NUTRITION MIDTERMS

PROCESS OF METABOLISM

METABOLISM
- Greek word “metabolismos” means to changes or alter
- Chemical process of transforming food into complex tissue elements and transforming
complex body substances into simple ones, along with the production of heat and energy
- It is the totality of the chemical process in the body by w/c substances are e changed into
other substances to sustain life
- It is a dynamic concept of change underlying all life
- Is the chemical reaction involved in maintaining the living state of cells and organisms

• Divisions:

1. Catabolism: breakdown of molecules to obtain energy

2. Anabolism: synthesis of all compounds needed by the cells

• Bioenergetics:

• The biochemical or metabolic pathways by which the cell ultimately obtains energy

• Energy formation is one of the vital components of metabolism

NUTRITION, METABOLISM ENERGY

- Nutrition is the key to metabolism

- Pathways of metabolism rely upon the nutrients that they breakdown in order to produce
energy (this energy produce new chon, nucleic acids (DNA, RNA), other nutrients
- Nutrients in relation to metabolism include bodily requirement for various substances,
individual functions of the body, amount needed, and the level below which poor health
results
 - CALORIES = UNIT OF ENERGY
- Essential nutrients = supply energy (calories) and provide the necessary chemicals which the
body itself cannot produce
- FOODS = provides a variety of substances that are essential for the building upkeep, and
repair of body tissues, and for the efficient functioning of the body
- Major elements are provided by CHO, CHON and FATS/LIPIDS
- Vitamins, minerals and water = essentials

METABOLIC PATHWAYS
- Basic elements from nutrition is allowed to be changed through series of steps into another
chemical, by series of enzymes
- Enzymes: acts as catalyst – they permit reactions to proceed efficiently
 allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy
 Allow regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell’s
environment or signals from other cells
- chemical reactions of metabolism are structures into metabolic pathways

CARBOHYDRATES IN METABOLISM
- 3 forms of CHO in food: STARCH, SUGAR and CELLULOSE (FIBERS)
- STARCH and SUGARS = major sources of energy in human
- FIBERS = provide bulk in diet
- Body tissues rely on glucose for all activities
- CHO and SUGAR = produce glucose by digestion or metabolism

Overall reaction for burning glucose

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY

PROTEIN IN METABOLISM

• Proteins
- Has amino acids that’s why it is needed for nutrition
- Main tissue builders of the body
- Aids in cell structure functions and hemoglobin formation to carry oxygen and enzymes in the
execution and vital reactions and numerous other functions of the boy.
- Supplies nitrogen for DNA and RNA genetic material and energy production
- Foods with high biologic value are EGGS, MILK, SOYBEANS, MEATS, VEGETABLES and GRAINS
- More than 20 AA pero 8 EAA

Essential amino acids:

a. Lysine – immune system support, collagen, production. Blood sugar support
b. Tryptophan – precursor of serotonin and niacin
c. Methionine – anti-inflam, keratin production, detoxification
d. Leucine – muscle building, muscle recovery, fat loss
e. Isoleucine – muscle repair, energy, stamina
f. Phenylalanine – precursor of dopamine, tyrosine, norepinephrine and epinephrine
g. Valine – muscle growth and repair, energy production
h. threonine – fat metabolism, immune and nervous system function
i. histidine – histamine precursor, anti-inflam, antifungal
FAT IN METABOLISM

FATS = are concentrated source of energy

- Create twice as much energy as either CHO or CHON on a weight basis
- Essential FATTY ACIDS: are UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS that include:
 Linoleic
 Linolenic
 Arachidonic acid – poultry egg, milk, fish , meat, sea foods and dairy products
 *LINOLEIC ACID – omega 6 family (vegetable oils, corn, soybean, cottonseed, safflower, poultry
fats. Can be made into ARACHIDONIC ACID which is abundant in meats

For infant formula linoleic acid 3% of the calories

*LINOLENIC ACID – omega 3 family ( flaxseed, canola, walnut, wheat germ, and soy bean, nuts and
seed like butternuts, walnuts and soybean kernels and veg like soybeans. It can be made into
EICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID (EPA) and DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID (DHA) w/c are essential for growth
and development, prevention or txt of Heart disease, HTP, arthritis and cancer. Found in HUMAN
MILK<SHELLFISH and FISH

- Saturated fats along eith cholesterol have been implicated in arteriosclerosis and heart
disease

Functions of fats:
- Helps in forming the cellular structure
- Forms a protective cushion and insulation around vital organs
- Helps absorb fat soluble vitamins
- Provides a reserve storage for energy

MINERALS AND VITAMINS IN METABOLISM

MINERALS:
- In foods do not contribute directly to energy need but are significant as for body regulator and
plays a role in metabolic pathways of the body
- More than 50 elements are found but only 25 and Essential Elements since a deficit produce
specific deficiency ymptoms

Important minerals:
a. Calcium
b. Phosphorus
c. Iron
d. Sodium
e. Potassium
f. Chloride ions
g. Copper
h. Cobalt
i. Manganese
j. Zinc
k. Magnesium
l. Fluorine
m. Iodine

VITAMINS
- Important organic compounds that the human body cannot synthesize by itself and must be
presnt in the diet
Important vitamins:
a. Vitamin A
b. Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
c. Niacin (vitamin B3) or nicotinic acid
d. Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5)
FOOD
- Are solid and liquid materials taken into the digestive tract that are utilized to maintain and
build body tissues, regulate body processes and supply heat thereby sustaining life
- Foods is composed of various compounds both:
• Organic compounds (CHON, lipids, CHO and vitamins)
• Inorganic compounds (water and minerals)
- 3 major nutrients – CHO, CHON, lipids/fats
- Other body requirement = Vitamins and minerals they acts as a catalyst which prompt the 3
major nutrients to interact

ENERGY
- The chemical energy locked in foodstuffs brought about by metabolism
- The force or power that enables the body to do its work

ENERGY FROM FOOD

CALORIE (kilogram calorie): it is the unit of energy

- unit of measurement for the energy that the body gets from food
- By products of CHO, CHON and FATS
- Kilogram calorie (kcal) or simply calorie
- Calories cannot be eaten. They are the by-products of HO,CHON and fats/lipids that are
oxidized in the body.
- 1,000 small calories = 1 kilocalorie or calorie
- 1 kilocalorie is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of
water by 1degree C
1. Fuel factor of CHO = 4 calories per gram
2. Fuel factor of fats = 9 calories per gram
3. Fuel factor of protein = 4 calories per gram

BOMB CALORIMETER: a device that measures the total calorie content (total energy) available from
food

JOULE:
- THE MEASURE OF ENERGY IN THE METRIC SYSTEM
- 1 calorie (kilocalorie) = 4.184 joule (kilojoules)
- Examples:

1 cup of orange juice = 112 kcal

112 kcal X 4.184 kjoules = 468.61 kjoules

CALCULATION OF FOOD VALUE

- The energy value of one tbsp. of sugar = 15 grams approximately = 60 calories (15 x 4)
- MILK: total 170 kcal
12 gms of CHO x 4 cal/gm = 48 kcal
8 gms of CHON x 4 cal/gm = 32 kcal
10 gms of FATS x 9 cal/gm = 90 kcal

Calculate fats into %: 90kcal /170kcal = 0.539 or 0.53 x 100 = 53%