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Implementation of Bitcoin Mining using Raspberry Pi

Conference Paper · November 2019

DOI: 10.1109/ICSSIT46314.2019.8987802

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 Implementation of Bitcoin Mining using
Raspberry Pi
Raji. C.G
Department of Information Technology,
MEA Engineering College,
Perinthalmanna, India
rajicg80@gmail.com
Ganesh Gopakumar
Department of Information Technology,
MEA Engineering College,
Perinthalmanna, India
ganeshgopakumar35@gmail.com
Abstract— Cryptocurrency, a form of digital currency is the
redistributed and open system that uses cryptography to reinforce
security for the management of standard financial transactions.
Administration of cryptocurrency mining demands significant hash
functions which in turn necessitates a powerful rig. Here, we
demonstrate the implementation of Cryptocurrency miner using
Raspberry Pi system integrated with USB hash miners and with a
CG-Miner software, installed in the operating system. Provision of a
System on Single chips platform by Raspberry pi yields high
compatibility, and the portable nature of the system assists the
convoluted process of mining to achieve new horizons. The
exponential rise of the cryptocurrency miners lead to the demand for
an economical methodology for the mining process can be gratified
by the Raspberry pi mining technique which help to quench the cost
of the available systems providing a new cost effective and energy
efficient technology.
Keywords— cryptocurrency; bitcoin; Raspberry Pi; CG Miner;
hashing
I. INTRODUCTION
In the world of Cryptocurrency, Bitcoin bides as the most
prominent one [1]. The man or group of people who invented
the Bitcoin in 2008 uses the name of Satoshi Nakamoto, and
in 2009 its source code released and was implemented as an
open source code [2]. The Bitcoin uses an end-to-end
transaction scheme for transferring the electronic cash from
one system to another without using a centralized system.
Cryptocurrencies have developed as a huge economical
computer-based system. These software systems are present
on protected record like registers that contain data [3]. As
other databases, mining the relevant data from database is
important [4]. Through mining, we can enhance the past
transactions to the distributed structure called as Blockchain
which enable the customers to obtain a safe and valid consent
or every transaction [3]. This work proposes the
Vinish A
Department of Information Technology,
MEA Engineering College,
Perinthalmanna, India
alikkalvinish@gmail.com
Shahil K
Department of Information Technology,
MEA Engineering College,
Perinthalmanna, India
shahilzxr@gmail.com
implementation of a Cryptocurrency miner using Raspberry Pi
combined with USB hash miners and with CG-Miner
software. Not all Raspberry Pi has an inbuilt Wi-Fi to get
access to the network. For the raspberry that has no inbuilt
Wi-Fi module, ESP8266 module is used as the Wi-Fi module.
With this compact device, one could mine Cryptocurrency
with low power consumption and low cost. The mining
practice is used to confirm and secure the transactions. The
computational power that has been used are the power of CPU
in raspberry pi and a USB hash miner. A pool mining strategy
is used in order to enhance the hashing output. The values that
are receive from the CG-Miner are hash rate, the
cryptocurrency mined, these values are transferred to cloud
storage by accessing the internet. After transferring the data,
mobile device can use a mobile view application for remote
monitoring. Unlike a traditional money exchange system,
Bitcoin is a platform where there is no central administrator
and also no trust between the participants is required. [5]. All
the transaction details of Bitcoin exchange carried out by the
participants are stored in the database of the Blockchain
technology. It is an underlying technology that overcomes all
the issues of traditional banking. The Blockchain technology
can described as a decentralized and unsettled data storage
were all the bitcoin transaction details are stored, and these
data are logically structured as a sequence of small blocks or
chunks [6].
In this work, we proposed the usage of Raspberry Pi as
the heart of the cryptocurrency mining procedure by the
incorporation of USB hash miners as the source of
computational power in the system and by using CG-Miner
software for harnessing the computational algorithm from the
hash miners. Here the result solely aims in the integration of
the concept of compact nature of Raspberry Pi and the
principle of cryptocurrency mining.
 II. SURVEY OF EXISTING SOLUTIONS
It was all started on January 2009; many were interested
in the idea of the decentralization of a currency, as well as an
economic model that is independent of government regulation
[7]. As such, in those early days, Bitcoin enthusiasts decided
to mine the currency and take part in securing the currency
network by creating nodes. In 2010, up to 50 bitcoins could be
mined per day with a PC which has an i7 Intel processor. But
at that time, it was almost useless, as bitcoin's price around
$0.08. Miners had to pay more for the electricity than it took
to mine bitcoin. Mining with PCs gradually became inefficient
because of the growth in the popularity of bitcoin and the rise
in network difficulty [5]. Bitcoin enthusiasts began to realize
that high end graphics cards could process Bitcoin 's
cryptographic hashes at much higher speeds than CPU's [5].
An inexpensive AMD motherboard has the capacity to
suspend five GPUs via five PCI Express extender cables to
minimize the cost of motherboard, and also uses a large high-
efficiency power supply to power-up the GPUs [5].
By June 2011, mining via Field Programmable Gate
Arrays (FPGAs) were preferred over GPU mining rigs, as
their electricity consumption was comparably lower [8].
Mining bitcoin via FPGAs lasted no more than a year, as
application specific integrated circuit miners were first offered
for sale on June 2012 by Butterfly Labs [8]. In 2017, Taylor et
al. found out that ASIC miners became the most powerful
cryptocurrency mining device on the market by the year 2013
[8]. Now, ASIC miners were used to mine both bitcoin and
altcoins, including Name coin, Grid coin, Ripple, Next,
Primecoin, Feather coin, Peercoin, and Swift coin [8]. In 2004,
Bentov et al. proposed a new problem of the existing protocol
in the work "Tragedy of the Commons", the cost of mining
cannot be covered by the fees of the transactions of bitcoins
[9]. So, another activity protocol was developed for the
solution of this issue and to overachieve the power that is
needed to sync the transactions in a non-fashionable manner
[9]. In 2014, a new Bitcoin protocol enhancement was
developed by Kumaresan and Bentov, which is used to
captures the amount of computational power that is needed to
authenticate the Bitcoin transactions [10].
In 2013, there was a study on Zero coins which is
another type of cryptocurrency for anonymous decentralized
transactions that was conducted by Sasson et al. [11]. Modern
methodologies on the basis of quadratic arithmetic programs
were applied as the protocol which resulted in prompt
verification and smaller proofs [11]. In 2011, Reid and
Harrigan has conducted a research on cryptocurrencies and
analysed the anonymities in the Bitcoin network. The authors
also stated that Bitcoin is one of the secured and one of the
anonymous currencies [12]. By using the parallel computing
strategy Li et al. proposed the method to analyse transaction
and searching of transactions quicker and simple in a Bitcoin
network [13]. In 2014, Biryukov et al. proposed a method to
remove the anonymity of user using network topology
methods even if the network is connected to a Tor network.
The authors stated that "the cost of the deanonymization attack
on the full Bitcoin network is under 1500 EUR" [14].
The Bitcoin mining is said to be the base of Bitcoin
framework and it is said to be a computation intensive process
which verifies the Bitcoin transactions [5]. We exploited the
inherent tolerance to inaccuracy by proposing approximate
mining circuits that trade off reliability with area and delay
[5]. The result that was generated in the approximation mining
has the ability to increase its profits to 30%. In our study, with
the help of a Raspberry Pi integrated with USB hash miners
and with the help of cg-miner software, we could implement a
Cryptocurrency miner in less cost and power consumption. In
the above existing systems, it is shown that the price of the
base system (Desktop/Laptop) that is required for mining is
above Rs 10,000. Whereas the base system (Raspberry Pi)
proposed in this work costs only below Rs 4,000, this makes
the proposed system cheaper and compactable as Raspberry Pi
is much smaller than a PC or laptop. The electricity power that
a laptop consumes is about 20W TO 60W, whereas PC-
Desktop system consumes about 60W to 200W of electricity
depending upon the monitor that has been used. While in our
proposed system, the total power consumed will be about 3W.
Out of this, only 2.5W of electricity is consumed by the
Raspberry Pi. The remaining balance is consumed by USB
Hash Miner. This makes the whole system energy efficient.
III. MATERIALS AND METHODS
For the setting of a Cryptocurrency miner, we need
Raspberry Pi, ESP8266, USB Bitcoin Miner, CG-MINER,
RASPBIAN operating system, LCD Touch Display.
A. Raspberry Pi
The Raspberry Pi is a mini-sized computer that runs Linux
and it costs only somewhat little compared to other computers.
The Raspberry Pi also provides a set of GPIO pins which can
be used to connect the Internet of Things (IoT) and control
electronic components for physical computing [15]. There are
two types of model in raspberry pi, model A and model B.
Universal Serial Bus (USB) port is the main difference
between model A and model B. Model A board does not
include an Ethernet port and consumes less power. But the
model B board includes an Ethernet port and consumes less
power.
B. ESP8266
ESP8266 is a low-cost Wi-Fi microchip. The main use of
the ESP8266 is to connect the Raspberry pi to a Wi-Fi
network in order to set up an internet connection. Once the
connection is established, we can send the data from the
Raspberry pi to cloud, android application or any other
network as of our needs. Not every Raspberry Pi board needs
the ESP8266 module to connect to the internet, the most
advanced models of the Raspberry Pi boards have inbuilt Wi-
Fi module that can be used to connect to a network. The
ESP8266 module has the ability can be controlled even from a
local Wi-Fi network or from the internet.
C. USB Bitcon Miner
A USB Bitcoin Miner is a USB device that looks like a
pen drive, which is specially built for mining purposes only.
When we connect our USB Bitcoin Miner to a system with the
help of a suitable software, it can start mining at a certain hash
rate [8]. We can use more than only a single USB Bitcoin
Miner to enhance the hashing output produced by the miners.
Generally, if a system has only 2 to 4 USB ports, to connect
more than 2 to 4 USB Bitcoin Miners, we have to use USB
hub and that hub has to be connected to the system. The
software that is compatible with the USB Bitcoin Miner is
CG-Miner MacMiner, Asteroid, MinePeon, and BFGMiner
[8].
D. CG-Miner
CG-Miner is a software that has been written in C language
and it is also an open source software that means the software
is freely available on the internet. It run in both Windows and
Linux so it works as a cross platform software. The main
reason that the CG-Miner is so popular is because it is based
on the original CPU miner code. This software is developed
using SHA-256 and script algorithms, this software also have
inbuild drivers for different mining hardware. This software
has some inbuilt features such as live monitoring, fan speed
control, overclocking the miner. It also has the capabilities to
support multiple miners or GPUs. The CG-Miner has the
ability to detect new blocks with the help of mini-database that
comes with the software itself.
E. RASPBIAN Operating System
Raspbian OS is an open-source software which is specially
built for Raspberry Pi. The Raspbian OS comes with more
than 35,000 package and also so many precompiled software
in a format that is easy to install on Raspberry Pi hardware.
Raspbian OS is a Debian optimized operating system which
provides the best performance on the Raspberry Pi board.
Creation of the Raspbian OS was finished in June 2012, but it
is still undergoing development in order to improve the
stability and its performance.
F. Raspberry Pi Touch Display
It is an LCD display that we connect to our Raspberry Pi
using a display Serial Interface connector also known as DSI
connector, or by using the General-Purpose Input/output pins.
There is also an alternate option to connect our LCD display,
by using the HDMI cables. The DSI displays are specially
designed for the Raspberry Pi models that have inbuilt
mounting holes in HAT footprint on the board. The Raspberry
Pi comes in different models, not all model supports the touch
display. This is because different models come in different
designs. The LCD display have the best viewing angle while
considering other displays and depending how the LCD screen
has been mounted, and sometimes we need to change the
orientation of the LCD display for getting the best output
result [16].
IV. IMPLEMENTATION
A. Steps for setting up the PIMiner
Initially, to set up raspberry Pi, download the ZIP file of
Raspbian operating system. Then, copy that zip file into a
microSD card. Then we need to insert the microSD card into
the microSD card holder that has been placed behind of
Raspberry Pi board. Plug the USB keyboard into one of the
USB ports of Raspberry Pi. Then next step is to plug the
mouse and the keyboard into one of the USB ports of the
Raspberry Pi. For checking whether the connection setup is
correct or not, we should connect the raspberry pi to a monitor
or TV set and ensure it is set to the proper input. We used
GPIO pins to connect the touch display to the Raspberry Pi.
We must use certain codes in the command prompt to get full
access to the touch display. Then we have to connect an
Ethernet cable to our board for establishing the internet
connection. Power-up the Raspberry Pi using a power supply.
So, by doing this, the Raspberry Pi will turn on and boot up
Raspbian OS. If the whole connection is correct, a power
indicating light will begin to blink, that means our initial setup
is complete. After the OS installation and plugging the
peripherals, we need to install the CG-miner software for
starting the mining procedure. For installing the mining
software on Raspberry Pi, we use the ethernet cable or Wi-Fi
module to connect to our Raspberry Pi to internet. Once we
have been logged in, we have to ensure that all inbuilt
software and the operating system is up-to-date by entering the
following command in the SSH terminal:
―sudo apt-get update‖
Installation of CG-miner's software dependencies is done
using the command: "sudo apt-get install libusb-1.0-0-dev
libusb-1.0-0 libcurl4-openssl-dev libncurses5-dev libudev-
dev" following completion of the update. After this command,
the CG-Miner will be automatically installed in the raspberry
pi. After installing, the CG-Miner, we must plug the USB
bitcoin miner to the USB port of the raspberry pi. This USB
bitcoin miner is used to enhance the power of the mining hash
rate. Bitcoin imposes throughput limits with its 10-min
average block time and fixed 1-megabyte block size. Were as
in other cryptocurrencies the is no any fixed block size [17].
So, for starting mining we should open the CG-miner software
using SSH command and input the user id and password of the
mining pool. Then, the software will automatically start the
mining. By using the help of the IoT device (ESP8266) to
collect the mining data from the raspberry pi that is the mining
hash rates, and the amount of cryptocurrency mined in
Satoshi. These data's will be directly transformed in to the
cloud storage. And those data's will be kept as a table. The
data stored in the cloud storage can be directly accessed by the
user using an android application in the mobile phone. The
cloud data is directly transferred to the mobile application. By
using this application, the user can monitor the Pi-miner from
anywhere with the help of the internet.
B. Circuit Diagram
The Fig. 1. shows the circuit connection of the
Raspberry Pi miner. The male GPIO pins of the raspberry pi
(from 1 to 20) is directly connected to the female pins of the
LCD display. It includes 3v3 pin, 5v pin, ground pin and all
other Input/output pins. Since our system only uses a single
USB Miner, we don’t have a reason to use the USB hub. So,
we connect the USH hash miner to one of the USB ports of
Raspberry Pi. In order to start our mining procedure, we need
a network connection for that we use an Ethernet cable (RJ45)
or we use the Wi-Fi module to connect to Internet. The Wi-Fi
using in this circuit is ES08266. The ESP8266 module
consists of 4 pins that is VCC, Ground, Rx, Tx. The VCC pin
is connected to the 3.3V of Raspberry Pi, Ground pin of Wi-Fi
to the Ground pin of Raspberry Pi, Rx pin of Wi-Fi module to
the Tx of Raspberry Pi and Tx pin of Wi-Fi module to the Rx
of Raspberry Pi. The data that is collected from mining that is
hash rates produced and the mined values of cryptocurrency
are send to the cloud storage of the Slush Pool account. The
Mining System that has been developed uses pool mining
technique. The pool account that has been used is the Slush
Pool.
Fig. 1. Circuit diagram
The Slush pool is one of the oldest mining pools and also
known to be the first in publicly available. The data that has
been received from the Raspberry Pi are stored in the cloud
storage of Slush Pool. Those data can be remotely monitored
by using a mobile view application in a mobile phone. And
this mobile view application can be used for real-time
monitoring, current balance and also the predicts the future
results by calculating the time and computational power
generated by the system.
Fig. 2. Mining Procedure
The initial step to start the mining procedure is to
connect all required components to Raspberry Pi which is
represented in Fig.2. Next step is to open the terminal menu
and start the CGH-Miner software. The home screen of the
software shows the area to login our pool account. Then CG-
Miner itself starts to harness the computational power of USB
miner to start the mining. The USB Hash miner has its own
wallet to keep the balance hash value that hasn’t been fully
mined from a block. These values help the software to find
and finish mining the unfinished block. The values that we get
from mining are sent to the cloud storage of our pool using a
Wi-Fi module or an ethernet cable. And those values can be
monitored using a mobile view application.
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
A. Performance of Bitcoin Mining with respect to hash rate
and power consumption
After the exponential growth of cryptocurrency trading
especially Bitcoin trading, the price of every cryptocurrency is
increasing and decreasing without a proper standard. In 2013,
the price of the cryptocurrency is only 124 USD (Rs 7000),
but after then, the trading increases and value also increases.
In 2017, the price was increased to 17000 USD (Rs 12 lakh).
And right now, to the price has decreased to 5700 USD (Rs
3.8 lakh), this huge variation in the price of the cryptocurrency
is because it is in still development phase and nascent stage.
When there is a massive trade in cryptocurrency for the
commodity the price of the cryptocurrency increases and vice
versa.
It is very easy to start mining the Bitcoin in a system, but
the main difference between a simple start and taking the time
to optimize the setup for mining can give us a boost or
increase in the percentage of the mining hash rates and in
some rare cases it will be 20-40 percentage high than normal.
We can increase the computational power and hash rates by
overclocking and by increasing the number of USB miner
connected to the Raspberry Pi.
TABLE I. VARIATION IN HASH RATE PRODUCED WHEN THE USB MINER
INCREASES
Number of USB
Sl.No Hash rate produced
miner
1 One 25 Gh/s
2 Two 56 Gh/s
3 Three 79 Gh/s
4 Four 111 Gh/s
Table 1. shows the increasing amount of the hash rates
produced by the USB miner. When we use one miner, the hash
rate produced is 25 Gh/s. Similarly, when we use two miners,
the hash rate produced is 56 Gh/s, when we use three miners,
the hash rate produced is 79 Gh/s and when we use four
miners, the hash rate produced is 111 Gh/s. When the number
of the USB miner increases, the hash values that can be mined market. The variation in power consumption with the increase
per second will increase. in number o miners is shown in Fig. 4.

Fig. 3. Graph between hash rate produced and number of USB miners Fig.4. Graph between power consumption and number of USB miners

Fig. 3. shows the exponential growth of the hash rates

produced by the USB miners. That means when we increase
the number of the USB miners the hash rate is not increased
by doubling, it is increasing in an exponential manner. So, by
increasing the number of USB miner it increases not only the
hash rate but also the total output. A USB hub works same as
the network hub, that is we can plug multiple USB miners at
the same time. After plugging the miners into the hub, the hub
is directly connected to a Raspberry Pi board using the USB
ports. Then a software (CG-Miner) that has capability to
control the USB miners and their operations for mining is
installed in the Raspberry Pi. This software also has a
provision for monitoring the real-time performance of USB
miners such as it shows the hash rates produced by the USB Fig. 5. Screenshot of CG-miner
miners. The software’s that are commonly used for this
purpose are BFGMiner, MacMiner, MinePeon etc... Fig. 5. shows the mining procedure. The first step of
mining is to identify a block. These blocks contain serious
TABLE II. VARIATION IN POWER CONSUMPTION WHEN THE NUMBER OF mathematical problem, these blocks are identified and solved
USB MINER INCREASES
using SHA-256 algorithms. Solving a block means accepting
Power
that block, when we accept a block a certain amount of hash
No Number of USB miner values are produced. These hash values are then converted to
Consumption
cryptocurrency. So after a block has been found and solved
1 One 0.2W - 0.4W
then the software checks for new block and try to solve them.
2 Two 0.3W – 0.6W This procedure goes on until it found the last block or the user
3 Three 0.4W – 0.7W stops it manually.

4 Four 0.5W – 0.7W B. Discussions

But the power consumed by the USB miner will not have a
huge difference. If we use one USB Miner, the power
consumption is 0.2W - 0.4W, for two miners, power
consumption is 0.3W – 0.6W, for three miners, power
consumption is 0.3W – 0.6W and for four miners, the power
consumption is 0.3W – 0.6W. Table 2 clearly depicts the
average power consumption is 0.3W/GH which makes this
device currently the most powerful Bitcoin Stick miner on the
All forms of cryptocurrencies use the proof-of-work
algorithm which guarantees that every mined block is backed
by a certain amount of the computational power [17]. As the
mining device needs to be powered on for a longer period,
energy consumption should be considered. Raspberry pi and
other peripherals consume about 2W to 5W of electricity.
Whereas the existing systems consumes more than 20W of
electricity, i.e. a Desktop system consumes about 60W to
200W of electricity based on the monitor that has been used
and a Laptop consumes about 20W to 50 W of electricity this
makes the whole existing systems energy-inefficient. Even
though the proposed system is so compact and energy
efficient, the device will produce a good amount of computing
power just like the existing system. Existing mining devices
are huge that makes the system expensive. Even the simple
base system (Laptop, Desktop) used in existing mining device
cost more than Rs 10,000. Whereas the base system used in
the proposed mining device is Raspberry Pi that only cost
below Rs 3,000. That makes the system worth more than
existing mining devices. Devices used in the existing systems
are huge and complex. This property of the existing system
produces higher computational power than the existing
system. So, the amount of Cryptocurrency mined will be
comparatively lesser than the existing system.
But it all changes when it comes to the profit:
Even though the computational power produced by existing
system is slightly large, the profit produced by the existing
system is lesser than the proposed system. This is because the
hardware cost and the amount of electricity consumed is way
higher than the proposed system.
VI. CONCLUSION
This research work demonstrates the first report on the
usage of Raspberry pi as the core system by the integration of
USB hash miners and a CG-Miner software for the
cryptocurrency mining procedure. Raspberry pi has provided
the mining platform a System on Single chips (SOC) terrain
that enables the replacement of the prodigious computers
systems forging a compactable environment. The
implementation of this work aims the fabrication of a simpler
and economically benign mining process and thus provides
every normal user capability of being a miner. The entire
system is compact enough to be held in our palm enunciates it
as the smallest portable mining tool ever to be built. The
system just requires a portable power-bank as its power source
and a Wi-Fi connection for the internet connectivity. The
working principle of the whole device is fundamental in nature
allowing it to be user friendly and cost efficiency in building
such a system enables every normal user to get easily involved
in the process of mining. The performance enhancement of the
system can be carried out by addition of peripherals like extra
number of USB Miners. One another peculiarity of the
Raspberry pi Miner is the ability to monitor the status of
mining process anywhere from a mobile device. The
Raspberry pi is connected to network and the data is being
send to a pool cloud storage. This cloud can be accessed to
acquire data from anywhere over network. By this system any
person is given the power to think about being a part of the
cryptocurrency mining network even in absence of a huge
complex system.
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