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Sample of Abstract
Abstract
Bioplastics are plastics that can be degraded by microorganisms and made from natural
polymeric materials. This paper presents bioplastics based on cassava peel starch and water hyacinth
fiber with the addition of chitosan and glycerol as biodegradable plastics. The composition of cassava
peel starch and chitosan used in this study were in the ratio of 1: 1; 1: 2; and 2: 1 wt.% with the
addition of 20% glycerol and 10% water hyacinth fiber. The bioplastics produced were tested for
characteristics by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), tensile test, hardness test, biodegradation test,
water-resistance test, and functional group analysis using Fourier Transmitter Infra-Red (FTIR) to
examine the best composition and characterization of bioplastics. The characteristics obtained in
bioplastic with the ratio of cassava peel starch and chitosan 1: 2 have a hardness test value of 4.43
Barcol and a tensile strength test of 4,32 MPa. Based on the SEM test, it showed that the bioplastics
produced have a flat surface and the FTIR analysis showed the absence of new functional groups
compared to the functional groups contained in the forming material and can degraded until the 9th day
with 14% of residual weight percentage.
Keywords : Bioplastic, Cassava peel starch, Chitosan, Water hyacinth fiber.
Sample of Extended Abstract
Extended Abstract
Synthesis of Bioplastic Composite Cassava Peel Based with Water Hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes) as
Fiber Reinforce
Mayomi Zhafirah Ardani 1, Kuini Aisyah 1 and Tsabita Arinal Haq 1
Advisor : Mohammad Ali Sofyan, M.Pd2 , Farhan Fikri Safii, M.Si2
1,2
Progresif Bumi Shalawat Senior High School, Indonesia
Abstract
Bioplastics are plastics that can be degraded by
microorganisms and made from natural
polymeric materials. This paper presents
bioplastics based on cassava peel starch and
water hyacinth fiber with the addition of
chitosan and glycerol as biodegradable plastics.
The composition of cassava peel starch and
chitosan used in this study were in the ratio of
1: 1; 1: 2; and 2: 1 wt.% with the addition of
20% glycerol and 10% water hyacinth fiber.
The bioplastics produced were tested for
characteristics by Scanning Electron
Microscopy (SEM), tensile test, hardness test,
biodegradation test, water-resistance test, and
functional group analysis using Fourier
Transmitter Infra-Red (FTIR) to examine the
best composition and characterization of
bioplastics. The characteristics obtained in
bioplastic with the ratio of cassava peel starch
and chitosan 1: 2 have a hardness test value of
4.43 Barcol and a tensile strength test of 4,32
MPa. Based on the SEM test, it showed that the
bioplastics produced have a flat surface and the
FTIR analysis showed the absence of new
functional groups compared to the functional
groups contained in the forming material and
can degraded until the 9th day with 14% of
residual weight percentage.
Keywords
Bioplastic, Cassava peel starch, Chitosan,
Water hyacinth fiber.
Introduction
Plastic is a material that has lightweight,
flexible, strong, not easily broken, transparent,
waterproof, and has an economic value [1] so
that many factories using plastic as a wrap for
the product. The Ministry of Industry stated that
plastic consumption in Indonesia reached up to
1.9 million tons in the first semester of 2013
[2]. These huge number of plastics have the
potential to cause serious ecological problems
because plastic can't be renewed and degraded
[4]. The solution to overcome this problem is to
make environmentally-friendly plastics such as
bioplastics.
Bioplastics are plastic that can be
degraded by microorganisms and made from
natural polymeric materials such as starch,
cellulose, and fat [5]. Starch is obtained from
ingredients that contain carbohydrates such as
corn, sago, taro, sweet potato, and cassava. The
Ministry of Agriculture in 2016 stated that the
production of cassava in 2015 reached up to
21,801,415 tons. The utilization of cassava is
generally only taken by the fruit and the
resulting peel becomes a waste. Cassava peel
has the potential to become starch which is used
as a bioplastic material because it has a starch
content ranging from 75% of the dry weight of
cassava peel.
In addition to cassava peel, aquatic
wastes are also very abundant and have not
been used optimally such as water hyacinth.
Water hyacinth is considered as a nuisance
plant, eyesore and has no economic value [6].
The water hyacinth is utilized as a reinforce by
extracting the fiber as additional material for
making bioplastics.
Objective
The objective of this study is to find the best
and effective composition of bioplastic
produced.
Material and Methods
Cassava Peel Starch Preparation
Cassava peel was washed with water
then cut into small pieces. The cassava peel was
milled until it become sludge. It was filtered
and let it for 24 hours until the sediment is
formed. The water content of the sludge is
reduced by just remaining the starch sediment.
The wet starch was dried under the sunlight
until it dried perfectly. The dried starch was
sifted with a flour sieve.
Water Hyacinth Fiber Preparation
 The water hyacinth was washed and cut
into small pieces then dried under the sunlight
until it become dried perfectly. The dried water
hyacinth was milled and sifted with a siefter.
Synthesis of Bioplastic
The bioplastics was synthesized by
dissolving cassava peel starch-chitosan with
distilled water. Then 1 ml of glacial acetic acid
was added and stirred using a magnetic stirrer
until the mixture becomes homogeneous. The
mixture of cassava peel starch-chitosan solution
with a variation ratio of 1: 1; 1: 2; and 2: 1 was
added with 20% glycerol and 10% water
hyacinth fiber while heated and stirred on the
magnetic stirrer until it thickens and clearer.
The resulting mixture was shaped on a mold
and dried at room temperature until it dry and
hard. The bioplastics produced were tested to a
characteristic test.
Results and Finding
The characteristics of bioplastics are
influenced by the amount of compilers used,
such as chitosan, glycerol, acetic acid, water
hyacinth fibers, and cassava peel starch.
Likewise, the strength of bioplastics is
influenced by chemical bonds and their
compiler. The analyzed characteristics are
biodegradation test, tensile strength test,
chemical bond test, hardness test using
Durometer Shore D, water resistance test, and
chemical bond test using Fourier Transmitter
Infra Red (FTIR).
Tensile Strength Test
Tensile strength is the maximum stress
required by a sample to resist the applied force.
Fig.3, Tensile Test Graph
The tensile strength test data is shows
from Fig.3. The highest tensile strength test
value is found in sample B (4.76 MPa). While
the value of sample C and D continued to
decrease. This shows that the addition of
chitosan is inversely proportional to the value
of the tensile strength test. The more chitosan is
added will decrease the tensile strength. The
strength of bioplastics is also influenced by the
addition of water hyacinth fiber.
Biodegradation Test
Fig.1, Percentage of Average Bioplastic
Remaining Weight for 3, 6 and 9 Days of Burial
in Soil
Percentage of Residual Weight (wt
Sample %)
Day 3 Day 6 Day 9
1. 92 47 11
2. 89 51 14
3. 81 27 -
Biodegradation test is carried out to
determine the resistance of bioplastic at a
certain time. Burial of this sample was observed
for 9 days with a percentage of the bioplastics
remaining weight as in Fig.1. On the 3rd
observation day, it shows that there was a
decreasing mass in all samples. On the 9 th
observation day, sample 3 was completely
degraded. While the remaining samples 1 and 2
were 11% and 14%. This proves that the
amount of starch and chitosan as preservatives
influences of the resulting bioplastic properties.
The more chitosan is added, the longer of
bioplastics are degraded.
Chemical Bond Test
Fig.4. Results of FTIR Bioplastic with Variation
1:2 Cassava Peel Starch and Chitosan
The results of the bioplastic Fourier
Transmitter Infra Red (FTIR) spectrum in Fig.
4 at wave number 3277.24 cm -1 indicate that
there is an O-H group in the wave number.
Whereas the wave number 2925.45 cm-1
indicates the C-H group. A wave number
1647.61cm-1 indicates the existence of C=O
functional groups and at wavenumber 1365.08
cm-1 indicates the presence of C-NO2 function
groups. While the wave numbers 1078.12 –
849.13 cm-1 indicate the existence of a group
(CH2)n. based on the results of the spectrum, no
additional functional groups were found. That is
because the bioplastics produced are the
product of the mixing process so that the
bioplastics have properties such as its
constituent components.
Hardness Test
Fig.2, Bioplastic Hardness Test Data
 Averag
Left Middle Right e average value of 4.43 Barcol because the
Sampl (Barcol (Barcol (Barcol (Barcol
e ) ) ) ) sample 3 is 3.7 Barcol because it using more
1. 3,1 2,9 3,3 3,1
2. 4,7 3,8 4,8 4,43
3. 3,8 3,1 4,2 3,7
From fig.2, the first sample has the
lowest average value of 3.1 Barcol, while
results indicate that the amount of starch
and chitosan affect the hardness of bioplastics.
Conclusion and Discussion
The best composition is bioplastic with
the ratio of 1:2 cassava peel starch-chitosan and
the addition of 20% of glycerol and 10% of
water hyacinth fiber. Bioplastic with the ratio of
1:2 cassava peel starch-chitosan have tensile
strength and hardness test value of 4.32 MPa
and 4.42 barcol. While seen from the
degradation test, until the 9th day the percentage
of the remaining weight of the bioplastic is
14%. From the results obtained, the amount of
starch and chitosan affect the characteristics of
the bioplastics produced.
Recommendation
Further research needs to be carried out
on the shaping process and the effect of
glycerol on the strength of bioplastics from
cassava peel waste and water hyacinth to get
the best shape and composition of bioplastics to
increase the tensile strength and speed up the
decomposition process.
Acknowledgements
sample 2 has an increasing number in the
addition of chitosan. The average value of
starch and less chitosan so that the sample has a
decreasing number of the average value of the
hardness test. These
Mohammad Ali Sofyan, M.Pd and Farhan Fikri
Safii, M.Si as our school advisor and all
teachers of Progresif Bumi Shalawat Senior
High School.
References
[1] Puspita. 2015. The Effect of the Addition
of Glycerol and Chitosan in the
Biodegradable Plastics Production from
“Porang” Flour (Amorphophallusmuelleri
Blueme)
[2] Kementrian Perindustrian. 2013. Semester
I, Konsumsi Plastik 1,9 Juta Ton.
[3] Kementrian Kelautan dan Perikanan. 208.
Lautan Indonesia: Tempat Pembuangan
Akhir Sampah
[4] Pascual. 2014. Poly (3-
hydroxybutyrate/ZnO Bionanocomposites
with Improved Mechanical, Barrier and
Antibacterial Properties.
[5] Kamsiati. 2017. Potensi Pengembangan
Plastik Biodegrdable Berbasis Pati Sagu
dan Ubikayu di Indonesia.
[6] Samsudin. 2017. ibM Pemanfaatan
Tanaman Eceng Gondok (Eichornia
Crassipes) untuk Kerajinan Tas.
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