, new research on
mobility indicates that an
overwhelming majority of Americans
are more likely to end up in the class
into which they were born.
Still, more Americans than 20
years ago believe it is possible to start
out poor, work hard and become rich.
They say hard work and a good
education are more important to
getting ahead than connections or a
wealthy background. The old system
of inherited privilege has been
replaced by merit. But it turns out to
be at least partly class-based. Parents
with money, education and
connections cultivate in their children
the habits that the meritocracy
rewards. When their children then
succeed, their success is seen as
earned.
The drives to buy a house in the
best school district, channel a child
into the right pre-school program or
get an appointment with the best
medical specialist are all part of a
quiet contest among social groups that
the affluent and educated are winning.
 Family structure, too, differs
increasingly along class lines. The
educated and affluent are more likely
than others to have their children
while married. They have fewer
children and have them later, when
their earning power is high. Those
widening differences have left the
educated and affluent in a superior
position when it comes to investing in
their children. In the past people used
to believe that the offspring of the
poor had chances as good as the
chances of the offspring of the rich.
That’s not true today.
Nevertheless, many Americans say
that they have moved up the nation’s
class ladder. Americans have never
been comfortable with the notion of a
hierarchy based on anything other
than talent and hard work. Class
contradicts their assumptions about
the American dream, equal
opportunity and the reasons for their
own successes and even failures.
Without confidence in the possibility
of moving up, there would almost
certainly be fewer success stories.
(After Janny Scott and David
Leonhardt, The New York Times,
2005.)
 ACTIVE VOCABULARY
1. 'similar – похожий, подобный: e.g. The brothers had similar hobbies
and interests. / similar to – похожий на что-либо, подобный чему-
либо: e.g. Their situation seems to have been very similar to ours. /
similar in – похожие, сходные в чем-либо: e.g. These novels are quite
similar in style. // simi'larity (between / to) – сходство: e.g. You could
see a slight similarity between the two paintings. What strikes me about
his poetry is its similarity to Byron’s. / 'similarly – подобным образом,
так же, соответственно; одинаково (перед прилагательным): e.g.
Men are required to wear a jacket and tie; similarly, women must wear a
skirt or dress, not trousers. The two sisters had similarly low tastes in
clothes.
2. to con'sume – потреблять, расходовать: e.g. The new light bulbs
consume less electricity. Language learning is a time consuming
process. / a con'sumer – потребитель: e.g. Jack turned for legal advice
to the local consumer advice and protection centre. / consumer goods –
потребительские товары / con'sumption – потребление: e.g. Most of
the meat was unfit for human consumption. When national income rises,
so does consumption.
3. 'common – 1. широко распространенный, общепринятый,
обычный: e.g. It is now very common for women to hold managerial
jobs. 2. простой, обычный: e.g. The common cold is a serious thing. In
the 15th century the ordinary people could neither read nor write. [Note
that today the English for простые люди is ordinary people.] 3.
общий, совместный: e.g. Member states also agreed to pursue a
common trade policy. 4. общественный, публичный: e.g. This park has
been common land for several centuries. No building can be erected
without the community’s consent. / common sense – здравый смысл:
e.g. Although she is not very academic, she’s got plenty of common
sense. / it’s common knowledge that... – общеизвестно, что…: e.g.
It’s common knowledge that smoking and cancer are tightly linked. /
the House of Commons (Brit.) – Палата Общин / 'commonwealth –
содружество; the Commonwealth – Британское содружество наций:
e.g. In the 1950s Britain was concerned with finding a new part to play
in a fast changing world and getting used to changing relations with
members of the Commonwealth, a new association of former British
possessions. / co'mmunity – община, землячество иностранцев,
сообщество, объединение: e.g. The President met leaders of the black
community during his visit to Chicago. The terrorist attack has been
condemned by the entire international community.
4. to accept [Rk'sept] – 1. принимать что-либо (предложение, работу,
приглашение, деньги, и т.п.): e.g. She thought about the offer for a
while, but in the end decided not to accept it. 2. принимать, одобрять:
e.g. Most of the committee’s recommendations have been accepted by
Parliament. 3. признавать, принимать, допускать: e.g. Did she accept
your reason for being late?
5. to identify [aI'dentILfaI] sb/sth – 1. опознавать,
идентифицировать (кого-либо / что-либо): e.g. Two of the suspects
have been identified by witnesses. 2. устанавливать, определять,
обозначать: e.g. The key problems have already been identified. / to
identify with sb/sth – отождествлять (с): e.g. He didn’t seem to be
able to identify with ordinary people and their aspirations. / to identify
sb/sth as sth – считать, определять кого-либо/что-либо как… : e.g.
Children can be identified as poor readers as early as age five. / identity
– 1. личность: e.g. The identity of the dead man could not be
established. She experienced an identity crisis after giving up her career
to get married. 2.
идентификация, самосознание: e.g. Although part of the UK, Scotland
has preserved its political and cultural identities. / identical –
одинаковый, идентичный: e.g. Roman coins she showed me were
identical to the one I found in the garden.
6. allegiance [R'li:dG(R)ns] – верность, преданность,
приверженность / to swear (swore, sworn) or to pledge allegiance to
sb – принести клятву/присягу верности (кому-либо / чему-либо):
e.g. In US schools children usually say the Pledge of Allegiance every
morning: ‘I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of
America, and to the republic for which it stands, one nation under God,
indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.’ / political allegiances –
политические пристрастия: e.g. His political allegiances are divided
between the Labour and the Liberal Democrats.
7. to re'ly on sb/sth (to do sth) – полагаться на кого-либо/что-либо:
e.g. John can help us. At least you can rely on him. We rely on the new
data system to give us the most up-to-date and accurate information. /
(un)re'liable – (не)надежный, (не) заслуживающий доверия,
(не)достоверный: e.g. This is a better and more reliable car than my last
one.
8. to force – 1. заставлять, принуждать, вынуждать (to force sb to do
sth): e.g. Bad health forced her to abandon her studies. 2. применять
силу: e.g. Police say the back window has been forced. / force – сила,
мощь (физическая): e.g. The force of gravity makes things fall to earth.
The thief took the money from the old man by force. / power – 1. сила,
власть, влияние: e.g. Power within the company is divided between the
directors and the shareholders. 2. энергия, мощность: e.g. In the 21st
century more and more electric power is to be derived from renewable
sources of energy: sun, wind and waves. / a (nuclear/hydro['haIdrRu])
power plant – (атомная/гидро) электростанция / powerful – 1.
сильный, мощный, могучий: e.g. They have installed a more powerful
engine in the new model. 2. влиятельный: e.g. She was a powerful force
in the women’s movement.
9. to matter (to sb) – быть важным, иметь значение: e.g. People need
to realize that education matters. Winning this award matters a lot to me.
/ it doesn’t matter – мне все равно, мне безразлично, не важно: e.g.
It doesn’t matter if we are a bit late. / matter – дело, вопрос; сущность,
содержание (беседы, статьи и т.п.): e.g. There are several important
matters we must discuss. / what’s the matter? – в чем дело, что
случилось? / there’s something the matter (with sb/sth) – что-то
случилось с… / there’s nothing the matter – ничего страшного,
ничего не случилось / no matter what (who, where, etc.) – не важно,
что (кто, где и т.п.): e.g. I’m determined to visit Japan no matter what it
costs. [Note the Present tense!]
10. an heir [ER] (to) – наследник (чего-либо): e.g. The king’s eldest
son is the heir to the throne. / heritage ['herItIdG] (singular!) –
наследие: e.g. These beautiful old churches are part of our national
heritage. / to inherit [In'herIt] (from) – (у)наследовать: e.g. He
inherited his business from his father. / in'heritance – наследство: e.g.
He spent all his inheritance in less than a year.
11. merit – достоинство, заслуга: e.g. One of her many merits is
absolute reliability.
12. affluent ['WfluRnt] – изобильный, богатый, состоятельный: e.g.
Consumer goods are a symbol of prestige in an affluent society./
affluence – изобилие, богатство, достаток: e.g. Since the Second
World War there has been an increasing level of affluence in the USA/
13. to assume [R'sju:m] – 1. принимать, брать (на себя): e.g. You will
assume your new responsibilities tomorrow. 2. предполагать, считать,
допускать: e.g. I have always assumed her to be American. / assumed
name – вымышленное имя: e.g. The suspects are reported to have lived
at the Swan Hotel under assumed names. / assumption [R'sAmpSn] –
1. предположение, допущение: e.g. Don’t rely on the information she
gave you – it’s pure assumption on her part. 2. принятие на себя
ответственности, обязанностей и т.п.: e.g. With his father’s death
came the assumption of adult responsibilities.

EXPRESSIONS
1. at its most basic – в своей основе, изначально
2. for that reason – по этой причине
3. political attitudes – политические взгляды
4. at a time when… – в то время, когда…
5. to be linked tightly to... – быть тесно связанным(и) с…
6. an overwhelming majority – подавляющее большинство
7. when it comes to... – когда дело касается / когда дело доходит до
8. to be concerned about sb/sth – беспокоиться, волноваться о ком-
либо / чем-либо; to be concerned with sth – придавать большое
значение чему-либо

COMPREHENSION EXERCISES

32. Paraphrase, translate or explain.

explain: ...a source of identity, a system of exclusion, culture and taste.
explain: ...it is an accident of birth that can influence the outcome of a
life.
paraphrase: ... others feel its weight in powerful ways.
paraphrase: Religion and political allegiances are no longer reliable
markers of class.
translate: It has become harder to identify people’s status in the clothes
they wear...
paraphrase: At a time when education matters more than ever...
explain: At a time when the country is increasingly integrated racially,
the rich are isolating themselves more and more.
translate: At a time of extraordinary advances in medicine...
paraphrase: Mobility ... is the promise that lies at the heart of the
 American dream.
explain: But it turns out to be at least partly class-based.
paraphrase: The drives to buy a house in the best school district, channel
a child into the right pre-school program...
explain: The educated and affluent are more likely than others to have
their children while married.
paraphrase: ... and have them (children) later, when their earning power
is high.
translate: Those widening differences have left the educated and affluent
in a superior position...
paraphrase: Americans have never been comfortable with the notion of a
hierarchy...

33. Answer the teacher’s questions.

HOME ACTIVITIES (5)

34. Translate into English. 

1. Известно, что в последние годы традиционная английская семья
сильно изменилась. 2. Считается, что многие молодые люди не
вступают в брак, так как стремятся сделать карьеру. 3. Известно,
что первым человеком, достигшим Южного полюса, был норвежец
Роалд Амундсен. 4. Говорят, что в ближайшем будущем
произойдут значительные изменения климата на всей планете. 5.
Премьер-министра попросили дать разъяснения по вопросам
парламентской реформы. 6. Сообщалось, что министр иностранных
дел нанес краткосрочный визит в столицу Австрии. 7. Пассажиров
попросили пройти на платформу № 9.

35. Get ready to retell Text 1.

 CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (6)

VOCABULARY EXERCISES

36. Paraphrase using the active vocabulary:

1. High inflation usually leads to high interest rates. Likewise, interest
rates decline when inflation is low. 2. Many people have dramatically
reduced the amount of red meat they eat. 3. Most people need to
increase their daily ratio of fruit and vegetables. 4. Any increase in the
cost of transporting goods will be passed on to users. 5. Jones is a very
widespread name in Great Britain. 6. Sue was from New Zealand and
Raj was from India, so English was the language they both spoke. 7.
Everybody knows that two’s company, three’s a crowd. 8. This argument
is unlikely to be recognized by the court as true. 9. Lionel’s father had
to put up with the fact that his son didn’t want to continue working in the
family business. 10. Experts are examining the engine but the cause of
the problem hasn’t yet been found out. 11. The police are trying to
discover who the murderer is. 12. Opposition leaders have proclaimed
their loyalty to the new government. 13. I heard this from a source that
can be trusted. 14. Eating healthily and taking regular exercise is the
only effective method of losing weight. 15. During the voyage we could
get news of the outside world only on the radio. 16. The first item on the
a'genda (в повестке дня) today is the problem of public transport. 17.
There’s nothing wrong with you – you are just tired. 18. What’s wrong
with the computer? It won’t load. 19. As people become more well-to-
do, so their standard and style of living improves. 20. When socializing
with his co-workers he would put on a hearty, over-bearing manner. 21.
People tend to make conclusions about you based on your appearance.

37. Complete the sentences with the derivatives of the words given in
the right-hand column:
1. The Washington Post is believed to publish information
from ______________ sources. rely
2. The British Queen is the head of the ________________ common
and there is a meeting each year for all its heads of
government.
3. The two documents looked _______________ to me but identify
the criminologist could tell the difference.
4. These departments are seen as the most ______________ power
parts of the government.
5. San Francisco and Rio de Janeiro are _____________ similar
situated, both standing at the entrance to great natural
harbours.
6. One of the major goals of the organization is to develop a
sense of __________________. common
7. The company has always shown a shrewd understanding
of what ________________ want. consume
8. The Russians are proud of their literary ______________. heir
9. The English language is known to have certain ________ similar
_________ with German.
10. The government is determined to reduce the country’s
total energy __________________. consume
11. George spent all his _________________ in less than a heir
year.
12. People tend to make _________________ about you assume
based on your appearance.

38. Complete the sentences using the word combinations given in the
box:
to consume electricity to finish work to assume a name
to arrive at a hotel to be powerful to be a legal heir
to have political attitudes to hide the gun to have merits

1. Please phone the manager no matter when… 2. They will remain

friends no matter what… 3. Doris will continue using the washing
machine now matter how much… 4. Morel will never make us give up
our principles no matter how… 5. The police are sure to find the man
no matter what… 6. The tourists will be given dinner no matter how
late… 7. Upon Mrs. Grundy’s death the house will go to a vet clinic no
matter who… 8. Sally will never be promoted here no matter what… 9.
The detective is likely to find evidence no matter where the criminal…

39. Develop the ideas.

1. At its most basic, classes are known to be... 2. People who share
political attitudes, consumption patterns and cultural interests usually...
3. Success in school remains linked tightly to the class because... 4. At a
time when medicine has made extraordinary advances... 5. New research
on mobility indicates that an overwhelming majority of Americans are
likely... 6. Many parents cultivate in their children the habits that the
meritocracy rewards. For that reason... 7. When it comes to investing in
their children, it is... 8. As the once tight connection between race and
class doesn’t matter any more... 9. At a time when the old system of
inherited privilege has been replaced by merit, most Americans are
concerned with... 10. It is common knowledge that the American
dream...

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

The For-to-Infinitive Construction

The Subject It’s not easy for Jean to find a full-time job.
It’s not for you to decide.
The Object She is anxious for her husband to get a promotion.
Paul thinks it best for me to stay here.
The Attribute There is no place for him to go.
It’s not the right time for the committee to raise the issue.
The Adverbial He opened the window wide for the patient to breathe
Modifier of
Purpose freely.
The Adverbial The water was too cold for the children to swim.
Modifier of
Result The weather is warm enough for the children to go out.
is nice
Exceptions it was kind OF sb to do sth
will be sensible
... ...

40. Paraphrase the sentences using the For-to-Infinitive

Construction.
Model 1: T – The water is too cold. The children cannot swim.
St – The water is too cold for the children to swim.
Model 2: T – This film is quite interesting. You can watch it.
St – The film is interesting enough for you to watch it.
1. The tea is too hot. I cannot drink it. 2. Andy is a skilled carpenter and
shop fitter. You can hire him to rebuild your studio. 3. The day is too
windy. The boys cannot play badminton. 4. The coffee is too strong.
Sally cannot drink it. 5. The news is too exciting. She cannot keep it to
herself. 6. The street is too busy. Children should not cross it alone. 7.
The report is not detailed enough. We cannot rely on it. 8. Pauline is not
sociable enough. The producer is unlikely to turn her into a TV hostess.

Model 3: T – This is a lesson which you should remember for the rest
of your life.
St – This is a lesson for you to remember for the rest of
your life.
1. In London it is common that people spend an hour-and-a-half or more
travelling to and from work. 2. Henry is just the person who you should
turn for advice in case of need. 3. With modern telecommunication and
computers, some people find it convenient to work from home. 4. The
typical pattern was that English women ceased working once they
married and devoted their time to the household. 5. Colin was anxious to
help his wife. He wanted her to find a part-time job which would enable
her to fit in with child care and family responsibilities. 6. This is an
opportunity which you should jump at without hesitation. 7. I left the
letter with the secretary so that Mr. Dobkin should sign it. 8. You can
take an optional course in the History of Arts. Professor Donaldson has
arranged it for you.

41. Complete the sentences. Translate the for-phrases into English.

1. The main thing is (чтобы фирма закупила новое оборудование). 2.
He asked (чтобы его друзей приняли в клуб). 3. There is no need (им
участвовать в заседании комитета). 4. The boy has a good ear for
music; you have only to play a tune once (и он сможет тут же сыграть
ее) from memory. 5. It was so cold inside that the landlord had to turn
on the heating (чтобы путешественники могли расположиться на
ночь). 6. Send a fax (чтобы они зарезервировали гостиницу для
участников конференции). 7. Is it possible (что Ричард поверит
своему деловому партнеру) after he has let him down? 8. Michael is
just the man (c которым вам следовало проконсультироваться).

HOME ACTIVITIES (6)

42. Translate into English. 

1. Общеизвестно, что общество делится на три основных класса.
Считается, что политические взгляды тесно связаны с классовой
принадлежностью (с классом). В Великобритании подавляющее
большинство представителей рабочего класса традиционно
поддерживают лейбористскую партию, а верхушка среднего класса
– консерваторов. 2. Хотя многие британцы заявляют, что они не
имеют политических пристрастий, и им безразлично, кого
обвинять в своих бедах – лейбористов или консерваторов, – они
придают большое значение вопросам классовой принадлежности.
Представительница среднего класса вряд ли будет встречаться с
рабочим. Переход из класса в класс – скорее исключение, чем
правило. Какие бы достоинства ни имел человек, он, вероятнее
всего, окончит свою жизнь в том классе, в который попал при
рождении.

43. Read the text Walking into the Wind and get ready to answer the
questions (see exercise 49).

44. Open the brackets using the For-to-Infinitive Construction.

1. Guy’s school careers adviser thought it best for (he / to do office
work) rather than miming. 2. The simplest thing was for (he / to find
work) with the local insurance company. 3. Don’t you find it odd for
(Carol / to be patient) so long? 4. Guy asked for (the Arts Council
Grant / to restore) to him. 5. Guy pressed the button for (Richard’s car /
to pass). 6. Guy always thought his life on the road an excellent lifestyle
for (everybody / to envy). 7. Guy found it rather strange for (his friends /
to miss) his performance in Glastonbury Festival. 8. Guy’s father was
not the intellectual type; it was not for (he / to judge) whether miming
was a decent occupation.
 Step IV
CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (7)

VOCABULARY EXTENSION

45. Translate into Russian.

1. Most British people now live in towns, in city suburbs or in larger
villages which have become dormitory communities for nearby towns. 2.
This idea of creation is similarly expressed in a poem by Dylan Thomas.
3. ‘Psychological Profiling’ is becoming increasingly reliable as a
technique of identifying criminals. 4. The job of a politician is to serve
the whole community. 5. This report was never intended for public
consumption. 6. The two men were united by community of interests. 7.
Acceptance by their peer group is important to most youngsters. 8. We
are working on the assumption that the conference will take place as
planned. 9. Many people now rely on the Internet for news. 10.
Tonight’s meeting will weigh up the relative merits of the two
candidates. 11. Governments should adopt a more forceful approach to
improve the environment.

WORD BUILDING

wide – to widen
courage – to encourage

46. Complete the sentences with verbs in proper forms.

1. Their actions ______________ (threat) the stability and security of
the region. 2. Her objections only _________________ (strength) my
resolve to open my own business. 3. The curtains need to be
_____________ (short). 4. The gap between the rich and the poor seems
_________________ (wide). 5. We are going ________________
(length) our stay here next year. 6. The hospital is accused of
___________________ (danger) patients’ lives. 7. This will
______________ (able) users to conduct live video conversations. 8.
The only weapon the court has ______________ (force) cooperation is
the threat of sanctions. 9. We ________________ (courage) student
participation in our classes. 10. The swimming pool was
_______________ (close) by a high fence.

TEXT 2.

Cross-cultural Notes:

1. Andrew Lloyd Webber – (born 1948) a highly successful English

composer of musical theatre. He has accumulated a number of
honours, including life peerage, three Grammy Awards, an Oscar, an
International Emmy, a Golden Globe Award and others. Several of
his songs, notably “I Don't Know How to Love Him” from Jesus
Christ Superstar, “Don’t Cry for me, Argentina” from Evita,
“Memory” from Cats, and “The Music of the Night” from The
Phantom of the Opera have been widely recorded and were hits
outside of their parent musicals.
2. pantomime – (Brit.) a kind of British play for children, usually
performed at Christmas, with music, humourous songs, etc. /
(uncountable) mime
3. company car – a car which is provided for a person by their
employer, either because they have to travel in order to do their job
or because they have an important job and the car is a kind of
reward. It is available for their private use. In Britain a company car
is seen as a status symbol by many people.
4. Jack and the Beanstalk ['bi:nstO:k] or Jack the Giant Killer – a
fairy tale about a boy called Jack who sells his mother’s cow for
some magic beans. They grown into a tall beanstalk. Jack climbs it
up into the clouds where he finds a giant who has a magic hen
producing golden eggs. Jack steals the hen, goes down to the ground
cutting the beanstalk when the giant tries to follow him. In the UK,
this story is often used in pantomimes.
5. the Arts Council – an organization in Britain which is supported by
the government and provides financial help for many different
organizations and individuals involved in the theatre, art, music, the
cinema, etc.
 Walking into the Wind
By John O’Farrell ( abridged)

There’s a moment when you’re up on stage when you suddenly become

aware that everyone is looking at you; that the entire room is totally focused upon
what you are doing. For that precious hour or so the audience completely loves you
and that is why being on stage is the greatest job in the world.
‘You have got to be the luckiest bloke I know,’ said Richard the first time he
saw me perform at the Edinburgh Festival. ‘Twenty-three years old; doing exactly
what you want to do, everyone thinks you’re great; no office, no boss, no suit and
you get paid a fortune to boot.’
Fifteen minutes earlier I’d been bowing as two hundred people cheered me
and clapped and shouted for more. Now we sat in the pub opposite the theatre and I
counted out the two hundred pounds cash that I’d just been paid. I knew it took
Richard and Neal a couple of weeks to earn that much money, so I thought I’d
better just check it again. A beautiful girl approached our table and asked for my
autograph. She blushed and told me that she’d really enjoyed my show and thought
I was brilliant. My friends looked on open-mouthed as a I scribbled my name in
her programme. It was the first time this had ever happened to me. ‘You sort of get
used to it,’ I told them.
I think that day was the first time they understood why I’d refused to follow
them into the slavery of a normal job. Now that they’d glimpsed this world of
fringe festivals, they couldn’t believe that this was my everyday life. They quizzed
me about the actresses I met, the festivals I’d played and the European capitals I’d
visited. They were impressed, amazed and jealous and I realized why I’d got them
there. I was engineering envy.
And yet they’d thought I was completely mad when I’d first told them what
I was going to do when I left school.
‘Mime?’ they’d said. ‘That’s not a job.’ Everyone’s reaction had been the
same. My home town of Dorking was home to the national headquarters of Friends
Provident Insurance. The job of my school careers adviser seemed to consist of
getting sixth formers into his office, establishing in which particular department of
Friends Provident they imagined themselves spending the rest of their lives and
then setting up the job interview.
It wasn’t until about halfway through the interview that I finally summoned
up the courage to tell him: “I don’t want to work at Friends Provident. I want to be
a mime artist.’
* * *
I spent a couple of years living at home and signing on the dole. My parents
worried about me and I was sullen and withdrawn. In the end it was my mother
who secretly encouraged me to apply to the famous Jacques Lecoq’s school in
Paris. ‘You get your interest in the theatre from me,’ she said. ‘I’ve seen
everything Andrew Lloyd Webber’s ever done.’
 Paris was a revelation. I studied pantomime. I used no words and so had to
work much harder to communicate with my audience: I had to be an actor, dancer
and a gymnast.
The next year, Richard and Neal came and saw me at the Glastonbury
Festival and were really positive about the show. They both had company cars by
now. As they left the next day I watched them pull away and then I saw Richard
stop at the top of the lane to get his suit out of the boot and hang it up in the back
of the car.
I continued to tour around the country, although it became a little frustrating
when one or two of the venues in which I had done really well still didn’t want me
back the following year. Then I secured a booking at the Pontefract Arts and
Leisure Venue. It was a great show. A two-hour mime tackling issues like the
environment and the annihilation of the indigenous people of the Amazon basin by
the multinational mining corporations.
‘Was it about Jack and the Beanstalk?’ said Richard afterwards. ‘When you
were doing all that chopping – I thought that might be Jack chopping down the
beanstalk.’
‘That was the destruction of the rainforest,’ I said. Honestly! I think I really
conveyed the terrible suffering that was happening in Brazil. Because the audience
looked quite depressed by the end of the evening.
The following Christmas Eve we went on a pub crawl through Dorking as
we’d always done when Richard let slip that he and Neal had already booked to go
to Club Mark Warner with their girlfriends at the end of June.
‘What about Glastonbury?’ I said.
‘Erm, to be honest Guy...’ he said, ‘Well, it’s quite interesting to see
someone do it once or twice. But I’m just a bit bored with all that white make-up.
And Sally doesn’t like mime. She likes musicals.’
A couple of years went by and before I knew it their girlfriends had become
their wives. It was at Neal’s wedding that I met Carol. We had a modest little
wedding at the registry office and then round to the pub for a couple of pints. At
closing time her dad took me aside and went all serious on me. He told me that
before he was married he’d been in a jazz band. But he said that when he started a
family he realized his priorities had to change. ‘Message received,’ I said to him.
Carol worked in the health service, dealing with psychologically disturbed
children, which was tough for her because it wasn’t always easy to get time off to
come to the shows. But in the evening we’d talk about all the problems we’d had at
work – trying to hang on to my Arts Council grant, trying to discover why I’d not
been invited to perform at the London Mime Festival.
‘Guy,’ she said one day, ‘I think I’m pregnant.’
Carol had planned to go back to work after she’d had the baby, but then we
had another one and she couldn’t bear to leave them. ‘We can live on what I earn,’
I said, confident that this suggestion would be contradicted. When she agreed with
me I wanted to say ‘Are you mad?’
Things were obviously a bit tight after Carol gave up work to look after the
boys, but sometimes I worried that she was turning into a breadhead like everyone
else. She wanted us to get a car, she started going on about life insurance and a
pension. So Carol and I had our ups and downs like any couple. She worried about
us being in debt and the boys seemed to be costing more and then one day she just
suddenly came out with it. ‘Guy, you’re forty-one years old,’ she said, ‘I don’t
think you should be a mime artist any more.’

* * *
There comes a point in a man’s life when he must face up to his
responsibilities; when he has to put his family first and sacrifice the dreams he had
when he was young and carefree. This was the theme I explored in my next mime.
I actually re-enacted that moment with Carol – at the very end of the show I said
out aloud, ‘And my wife told me not to be a mime artist any more!’ You should
have heard the applause.
I know why she’d said it. All her friends at Dorking had money and
husbands with flashy cars and thought that Carol was strange because she didn’t
have a nanny or a black labrador. They were always going on at her about me, like
I was some sort of threat to their comfy existence. Why did people always imply I
ought to be spending my life doing something else?
Eventually we got so far into debt that I had to take some drastic action. So I
swallowed a few principles and joined the other commuters on the 9.07 from
Dorking to Waterloo. I started doing a bit of street theatre up at Covent Garden. I
had a private chuckle about the irony of it all, because there was me dressed as a
robot when of course the real robots were all those poor office workers who came
out to watch me during their one-hour lunch-break.
Then came the day when I lost my Arts Council grant as well. They said
they didn’t have to give a reason. I’ve reapplied for Arts Council funding every
year since, but with no success so far. I was spending so much of my time writing
letters that I had a rather good idea. Instead of doing all my office work from the
kitchen table with the kids getting under my feet, I’ve got myself a part-time job,
which allows me to do all my admin and get paid at the same time.
That’s why I’m sitting here. I haven’t told them it’s only a temporary
arrangement, but I’m just doing it to clear a few debts till I get some funding. I sit
in this little booth from 7 a.m. till 3 p.m. and when the cars come into the car park I
press the button and the gate goes up. And then I press another button and the gate
goes down.
I wanted to talk to Richard about corporate sponsorship for my next show,
but it never seemed the right moment. ‘You’re the luckiest bloke I know,’ Richard
said to me once. Well, he didn’t say that as he drove past this morning – he was too
busy talking on his mobile. Neal and Richard are renting a converted farmhouse
this summer, swimming pool for the kids and everything. I think they knew we
wouldn’t be able to afford it, so they didn’t embarrass me by inviting us along.
Anyway I can’t commit to dates in the summer, I’m going to be touring the next
show by then, probably. But sitting in this box all day, you do sometimes wonder if
anybody really cares. Richard and Neal stopped coming years ago. Even Carol
didn’t come to my last production. Talk about walking into the wind. It seems that
more people want to go and see the latest Julia Roberts movie than mime about the
African AIDS crisis – what does that say about our society? It’s freezing inside this
little box. I wonder if Richard could get me a job inside the main building.

COMPREHENSION EXERCISES

47. Find the Russian for:

the job interview; to sign on the dole; a revelation; out of the boot; a
venue; we went on a pub crawl; a wedding at the registry office; to go
(all serious) on sb.; to have one’s ups and downs; things were ... tight; to
face up to one’s responsibilities; to clear a few debts; I can’t commit to
dates; it’s freezing inside.

48. Find the English for:

впридачу вы получаете кучу денег; смотреть раскрыв рот;
консультант по трудоустройству; угрюмый; замкнутый,
углубленный в себя; истребление коренного населения; не успел я
оглянуться, как…; отвести кого-то в сторонку; родить ребенка;
возражать; беззаботный; принять решительные меры; безуспешно /
безрезультатно; мешаться под ногами; идти против ветра / плыть
против течения.

49. Answer the questions.

1. Why is being on stage the greatest job in the world? 2. Why did
Richard call Guy the luckiest man in the world? 3. Why did Guy decide
to check the two hundred pounds in front of his friends? Why did he
pretend to be used to giving autographs? What is the implication of the
phrase ‘I was engineering envy’? 4. What career opportunities were
open to school leavers in Dorking? Why did Guy refuse to work for
Friends Provident? What was everybody’s reaction to Guy’s decision? 5.
Why was Paris a revelation for Guy? Why did Guy’s mime shows fall
flat on the audiences? Why were they so poorly attended? Do you think
Guy was a talented artist or did he overestimate himself? Do you think a
mime artist should raise burning social issues rather than entertain the
public? What makes you think so? 7. How did Guy’s friends manage to
make a career? What social position did they achieve? 8. Why do you
think Guy and Carol decided to have a modest wedding at the registry
office? What kind of husband did Guy turn out to be? Why didn’t he
make a good husband? Why did his wife feel discontent with her
position in the town? 9. What made Guy take some drastic action? What
kind of work did he start doing? 10. What brought him to Friends
Provident? What were his relationships with his former friends like?
Was Guy mature enough to face up to the realities of life? Why is the
story entitled “Walking into the Wind”? Why is it necessary to find a
proper balance between one’s ambition and responsibility

HOME ACTIVITIES (8)

50. Retell the text as if you were

 Guy
 Carol
 Guy’s mother
 Carol’s father
 Richard
 school careers adviser

51. Complete the sentences with the proper forms of the Verb. 
Always a source of affection, my grandparents _____________ (1
– to be) hugely important figures in my life. They would shower my
sisters and me with sweets, indulgences and stories, telling tales about
my parents as naughty children. When the last of them ____________ (2
– to die), we all wondered who __________________ (3 – to hold) the
family together.
People ________________ (4 – to rely) on grandparents in Britain
since the Industrial Revolution, when whole families ______________
(5 – to move) into cities from the country ________________ (6 – to
get) work in the new factories, taking grandmother along
_____________ ( 7 – to look) after the children. Despite the fact that
more grandmothers _________________ (8 – to work) now,
grandparents are still the backbone of childcare in Britain. They
_______________________ (9 – to report / to provide) 44 percent of
full-time care for pre-school children, which makes you
_______________ (10 – to wonder) how the country would manage
without them.
The traditional image of a grandparent is a smiling old person
surrounded by happy children but it _________________________ (11
– not / to seem / to match) the facts. What we have now is the so-called
‘beanpole family’, thinly stretched over several generations, with fewer
family members in each and with growing number of single-parent
families. Grandparents _________________ (12 – to get) younger –
more than 50 per cent of grandparents __________________________
(13 – to report / to have) their first grandchildren by the age of 54.
For many of them, grandparenthood means giving up a job,
involvement with grandchildren and, sometimes, the care of their own
parents. It’s up to us ________________ (14 – to balance) the demands
we make on them if we don’t want to wear them out. Grandparents
___________________ (15 – always / to be) such a valuable part of the
family pattern that we __________________________ (16 – to be
unlikely / modal / to do) without them.
 CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (8)

GIVE IT ANOTHER BRUSH

52. Paraphrase using a Complex Subject.

Model 1: T – While at school, everybody considered Guy to be a
promising actor.
St – While at school, Guy was considered to be a promising
actor.
1. Guy expected his friends to envy his career as a mime. 2. After the
show Guy’s friends saw a beautiful girl ask him for his autograph. 3.
Everybody believed Carol to be over the moon when Guy proposed to
her. 4. Everybody knew that Carol had always stood by her husband. 5.
Neal and Richard thought them to get on well. 6. When Guy got far into
debt Carol made him take some action. 7. Women considered Carol to
be strange because she didn’t have a nanny and a car. 8. Everybody in
the town considered Guy to be a complete failure.

Model 2: T – It seemed that Guy did not envy his more affluent
friends.
St – Guy didn’t seem to envy his more affluent friends.
1. One day it happened that Guy heard about the famous Jacques Lecoq
school of miming in Paris. 2. The Dorking News reported that Guy had
performed at the Edinburgh Festival and was going to take part in the
local folk festival. 3. It seemed that there was no work in Dorking for
Guy. 4. Eventually it turned out that that Guy and Carol didn’t see eye to
eye on the responsibilities of family life. 5. It turned out that a steady job
for a mime artist was difficult to find. 6. It appeared that Guy had always
had his head in the clouds. 7. It seemed that Neal and Richard had their
feet firm on the ground. 8. It seemed to Richard that Guy had been doing
nothing for years.

53. Speak about the characters of the story Walking Into the Wind.
Use the table below.
 natural to boast...
kind Guy to engineer...
nice Carol to keep away from...
It was generous of Neal to enjoy...
mean Richard to doubt...
typical Guy’s parents to support...
reasonable to avoid...
unreasonable to be worried...

54. Express your opinion and support it using the suggested words
and word combinations.
Who do you side with?
 Guy’s mother: Guy is a true artist. His commitment to miming can
be only admired. He tried to find self-fulfillment in raising social
issues to the height of art. It was not his fault that the audiences did
not appreciate his service to art and society.
Carol’s father: Guy is an irresponsible and immature, self-centred man
who has always neglected his duties. He has never been able to keep
his feet firmly on the ground. That’s why it is only natural that in
Dorking he is considered to be almost a social outcast.
 Guy’s mother: Carol is too mercenary and money-oriented to
appreciate Guy’s talent. She seems to be over-concerned with her
social status and does not want to stand out from the crowd. I have
always expected her to stand by Guy. A devoted wife will never let
her husband down!
Carol’s mother: Carol may sometimes have her head in the clouds but
she is a devoted wife and mother. She puts her family first and has
sacrificed the dreams she had when she was young and carefree. She
is a saint to have put up with Guy’s eccentricities so long!
 Guy: I wonder why Carol is always picking on me. True, we’ve
had our ups and downs, but we have always seen eye to eye on so
many things. Why should she envy my friends now? I am sure that
Neal’s and Richard’s life has been dull and uneventful. Imagine going
to the same office for over twenty years! No freedom, no choice, no
challenge. Poor office workers! They are real robots in the deadly
machine of the Friends Provident Insurance.
 Carol: I was over the moon when Guy proposed to me. He had a great
future of him as an actor. But now I can only envy Neal’s and
Richard’s wives. To start with so little and finally to have such a
helluva lot! A converted farmhouse for the summer with a swimming
pool for the kids and everything. I was green with envy when I heard
it from Sally the other day. It’s most depressing, especially now that
the boys are in their teens and are unlikely to get a decent college
education. Not with a father like that!
I find sb/sth... (selfish/strange) Personally, I... Frankly, ...
I have the impression that... I feel that... To be frank, ...
In my opinion, ... I think that... To be honest, ...
good-natured mature unreasonable irresponsible
easy-going sociable obstinate selfish
pragmatic trustworthy unreliable self-centred
tolerant practical immature adventurous
broad-minded reliable ambitious grumbling

HOME ACTIVITIES (9)

55. a) Complete the sentences with the words and word

combinations from the box. Learn the words and word
combinations from the box.
determine snobbery working class
upper class background aristocracy
social circle social status social background
professional people access according to
unemployment white-collar workers blue-collar workers
unemployed social mobility underclass
1. It has become difficult to decide what factors ______________(1) a
person’s class in Britain. For some people it is money (or lack of it), for
others it is family __________________ (2) or the job a person does.
Class, however, is not simply a matter of wealth. People may have very
little money, yet still belong to the ____________________ (3), or be
very rich and still think of themselves as ______________________ (4).
Members of the upper class are sometimes accused of ____________ (5)
(being too concerned with social status and showing contempt for people
of lower status).
2. The upper class was traditionally composed of ________________(6)
and owners of country houses and estates. These people passed on their
wealth and __________________ (7) to their children. Today, when
some landowners have had to sell their estates, they still keep their upper
class status because of their family history and the
____________________ (8) they move in. Judges, who were formerly
always members of the aristocracy, still have upper class status although
they now come from a wider_______________________ (9). Today, the
upper class also includes many top __________________________ (10)
and wealthy business people.
3. The middle class is the newest and the largest of the three main
classes and is sometimes divided into the upper middle class and the
lower middle class _________________ (11) income and seniority. The
middle class grew rapidly in the 20th century with the spread of
education, giving more people ____________ (12) to colleges and
universities. These people became doctors, teachers, etc. or __________
________________ (13), and formed a professional middle class based
on education and money rather than on birth.
4. The lower class (the working class) is generally understood to include
factory workers, builders, cleaners and other _____________________
___________ (14). Because of increased_________________________
(15), most ‘working-class’ people enjoy what might have been regarded
as a middle class consumer lifestyle only a few years ago. It is still true,
however, that _________________ (16) is highest among ‘working-
class’ people who often leave school at sixteen and do not have the
educational qualifications to enable them to get skilled work.
5. People who are very poor, ________________ (17), often without a
home and unable to live without money and other help from the state are
described as ________________ (18).

b) Economists and sociologists use an alphabetical grading system to

describe the layers of British society. Study the table below and
describe the modern class structure in Great Britain. Use the words
and word combinations from exercises 55-a, 8-c.
 Class % of population Group
upper-middle 3% A
middle 16% B
lower middle 26% C1
skilled lower 26% C2
semi-skilled / unskilled working 17% D
occasional workers / people who 13% E
do not work
underclass Z
(From Oxford Guide to British and American Culture, Oxford University Press, 2004.)
 Step V

56. Open the brackets using the correct forms of the Infinitive.
1. Angela sat on a bench trying to pretend she didn’t want
____________ (to skate) and was quite pleased _____________ (to sit)
there and ______________ (to watch) others ___________ (to skate). 2.
Edna said she would love to come and was simply delighted
_______________ (to ask) for a date. 3. You must go and see the show.
You will be sorry later _______________ (to miss) it. 4. Waltzing with
Harry Linda smiled at her father. She was delighted
_________________ (to dance) the whole evening. 5. Bill heard the
nasty words but he didn’t seem ______________ (to hurt). 6.
Winchester is known _______________ (to be) the capital of England
during the reign of Alfred the Great. 7. Fred happened ______________
(to stand) at the window when he heard a powerful blow. 8. The
hurricane was reported ______________ (to destroy) two villages on the
southern coast and ________________ (to move) east. 9. The stranger
seemed _______________ (to study) Jane and she felt uneasy. 10. You
needn’t tell me this. I happen _______________ (to give) all the
necessary instructions by the manager. 11. In Victorian families children
were expected ______________ (to see), not _______________ (to
hear). 12. The will was believed _________________ (to lose) until it
happened ________________ (to find) in the secret drawer of
Grandfather’s desk. It appeared __________________ (to lie) there
since the memorable day of the quarrel. 13. Joan’s new detective novel
is likely _____________ (to appear) on sale pretty soon. It is sure _____
_________ (to sell) like hot cakes and _______________ (to sell out) in
no time. 14. The jurors were made ______________ (to understand) that
the accused was a menace to society. 15. There still remained decisions
_____________ (to take) and Colin was the very man _____________
(to take) them. 16. The police made Greg _____________ (to admit)
that he had seen Charlie _____________ (to climb) out of the window
and _____________ (to run) in the direction of the railway station.
57. a) Paraphrase the sentences below using the words given in
brackets.
 The soaring number of working mothers is having a devastating
impact on society. (to seem)
 The knock-on effects of women choosing to pursue careers, rather
than raise children and look after elderly relatives, are ‘enormous’,
says Professor Alison Wolf of King’s College London. (according
to / to appear)
 In the past, the life of a typical woman after marriage and
childbearing, regardless of her class background, centred on the
home. (to be certain)
 While her husband worked, she would bring up their young family,
care for elderly relatives and often do charity work linked to the
church and community. (to be usual for)
 Now, on average, women spend just four minutes a day doing
voluntary work, with millions devoting no time at all to good
causes. (to know)
 Families have always been central to the care of the old and sick,
as well as raising the next generation. (to consider)
 The traditional housewife is increasingly rare, with only one in ten
mothers staying at home to look after their family, official figures
revealed last week. (to report)
 A governmental report reveals that seventy per cent of women now
have jobs. More than half of mothers with children under the age
of five are in full-time or part-time employment. (to report / to turn
out)
 Many of these seek high-flying jobs, big salaries and a rapid rise
up the career ladder. (to be likely)
 Working outside the home gives a woman a sense of her own
personal identity and self-confidence. A woman who stays at home
will always be referred to as ‘John’s wife’ and not as a person in
her own right. (to suppose / to be sure)
 Working mothers argue that their children often learn to be
independent from an early age which can only help them in the
future. (to be likely)
 A working mother usually has to look after both the children and
home in her spare time, so she is actually doing two jobs instead of
 one, which can be very tiring. (to be typical of / to turn out / to
appear)
 Despite the soaring numbers of women in the workplace, a recent
survey found that only six per cent of working mothers actually
want to work full-time. (to seem)
 The rising cost of living, with soaring energy and council tax bills
and big mortgage repayments (выплаты по ипотеке), is forcing
many women to work. (to appear)
 Professor Wolf recognizes that the majority of women do jobs,
usually part-time, simply to make ends meet, and not because they
want a “career”. (to turn out)
 To sum up, there are many arguments for and against mothers
working. Every family is different and what is good for one family
may not necessarily be good for another. (to seem / to be unlikely)
b) Give arguments for and against mothers working outside the
home. Use the suggested phrases:
one major (dis)advantage of… in the first place secondly
a further (dis)advantage… first of all thirdly
one point in favour of / against to start with finally

what is more… in addition to also

furthermore… apart from this / that besides
c) Do you think society suffers while mothers are out working – or is
it a positive sign of the changing expectations of women? Use the
suggested phrases:
In my view / opinion On the other hand All in all
As far as I’m concerned It can be argued that All things considered
There is no doubt that Above all Last but not least

58. a) Open the brackets using the correct forms of the verbs.
to attain – to succeed in achieving something; attainment – something that you have
succeeded in doing or having

Class divisions bar students from university

Britain is considered ________________ (1 – to be) less class-

ridden in the 1950s than they are today, as children from affluent
families take the lion's share of university places and those from poorer
backgrounds struggle ___________ (2 – to climb) the career ladder,
according to an authoritative new study.
People born in the fifties are reported ____________ (3 – to be)
more likely _____________ (4 – to escape) their parents' class than
those born in the seventies. The report, which compares parents' and
children's incomes over time, finds that equality of opportunity in
Britain _____________ (5 – to decline) and reveals the barriers holding
back children who start at the bottom.
Education _______________ (6 – to become) increasingly
important for success in the workplace – but the benefits of the
expansion of universities since the late eighties are believed
_____________ (7 – to go) disproportionately to the rich.
Between the early 1980s and late 1990s, the proportion of children
from the richest quarter of families who ______________ (8 – to
complete) a degree by the age of 23 shot up, from 20 per cent to almost
half. Over the same period, the number of graduates among the poorest
quarter of families is reported ________________ (9 – to creep up) from
6 per cent to just 9 per cent.
This disproportion ______________ (10 – to blame) on the move
from maintenance grants, concentrated on the poorest families, to
student loans. In recent decade support appears
_____________________ (11 – to shift) from the least affluent to more
affluent students. So it’s perhaps no surprise that the expansion
________________________ (12 – to benefit) those from more affluent
backgrounds. The equivalent ability kids from poorer backgrounds are
not going to university.
This fresh evidence that social mobility ___________________
(13 – to decline) echoes concerns within government that widening
income inequality _______________ (14 – to have) damaging social
effects. Commenting on the government’s education policies, which
promise equality of opportunity for children from all backgrounds, the
report says: ‘The strength of the relationship between educational
attainment and family income, especially for access to higher education,
is at the heart of Britain’s low-mobility culture.’
(After Heather Stewart, The Observer, 2005)

b) Discuss the problem raised in the article:

 the impact of social background on access to university education in
Britain and in your country;
 the role of education in achieving success in the workplace
 the impact of low mobility culture on the country’s economic and
scientific competitiveness