Demodulalm AM aves

The PLocem detecion dernbdulaloo piovides a mlams

ALcovaing mmesage
1 Aignadon n incoming
modulaiL arn bulput hat s p40 ponlnatohe originad

modlali OW e

Squau law dedeclh

. nvetope deteelo

Squae lau deteela :

AAquau lao detecli s enetialy obtaind sng
a Aauu l Modula Da pupose 7 deteclico
Cayide t enalio

a Utt) + UC4)

he
1. C4) k inp votae

ta outpat ve
Hege
Cmas5

The mpa 'gnal to fte demodulala outtp

t modula la

,C) A t ( e j j cos alet

9,Ce) a fAc C14 a rocti) cesantj+ A e ts autC+ kame

a A c Co aTu t + Ackam(t) Cos 2 Tet t

aAc t)cs T¢ t+ 2Ac ka mtt) CTSet

 A1t ta metS]cos anftt atfet
A c Cos
a A c Ea 4 )
Ct Cos yife t" a Aba mtt) ( 1f Cosuk

A + ka mtj1 co R\Het A C»s JTt +

At t ) + 19 A t ) cos y Hett

an a
A mt) + aL Ac ta m C4) Cos Tft

a A ka m(4) desiae d dignad.

ean az0(t). Henu he

h e mAm

Ssuan a deteeth
Tu desiar d Conponel loe entraded rea mean

a
 8-a

Envelope detecl
In detecla ollows
am envelone detec a , Uke ocp t -the
evelope e Modulated signa. The envelope ddecl iy enechtalty
caeut th a Capacl l atoM Itu outp tmials
On
pox ve cycle q h inpal Mgaal, -
tk Capact o c chage) u td
t ea Vo Ct)
rttu voHase As
upd igel alh elous tis peat Value, (tadtodu to cat-q
because t eali h a
vo Hoge ks
Caparil vo
age th pud gnad
i'n
Cayin9 ltu o d to open. e C a y a u dnchasge
he heulaK at kak. Duwng
a lo net pooitive
Cycle, i
ycle is peak ,
lke npit Siqnabecomu e a l i Hhonhe
Copai veH tk peak valut ,amd tu odrode Condueb
The Capaia agein chonges to
Te pe ak value ( mew yelu
capii dchaig es slouy dwi Ct peod thus
Chomg iva t Copad& Votlage veay rtl
Dui each posive oycle, \ke
Coeild changes up to Itu peak
vo Hge I iapeit s'gma amd

holds oto ttis vo btenge elrIk ne to

e n e deleel

poni Lve acle: The lTme Conmat RC

et adjusted sohal te o

eponaua dera tk Capa i voblee

Kott
duuug l clnchaMe
peod ie amomaily folloo lte envelope .
T undesindupples aL fr Heed amo he tP£
 -- --

he cha4
ne
ne Cowlaut KCwst be sht Conapaued
wi th
Caie eiod ie

Omd

dischaj me Cmlat

memo
Double- Side bond Sppaused Caie Mo dulalao Cosesc):

Squalo A) Ocwe

(t) AcC 14 mcoswnt) Cos wet

A Cos t+
Acm fcos(wet wm)t t Cos (w-)t
Hha t
FA t aove
aeove euallo, e can ay
Cassie Componat Ac Cosuet Cosnt tn Ompli ta de and

e n y . ie t does t Conve
Omy tobormali

powe CaltulaUras.

oomodulaleo 67 ke tola pOwe

heined fo rovnAniting Caure whWch does tt
Conwey O t omaljo. Hemu, t thu Canit uppyemed
ony L side bands hemain ene y aving hoLue

i s doeit eled I
mewsae nal a
The Ausuting Bi gnal obtainedd by Auppaesing the Calnie de
ke mo dulated wowe s Called Double Stde bomd Suppvelaed Caui
CpBS
 mt)

met) is
Modulala
imo, and cos mti
t Couie s'mal

modulalid ie D«B-sc A'guad

o blase d

MCt). A Coswei
st)
hAnANOAAAU
The DS3Sc igno wrdegoes
a
phase Aevsa whenevu I
bae bamd god m Ct)
COMA

mf

om tu spe uliur) St4),

- n
tV.c)
Impulhes t a miusin
Mea Hhat Cai e
Wc
uppesed. n t 8peitiurn md
LAMo)
owy wo side bend tms
epe

T buin Tremot 2

oblatoed
SCA) Ac M(f- fe) + M Cf +f)
The rawosmii'on and wid h Atuind b bsB-sc modulali
same asHh ammplrlau de modulali
R
Bondsidt6 B
 (to)

6enenaln DSB-se Stqnal

MeMege podud

ig MOdulal DSB se Algaa

Cos wt m)
Caniu

Acos
modulolT
ptodui
6D m
Ralomced Modulal

a) ingmodlalv.

Balamced Modulal

mtt) AM
Modulalá

4Cors4+

Oxcalol stt)
AcCos
t

mt)
A
Modulalk

AC\ 1+ kmJ Ces aTUt t

Stlt)

amd S4): A-[1- ka mttyj cosTITE

stt)
A t) Ac Cos AIe t + 4. ka mt4) cos a tU t
A c Co AtTfe ¬ +AtamC4) Cos a t

ka A mt6) Cos
aft
 Hene, except Ike Balom ad
fon tscalng tacl a ka,
Modulal otht o eua) o modulala
It peodui ka
Wowe omd CoMie

KngModulala
b

Madulal MOdulalG&
veu

mt) ose

Casr
wee t)

Caie clt)
The diodes a Cauolled by a
dquan u
wch applied bymeam w cenleu
te oltodes au idea
-tapped Vaformexs. wmeha
ke caue
pesety balanu d. When
d k Wooamevs a

posi lve, t oula dkodes oilthed bn, peeuli

Supplt O

whte as lk inne do des ae Swtehe d

tMpe domte,
aereniug oinile mpe cdamu bothat te modedoula.
l
multrpie lt base bomd Aignal y + . when
mt)by
nes eveased
Cao
CasAie uppy is negalive I iae
omd moduala multpies oase bemd Aqna

b - Thus
kig0 nodulalz in :b idea ovm
opodu mo dalal ona Squara wone Calriee md

tke boe bomd Ainal,

The ua wave CarAie CCt) Cam be Aepkesented
u i Soes as
an-
2 2-
CoS f2T1(2n-1))
The ing modelala oatp toheufore,
SA): cH) mA)

t2-n-
o Cos
fautt C2n-1)) m t)

c e Cos 1HCt Cos 3. &TEEt + ot

Coswt - Cos 3t +-- mt)

37T 3tmlt)*
Cos t m Ct)
T

m Ct)
CoSt
(tw
Cawe krm
A Leyived tee bomd q0nd
cecte
honi Cecte f
y t
e e
o n l s dkn
Lond
q
Aclck d by umiuy a BPE
Demo dulaln DSB -SC sals

method tohu deteclo

Strckao nous delecieo

Cocal genuali!
(CoRrei gal)
COs wf

CPf mct)
Malipiu
m 4 )c s a t " u i p l i u
C t ) Cost Base bomd 4imal
D s 8 - s c

a l )

The eaumu md phase t e Jocaly 9enualts

Canea
siqnad Oonnd he caie Aigna cthe amitteu
wwst bee dente slgna must e
Aoca Caskie
exactl coheet o nchAonzed rththe Calkte a
he vesnttte, bot phase
n
equeny omd

op multpbe m4) cost

ml4)t aut

ppuwed b p
otpat
od pa o Lpf t m l)
Singe. Cide bomd Modulateo
Base band sgnad
mouy be ALcovuLd a DSB-SC
Airad
wwttpt second me wib ttuSame Cai
me) Cos wet

Cos n t Cost
fs Aeco Cos o,nt Cosot Cos wt

LCOA 8w+ n)t +

Cors ( m) t+cs (2Wdt
L olp Cos t
base b and Aigna.
Ss Selt p e ide bond GSW+ Wm) t
&e cov ey
CoA(4 wDt x Co Wet

Lcs&wt + t) +
Con wm)t
LPP ole

B ase oomd signad Co be AL oved even it g l e

side band pese t . Aso it advan ogeous Aine peclas

Space ts wsed elmomically.

 Suppone Casai Aceved Cos wt
amd lo ta Caue
s Co Cwet +9) hae
DSB-SC Co t Ccon t * (dCay +0)
LConl (42 E+0)+ tCwm 9)
me)

ml4)o (2uat +8)*Cos (e)

LmA) Cos

Phase Ad aeds ampli ta de ( Rloveael Aifua.

LPP =O.

te tolas Lom the stmad.

o aaled quadialiu nult ebfet

SSB Conl un)t* CosCwel+9)

+ wt + 0)+ Cos (uWmt -0)

LCosCQwt

C OCo C w t - 0 )

bt mol ampltide
phae nd peoduces a
phase chonge
Cho to amit voite & musie, Auch phase
when sse i CUsed

Conseaueme, be ceuge
disl& nm does mot ae to be
-the umo phase dstolion.
hem lve to
Supp0Ae requney scd i psert t Coi e
Conlw+ Aw)t.

SsG CosA+ Wm)t * Co (we + Dw)t

Re + wm+ Dus)tt + C Wn Dw)t

C

ole Lf C wm - Aw)t

Aueuan Ae Coveud na n elok

mou u

reuun nd beo ee CaAsie odvehse aes inteintelabtl

spoken Connvnunicalion amd welt tokualid in Connelin
wilh

Af< 30 H ateptable t ea
 Method enesan SSB8mo
FiHe method
e eemy dnevmnalio

osalla la
loo k e to H

Audio Balamced Oalomed

ase AO dulala frlt f:tea
Medulako
4C-f)_

The oase bond Ana and Coi a applued to a

balanced modulala. The o lp e balamced Modulalz. Cmans

bot e ppe side n d and Loue Aide bomd A hese
These

Ade band iqras Seleded b y a bHe.

9 desig7nihg (t bamd pam tiltu the Aegultd Con d:tlens a e
pas band
lte oCupies Aome
a (ke peeltum desiae d SSB
a)tk wid t a wowsi on
bomd t ta blt, eperal
t bond ohe t Cwmudated grde
po bamd on lt Alop
oamd e np ies) tuie It Rowest remu
l
speelial
hpeeha CmtDonat bone bond, Atgnal esey l GA
e Aep e x a t di bonds twice lt toce
speebuas Connpont t osebondi Aiznad
Humam speech Conlbu s0ecka Cmponems as Low as
about 10 H2 But Com m o)
ntt+he ow
pecid Unmt sneeeh t a bol 30o H nd pne
peelkal nt is 3000 H Suh Resle on ademlaqeous
pu pone Coneaving bonnd oi d It
 So
So a
pic Side bond te hasa paw
mLasuned
a
pa bamd
bamod wweh
ie, elnds from a borid 300 td (30o a H2
whee
Aespone qw tlat
Oulide
a bond t upome alh Ahoa jly
aload Yo ds ooo H amd Reeclng tt muwomlt
Bide bomd aho tteast
b Clod n800
lou Cmido hod we desie eate am Ss B A
th Cai MH2
BPF toM+3o0 loM+3 t.
egias elettvily hat peovides
90 d atanua ith in 6oo H
e O. Oo 6 .
keana cho panbomd. 2mh
cwith
uch shalp sduebily 2*zoo 6os
a c VC elabini and t
d4kcuk 6 0-00006

CsuctS Woslalioo tboe

boe bond
lbonnd 'a
Alas
t tinad Coa
i puhokm e d in
slages
evud Alages
Hexe Cauiu io Aeluted as loo kL.
The
uppe Aide bomd
angs em Coo.3 to o3 kHz
T 8P Leds beuuily ndy
a
3

Lokundedth o te Alactivn
ly
Aeuons d ta case o a
lo MH Caluie. Cvo3 lo3
Cu o6 che)
The l a olp
o.006
a ppleed a
second
balane d 6Y
mo dulat hoia o
Caiu loM HE
8eloit uppea Aide band. hen he Aecmd ilte

wwt pAouide 4o de attenualoo in a 6ALmenty Koge

Apo. 6 k Ha
Dw Lit
loo-3 k lo Re
ke d
Apeuland pnd
o ddal). '*
 Phasing mth od Phose dnuimimoliomtutho

A 3in wet
Balometd
phoje
ModlalA
dem

Ba
o phaye Aa) Coie
bomd phase Addes
stokt
elshle wnct) w
inpu
sabeela&
q0 phoe
Cosut, ddkesme

alameed
wdulalk mt) Co t

The Casier Agna appuedt balome d madulal

phase
t bae bemd Agnas beo a paied t mod dali
paed
thsog a
10 phane -atTng
hase dult oet Cmy Apead Comnon
lo se oamd gna apped o mndulaa amd
ttu be eu Cnoni pplied t ofthe nod.dali
 amume base bomd Aignadi Ainwordal
npu t modulota Cos wt md
(tu hes

Stn wnmt

t Caie be md
Los t at me moduloli

other
dittp t balan ud modelelos
Cos , t Co wt md Stn t Stn t .

Cos t t= COs (We t cw)t+ CoCw - wm)t

sin s t
Sin wet os(w-n)t C c+ wa)EJ
hese wowe tom o added Jower Aide bomd Aeullb
S ubtcades Cn wot
ppeAide band appea Coatm)t
DAasb acks
DSash Mo dulalz must be
Caully lbalonted to
Auppr e
Cai
a)he Apedias Componen obae bond Aignal wwwt be

4ua apitude nd deftu n phase eady 9«.

Suh a o ale d-Rclt t6 Cmbuut

3) Sach
3)Sach modula w disploy equal e i i t t
boe bond iqvol
u) Coic kae Ault tadt must paovide enad 1phane

st hee Colraink mot Aasied, the

suppeion t ujeelid Aide bamd awnd Ie carti

wll
&uhte
phase Alhit mehod He ysle
duonlages ou
co oite ro me Aide bond tothe olk
Aut t
elnab
3 ow audio Modelonbu eneties moy e Ce d.

H metod dy adva
nede Aadio
nuoti

eintes at epenl+ d 7
sud
modedal rewnetes te be ed

lalto0s t t mmltho d Dopulay euad.

 COSTAS oop
This is amofhe method x detelng DsB-scAigre. It
ued to mate bot te Case sigqnad Cused be DsB-se md

Nocaly enuakd mal phase

B-se

Produd LPF
modulata

ctt)
VCO phase
discriminala e e

o phase
Awhtes

Pioduet LPF
ot)
mo dlaa

Costas looP Comiss tooo produat modulalbrs with Commo

with

input v), whch a DSB-S uowe The ote inpat to

Aedurt modulatbs is o, votoq Canbrolled Oseillata (vco)
We kno uat the
eauelm d DsB-se dawe
Ut) = mt) A Coswt
ld e ol Vco

Cat) Cas(2Tlet +6)

olp uppe oduil modadol

, t)-uGU.CC¬)
oLt) AcCos ut.Co Cat +¢)
Ac watt Cos Caet4d)+ Cos(4)
c nct) Cos Ac mct) Cs Cagtt¢)

ol LPF
Uotl4) = Cosm4)
At loweu podual modulta
CCt) Sin
Caufett d).
op mbdulal
UCt) OCt) e(t)
mt) Ac Cout Si CATet+ )
c mct)sat+ $) + Stn
ASnm(t) +
Act) sin CQwet+¬)
&

LPe
Uo Ct) =
in m(t).
The octput hee ioo pEs O applied as inp to l
phase discimnatr Based an Iki phase dfexene wth ( bet
bedwee0 these o Anas , thu disci minala
phane oduees a Dc

Cozo icmo
wsaisno applied as ilp to Vco to
to Cenred phae
vCo olp Tha Cae inaCused fr PSD-Se
wod.dat amd t o cally enated 8l9 Cvc o olp) a

hee
 Hlbect TYanpr
Whun phase omgles all trequmuy Cooponnk
a given siqmal a
shipte d byt90, t nesub tumeino
in knoun
m dowan as the +:lbeit Tvaapan

Fowwe va foam
+filLet yanho m docsot chomges th Aignas troro ne to toona
chomg te donain t ru grd
Comide a Unea Tne invasieut ARim
ih the Crewnsfu
Aune bn
8ven
HCP) ` SGoCf)
wh Snct) Aigo signuonclrm Se hinesd o
sqn) = f>0
- f<o.
tp. espone HGt) phae ap d HG)
H,

The phase esponme showA thal kAsln poduces a

phaxe shijt -90 b all tve A a phase ahit d
l l -ve treqs. Th aplulices allesumadnponuso5
1 melteatid b
pasi Ay n Suuh a
iro
callsd Holbat Tramome
ilbet
Yamgtor
tet uhe Yespe ttlbot lamsorme is htt)

het) =F(HC]

kde from h Fowin vomhorn, we mouw ha

S (t) <a

JT4 - Sqncf)
Codualy poperl)
htt) F i sjoi)
From e ,

ITt.

Le) (T)dT
.
HE fLLe =t)
ztt).
wh t)2t) a 7u) =

lbeit
romtm
pai

The vense lb rantoo i ve

iven

No Ld XGA) be T &

tvrom ay
Shos-that if t) in th HT 0 ,Ikun he
HT H) -A)

HT
yCt)
HT 2
Hc

Tronylex funclin M:lbeat rownirm en

H4)= jSqmf)
4)= H(4) x(f)
-i sgoC4) xt).
YG)H, () C4)
-S Ct) C4) =
sTn) jsznC4) x (4)
sgoGe). xC4)

4)7(t) .
dP
fndhe hilbeat Womturm Et) =Cos t
wen E) = Cos uety

We hane CH) =-i *oCA) x 4).

8C +£) + 8 (4-£)

CC44fe) +8Cf--fE)]4>o

xf )

H)- SgaC4)
ECf-A)
Sga C)= 42o
9
t HCe)

S C - k ) - S Cf+t)7
-is¬r-a)
C-k)
Snaukl
SSB de modulalion
Cohtse ddcein
SSR-S
Produet
utt)
Modudnlr LPF .Modla
Uattytn
locally
Com

Jpt to k
prodat molulalr s 5sc
ut) Agral
Ac mt) Cos atet t) sin oukt
th
Ofhe in to L
emaate d podut Mo
modlal
dla is ro
Caiu de Cs 2ut
CosUft
ole k
podu modwal ts
t ) Utt) Cos a t
Ac[mCt) Cs
a tt a mtE) Sin aTE|- CUt

lt) Sin (aukt)

mt) Cs4 TAE

a
Sn Lt
m4) +
Ae mtt) Cos met 4) Ac Sm 4Tkt

wwwaaed Ama
Th olp PF
ct)wweh o desive d
Cae i) Wlhey phae oct b Prekdie to, Af -o)
ie locally nsoled eaiu y Cs Tulet+d)

4)Amt) cos 24, t U sin 214t| Cos

(atet +4)
Acm4t) Cos gult C Caut +d) t) Sin aNkt Cos2httd
Acmt) Cos (R He t ). cosCa uet t¢) mt) 2 yn a4t c-oldt
o A CB = Co CAtB) +
Cos(A-B)
Cos A Sm St CA-tB SoCA B) -

14csntet +4) cs(4) uy s«CUTet +4)+n4+

olo

Talbug T. 0 both aide

VoC4)Ae Mt) Cs+ ) stn47

Ac
M) co-J*gol#) mCs) Ssnd
>osGit4) = (sC-4,)+sf+ k)J

.-. Uo G) MH) (c -s sin 4)

L
°8Cawt
C8wt

CM4)it) (S(u-ca)+
C o , Sqnu) =
- T

Csd +j siod mGr)

Cm

,ef)Ac M4)
AC MCF) Cco 4-43 tnd)
M) e
Thu
Ths each tve t4 Componut k
bae band nel

wmdeLgoa phae chomge f f each ve e Connmut

wde goes a phase hon + , l i denodulalin, This dnbrba

% mot wual Vty sebus voice Cmmuuwicaln because
because
uwam en ulael mAeri live phave dmlar lJos,
to
How ewe, in anoimiMn o wwsc e vide gnal, ts dalr bro
mo mot be aluoay aCcetable
Cane )
hreqn o s
preuad e
( +o, 4-o )
ie lo call
genelid CaNiu Cos 2nte+Df)E
&AmCt) Cos a1tt t MCt ) sin aukt]. cosC21m CHe+ Ae)¬)

U m ) Co) Wet . Cos 31 (fe+ M)E - m'lt) sio 214et

Cos m (fe+ 04) +
CoAA coB =Cs(A48) + Cos (A-8)
& s A SnB SinCA- B)-SmA-B)
. U,lt)= Ac mtt) 2 Cos TUet Cos aTGfe4 0f)E
le) a sn a t t co auCfe+ ) E

Sina4t))
olp LP
)=AC mtt) Cos TA4t t) So 2T AfE
lati FT
UoCF) = Af MC4+ 0) +M -A)+ MC+) RC+a4) -

wh M
t) MG#)
MC4)=-s gna) M(4)
VoCt)AcM44a4)-+m(4-At)+ -of)-4). -f Af) M# -

+jMAtOf) ) imi+a)-
AcAdMCf + Df) t
MGA +) wC4-At) +-

M Cf04)
MC#4 B4)
 Ce) szntt) M)
- - ) M4)
)
A
'Uoff ) C A f ) + ME+8t))+ ( M - M) - M 4 + b ]

f 4 - ) +*M 4)+A iM-4) - j MC4)

MC-f) + M (4 4) + M- 4) M4D4)
MC
-

wa

A MC- Df) (4

Vol-f) =
Ac ( +Af). >
o

i.e e he ero

a moudt

Af< 3o H i acteptabE t wa ea

A 1 ) M- (A

(1
(
Advato-ges ssB ove DS8-sc

1 les BandwidTh uapuinemed

))lens powe eauined
3)Radere aluhesence qoie
Disadvolages
1) Genuaim eceploo SsB Aignal s
Canplex.
Cornplex
2 The SsB lrasill heeeiven eed to hare a encelleut

Atalbibly A sigkt chomg treny wrl Cwrll kompu

qualty thavoitted recdved qmal.'. Ssé is not 7nually
wed the
tok hansmisin oqeoo
o malty usic used
bK Speech lavaswmim
Appliealimo SsB
)SSB trammiasi) ed in k applicalis whewe puwe
M lou bamdwidTh hegwsemen meeded

2)The appiealin aaas larnd nd a mobile Cmmmunicali

tlemeliy, milutay Communicos, avigalo g amateu hacko. Ma
hese appicalins a poiut-to- poid Cm muicalm,
Rad-o mavigalin
ow Cai i i Ssp mo dla on

Tol pouwu AM
P Pe+ Put he

Yo Caina
Pe

F14
1+2
/
-m 14
+
c) fr loo Modulal ie m

Pow Sanina 2 0S33

buw Sain 933

(i) ur modalalb, e m 0
I+osY
0.99
+-2 o
 Vesigial Sde band (VSe) Modulalien
Alhen Aqmalb conlain trequunut Cornona
lou
a eciemely
eauwnties (as in
telegraph signab), e 6 amd
LSB
amlated 4ignal End to muet at h
Caietrequny Unde Sueh CivcumAtomces, Ht becmus
Vy dhicult t solatz one de band frown the
oth
Hence SsB-sc Sehim becom mAutable fo homding
Sueh
e dh culty Sqnab. This has been OVOtome
bVestgid side bond (vse) Mo dulalon
In VSB
modulain, insted hejecng One
side band
Copletel a lo sSB
mo dulalim, agraduo t ott
Aidebamd
sallowe d This qra Ona
ra dual ci
cat is
is Compensakd
a
Vestiqe Dh Polion d t
Compemaud
ofh Sidebomd.
Applicaliom VSe modulalan
H wsed foa rasmumion tewision
picle
inab Audro
Coru
Casia

enuau'm VSB-Se
mt)
PLoduet Sideband PCAHE)
vudols moddali|ptt) Shaping
hapin VSB
MHE

HUI Wowe
SC)
Ct)
Corrit Aignal
Pole pro duz mo d.lala is
Pt)= mct). cu)
A Coszt.mtt)-0
*pging T on ott bides
PCI-
fM-A) +M+#-
l H4) be Ihu htieputns rovober molim Aide bond thap

H& sc4)
SCA)=pA).H(4)
4)] H)-
M 4) + M-

Dtsivig HG-1)
The epreimo H) Can be detbskihed deaived

delamii
delaminng t neema CondUms Coheuu dateelim ouztpd
to provide wwolstoited, Versiom otu orginal modulabDoa
Aiqnad mt)

S SB Paduet ult)
LPf Ult
acdulals
V o e

tt
Ct)Cosavf t
ole k pAodua modlala
&lt) st)-cut)
SCt). Cos 2 t
Tak
lak T m both ides

SC4- )+ S(f+£0
.from
sGt)= Ae MC +te) +M f-)n4)
SCf-) ASmC4 -Me) + Mt -f-t)HH(f-A)
M(4) +M(4 -a4k)H-4) -
GCH &)
AMCf +) + M(f-+L- HCf+k)
4 4 3k) + MC4)H(+ 4) -

es t
VC4)
As (Mt)+ m(f-at) w{#-h)+ S(M t8)+mu jH414
 VH)AMCA) +MH- 2t))H(M4) + (M(f+ A)t me) H 4)
Th pases tho
LOE olP G)= Ac fM 4) HC4 k) + M[4) HC9+k)|
A M(HCk

For dialorlimles necepbo by vSB modelal

sB
Schunna, wavmfa nclim t lli
H) wwst k Cnd:U
HCf-)+ HC+ A) = aHCt)

Whe HCte) Ike vavne fwneto LPE Cain key te.

t sa Conntat valu bSB-Sc

ty
SSt-Se

BW
/+ m t fo
tfo
muMoe Aignas
u widfh ke
veslige
 Avownlaqes VSB odulaln

DEB C
Re dueien BW ConnpaULd
dlo
mot needeL
) c:ll devo eas hi actua
Diadvala ges
CmpaAL d lob SSB -SC.

) De odeilal eo Cmplen.
ime dowmain hepkesenlalin VSB- Wave

Conside CanOnical m band pas signals

stt) = S, (t) Cas alt - Sat) Sin &TEE

whw S Ct) in phase Compone

Sat) Qnadaln ConpontitConuponat

To decive tnphaye Conponuut S7Ct):

Sf)= SCf-Pe)+ sCf+ k ) H1<B

elsehoe

SCf-£)=[MCf) M (4-24HCA-)
Hf+ e
SCf+) MCt 24) + M4

elnecshu
We tuoo H(-f+£)
had +
H(f +¢) =a H(A) Aune
HCe)= oS.
H(-)+H+) =1|
S3Cf)=AcM4).
s(t) = Acmtt).

To deve uadralue Cmuponu Salt):

SaCt)3 Salfl

eneshte

Sa4)JACS HCf- ) - HCf+ k)) le

elehee
 Demodulalion vcB Siqmo ing
wsina
Envelope. Deliclir

plain hous th kase band Aigo Can be e Covend fron

tke Vs
no plus Cami ing evelp dulela )
Eovelpe ddecl
stt) %usedto demodle
(4)
Envelope e.(1) VBgna) cataiig
deleelor
Cos wi Commeniad Tv Broacd

loca -caiog a lage

Osca llal Coiu is u l y
trannited wth e

VSB Aigna+ Camvie A

iven as
VS2

) = mt) Cos w -

mC4) Sio wt+Ac Cos wt

he+tt) Cas u4t - mGt) cio wt

The
he otpat t envelpe delecl is

Ae+ G) + 2A. mct)+ (m Ct))

Act2 Amt) C o c4) + (me) =

Ac+m(t)
The
envelope deteld c ucov tt base bamd
signa vo VSB Adgna plus Cawi.
 Woblems O AM

ha R M
9 ignalBigna U t) band limited to
Yomge 0 tfi 6treamunj tvarnnlalzd by mutiplg
Aphat tu bondoicH
tke signa Vet) = Cos t . Find
is t of the 4resuny c.
the wowsatad sznal
Given ,n t) ts bandlimited tofm
le o t) = Cos nt

VeCt) Cesw

Cos t Cos t
Ut) =
Un tt) UeCt) =

Caslwe-ant
Cos Cwe+m)t +
CA)
B t
Cwen B 1, fe

2o0-m
A moculatng Aigna lo SinC27xiÛ4) ls wsed tomodalet
a casie ao in COTx1ot). Delzmine the mo dulaloo tndex,
1.modlalon, reauenei es fhesi de b omde Componmbs

he ampilu des l hat wil be the bomd wioth d he

mo dulaed Aignal?
to sin ATIx1o°t) An t0,m = 10
=

Sol iiven
Giien On &t)=
Vc) 20 Sin CRT] x 1o'+) ) Ac 20, fe= 10'
=

mo dulali Inden, m = tm lo =0.S

Y. modulabon= 0s xloo = 5D
 3
t m to' +l0 000 H2
USB teamncy
-fm = o-1 =
10000 (000 =9000 H
LSB-e q n
th sidebancs =me 0SX 20
Aoplitude o 2

Banauoidth =
2-Am 2 (Lo3) =
2kH

0sillatr in a imple AM
civcuwt d am
3Atuned
a sDHenmy coil Ga fcapacla
Tyamsmttea employs
The
The Os allal olp is modulated by occupi
audio edtequniies
by ki vdebonds
ujlo
lo KH2 Find he reauum amge
Given mlokH2
L S0 U HH

12.12 kA2
*e2TJLC
USB e n y e + io
=112t2k+lo 722.1EH2

LSB e
=12.12 E- lo E= 1 0 . 12 k H2.

CaYYIe tA modulae
4)A 400 high e4m awe2

the tols pouwe inhe

to adepth 1 S . . Delamine
wo dulaled waNe

m = 0.7S
Y.m TS
Pe 4oo u

Tota powC

= 4oo1+15
Si2.S
 2
broad cas nadio tNOmsmite nadiatis lo
why e modlalen Inder 0.6. find tre powea
wm moclulated
Caie wa

Sol Gy) Pt lo
m 0.6

Pe?
RC14

6)he anlenna Cuweit oan AM Trommilt is 88 amp

hen only e Came wa set. B t increae

to 8.43 aup wh h Came ve is modulated by

a
singte
single sine wave Delumine h tollousing
) M o dulaiom ndet
)Antenna CuYet wh l mo dlalim chomges to Eo

se Given
8.93 A
(i)
2

893 9I+
I+ 2.93
8

(i) wm changs to 0, m = 0.8.

.19 aP
A A cutom Am tWommilt adialis XlO wots w'th
aCaviu modulated amd o. l2 s kats whuo Caria
Ainusoidally modulated. Pind he -bllowing
C) Modularo inde () of modulatto
Cti) amo the aine wowe coespmding to 40 modulalio
Is hammitted simutamcously, detumine (he folal sadralad
Powe

Give P 9xlo w
Pt 10 125 k
(t) PPe C1
(O. 125 x103

m 0 S

) m 0 S xto0 /.

(ii) Ano tber Ain Wae

Total nadial+d pou Pt

0s)+(o.4)
0.64
Pe9xto1+064 2

lo 84 kw
) The aitenna Cuet a) Any tvomkmitte
wo dulated to a dept 4o) b an audio Aine wawe

is Il a p t i creases to 12 amp as a tesut

mo dulali0 by omo the ine wowe. Find the

the modulaio
fndet due to ttis d ne wawe
Civen m 0. 44

T 1+
10.S8 au
1+O
2

increases to 12amp

1+ 286

m 0.1S

mm E0-1S

m+m = 0ST

m 0.ST - m 0.S1-(o.4)
0.4
 Camie amp itude mo alulated y a

)A 60 KH Delamine k amge
Apeech band 300-3EH2

UsB LSB.

Ghiven e = 6o E RA

3003
kH2
fm Yge
mi 300 HE

TMo 3 EH2.

+mig 6o k+ 300
Lowet traquam USB E =

60.3 k Hz

+mo 6o k +3 E =
63EH2
igstrequm e Use
6ok 300 = S9.1kH¢
reaum oLSBe-min
-

Louest =

Higheat teumu oLSB na 6ok- 3E = S1 EH

LSB
ST /60 63t

60-3
o An 2o MH Comriu havin am amplitude Sdv
modulated
wo dulates by 2H2 audro simal hoving a amptide
ov.ov. Deliumine he modulatim tn dex requen
speeum oAmM OaN e

Col'. Ghiven o MH
Ac SD V

m 3 H2
Am aoV

modulaion nde m Ae SD
 3
USB e +m = d xld + 3xlo 3D. 00 3 MH2

L& -o 9oxIo 3 = 79. 999 H

3xlo

Acl
mAcl m Ac

19.M FoM 30.003y

How many
Man AM broad c a stalions Can be

accomelated a 300 kHa banod width he wghst

Is kH22
e-umy modulabmg a Carie is

Soy Give B 200 H

m S kH2

Bandoidfh each staltn =am = 2Cist)

30kH2

Total B 300
Numbe stalins n = o 30
B eeh staliaM

10 stalios

E
30 KH
300 KH
 Pindhe .modulalion AM OaNe whwch has a

Contet cauieu 8 kuo 2 tin each

Powe o a

ide bamds uhun Cari is modulad ed by

a Auple audio ne

Glren Pe = 8 k.
2W
Rise Rse 7

Pe
p 2t PsB P e
C8 ) 2
m

7. loo

An AM Ngnal is gven by o +4 Si tooo Tt cos 2Txto't

ind trequmis mo dulaling Aigna,
Caviu slgna
(ta poa t each
mo dulaion Mho Cal oulati
depth
jde bands.
Gie
olo+4 sin to007t Cos aTI xlo° t

lo+sin tooo Tt| cos a xlo t

ke abo ve eaualim with standasd
C Compai
M esualon Ac m cos wmt) Cos wt

Ac t0

m O.4 e10° H Side bands

T-o toooT
m 5pO H Pe= 22

PsB
 14)The modulatm OaNe
cham ro
40 to 60.. Oviginaly the powe Covteat the Camie
was 00 . find u pow t Cortet at tte Carie teqmy
Onmd wtty to each Aide bnds aftaHhe modulalion
Mas usen to 6oX
Col Given m chonge o to 60
Pc 00W

hough YwChemgs to 6o Pe Vemais

Sts independea m
Pe Aoo w

PsB Pe -6) 900

2
l6 2 h

Yow en i eaen Aide bemds -

PLse P'asSB = 6
2 F1w
15. An AM signal is represented in time domain as s (t )  [20  2 cos 3000 t  10 cos 6000 t ]cos 2 f c t.
Given f c =1MHz.
(a) Sketch the spectrum
(b) Calculate power taken by each spectral component
Evaluate total side band power, efficiency, PT, BT.

Sol:
Total Bandwidth=2fm1+2fm2=2(1500)+2(3000)=3000+6000=9KHz
 Rodto Re ceivexA

heceivs ae
e:
The main funeom daAadio
moduloct ed Aignad by tk Aeceiving
Aeceavi
I
inlacep ntoming
ntomg
ome nna
amd ejed ke wnuonted 8grals
SelecSeleat k delnd sigma
amp
deded
tis
Ite
Aclecded
meddated
RF. Aiqmal.
Aiqnad to gd back Ite igina

ModulaCng signal.
>amplfy k moduulaty «quny Aiqm.
This Mea hd a Aadio heceivu is om detuonic equipmed
h'ch picho p the desiaed aiqnal, njets te nuo an lë d

siqpaak, amplikes te desiae d lgnal, demodulais he modulal+d

Sigmalo qd back moela ovi qinal modula ing Airal
clasihcalm Radio A ceivers
AM. ond.cajl Lcelvers These eceiveds oasa wed to
eceive e 6Aoadct speech Dmusic Vanmi He d tvom

A-M ood co Fonmilts whteh opeiale n ong wave , me dium

wlove sho wowe mds
FM bhvadcat Alceivexs These Ae ceivers aAL s e d to ALeeive
he bhoadcat
paorammes tom FM bAoodeai onam tters
wwich opelale n VH URF bonds
3 Covmmui anlim Alceiver COmmcunucallm ACeiverA ed f
aceplion teleaph Ownd Ahoil wave telephme 3ignab.
Tele vision ceivexs. These ceiv eNA wed to ARceve
televisi on bondca UH F
bands
d Rodav eceiversThese AceivewA
asued to Aeeaive Aodau
Ci.e. Radso deteevon md Aomging ) Aignah
6 Tuntd Pndd PArauny CTRf) ALceivers to Conmeura odsoals
Supes beiuodne etve.
TRE CTuntd
Aodroeumy) Le teivu
Antema

s t Re 2nd e udto Pow e

detee ta
ampluhiu ampuie ampluk apligee
lod
Apeaku

ioged
tree RE
Re
conlains wo o
The & sage 3enta lly RF amplibiese
RE amplatievs ame tuned
amaibiers.The se
opat ond dput
omd oulpud
cicut at lk
Vaiade uned desired
-tney have
ts to select h e
Sides. The unclion of RF stage

Signal omd amplalyt m

mood
duulla
alle
zdd sigmal
simal
ampliied incoming
incomina
demodulala nn deleclo
delecls
Afl his, the demodulala

demodulala. "The
to the md at he
is applied modulalad
modulale d Sgnal
detkéled
demodulal s the nal.Caudio s'ral)
signal.(audio sgnal).
demodulala, we g modulatin
moduatng sig
ouput t hhe
e he audio ampliegiea.
Ti audto stgnal t amplitied by
this audio signal is fuhu omplihied by a
porUe
AHte that, to drive lke loud
omptiea upto desied exe pouwes leve
Speaku
DYousback TRE Receive
from ledeney to osallale
(1) The TR heceive suhbews a

at highetequncies from k multretage RE amplifiexa

with high gain ovnd opekaling a Some tAaquancy. s u c h
o ampujien has a 9aio o a0,000hen a Smal porliom
oupat leaked back to tRe tnpt k RF sage,
posi five -feedback and 0sillauan will AeuH.
stage
This pvo blem
tken
 ic teamad as
tslabtlly th Aeceivea.
(2)The
h e
selecivilg eceive
oelwcen
a is i albilty to
dhsünguish
a
desiad sgnal omd mdesiaed siqnal. The
am

seledtivi
e civit TR Aeceiven is poo. t i s difhcult to achiee
Cubhicient celetiaty od high brequunties due to the we
simgle-ttuned ciAcuila.
s) Anoth
pAoblem amociated with tke TRF eceive. is the
bond width vaialim ove
uningAomge-
FO n AM baoadcast Syslem,l e us Conmidea that a
tned ciacuit i 0qALd to hove a bomdoidth 7 to kHE
a eaLM S35 kH
he
ne ualuby tacla a othis tuntd chewit mut be

Resonal reauny S 3 5 =53.5

Bomdwidth O

othe ofhe end bivad cat bond Ci.e. 16 4o hH),

th
qulityty-farla as
64 64
ie fncreased tac 3
But H ality fada is o t nereasedthat much becenuse
the losses, which asa dependel v. treauenty. Thus, praiti-
-- cally,
cally is tunsd civcuit unli kely to etceed 120.

Hene
Ren bomdwidh le tuned cir ceut egiale to
6oE 13.8 k H2
1&20

Thep, due to hia nreoed bondwidth d 13.8 kH

e d bondwid h o lo kHa, the Aecive

in place a
stattons)
Selat adjatel trequencies Ci.e
would pick up o meomsthal tha
wth the desiaed euenuy d staionhia
vaaies with ke incoming
bondwidth o h TRF Aeceive

eaum
kcud tu blokdieo
Supeahettuodyne Receives

Hlenna

RF Audio
StageMc Detecta ond poule
amplibie ampijiers

local
Oseillat

Nanged uwn
N

a
super heladyne
keceivet, hu mtoming RF 'grms t 4
is Combincd oith h local osellala signal treameney ox gh
tosignal loes ed
a miues and is Conveetid a

Cnown a
tequeny. This locwes fned tequmey
eLmediai frequeney. Thlof Snal moud amplibied

amd demodtuated to hephoduce t oAiginalignal.

The word hetecodyne alaods bp mizing texe have

ined l he
ntomin sigma teqmty wit ke local ocilala.
tequm
euny heagore this Ae civce is called Seupee
lel+kodyne Acceive
The f
amphiu genelnlly Conläins a
mumbe
ENS eoch Consis tng af a
anspm
pai milally couple d tuned
cicu SIf amplihien
provides mot
Ike 9a (ie semibut
a l Cie Aemitut,)
and bonduwidth Aequeme nb Ce
seleclivily) the AlLeive.
ie 1
Ownpliler deleiwmines Sersi tily ond
selectyilg
the
h e upee helexodyne eceive.
Sine 1f ampubiea
wox al a
ed Ifhea, uuny, e
design o his pëo uite n to
provek. high ugain omd
omd
Cosant r k y bamd wid h
the If amplihi es
maLo bownduid th
Because i ,

Acjec all ofhe breauenei cs exeepl Inla me diae brequmj

(IF). Ths Aejeelton p.eo c tte isk nlekesAme
fLom othe soices b lalions
a all
a Ihe
AfleAle he If amplibien., he Aignal applied

mpt devmo dulata which exvaes3 ORi

g ina modulat.

signal Ci.e audto qnal). Thlo audo Aignali ampuhied by

Om audto amp hin to g a
palicul a oltage leveThs
audto iqnad to uathe amplihied
ampuied ba powe
peci e d Ow leve had H
amplabie to ga a moy

ativa te t loud speakeu

Eg Sele m Am alo e 6Lok

Cnes t oca osa llata
nis aho
1 une RF amp liea .

to9s t H
ta Paedelimined e md
64oe
dy mi1e iD
 RP Receives chaaetis | Paramelers

Sensivi he Sensti of a rodio Aeceive is

abi lib to omplita weak Aiznas
slandand Valus a
FON AM baoad cost AeceiveyA ke
too-H2 Sine awe Gnd
3 pecert modulalio a
Aignad applied t the
he Aeceives heough a slndard capng
neork as dummy anlenna The sndaud
otput 5p0 mw, wmd
fo al pes
lad peah e is heplace d
Aeeeives t
load Aesis oe equa
Valne
 '
6 T

-
Senitii i q exprened 15
in mickovolts r dectbes
below Iv

FAo k eitivit tunve

loookH , his palieula

6oo Looo 6o0
Aeceive has aseniGviliy
dreauamey, kH
n7v o -98 dev

Fo ptokeal onal Aecelves, he semi ulG is dehined ita

sinad pooe Requined to peoduce i n i u m accejable

outpit siqnal w a minmum acceptable signal- to -mo ise

ialto
The mozl impoalantfaclovs
delemining ke sensuvi0
a Supet heltuodyna. Leeivea aRe

ain IF amp&Aev
Cr) a te Rf ampljess
Ci*) oie tiu e teivea.

Porla ble and othe Amall ALeeivers sed

bipadcad bomdmght have a semitG t e vicinity
15D A, wh
NiveNA moy be
a

be lte
estily dqualiG
hon Comuwicalny
HF bmd.
 to
abilty
selec tviy: The is i ts
selec tly a Ae ceive

Acjet unuwanid gnals.

Halso eprenes hth
alenualion thal he Aeceive
fexs to signak e u e nees Go
Meat to one to which H
tuned
30 O
H0 -30 -20 -lO O to 20

seleei depends upm he Deunin ,ktt

olloon talbs

h ffeqwmy am8 oecomes

becmes
Selecuuly vaies eeiving
is Aaised.
Some shá wove when s Aeeiving treamy
a) t i deliminedb e Rspome e f ecTon,

a Small
wuxt
asîgiicai
omd RF
RF
qmpukier inp.it clvcui
pday
playng
pa
Seecbalg i e man eel tha del mines he

adionedd - channe Rfecton a AeLeivei.

Crdelsty il aloiuty
Supeo duce
all mo
dulatng reaumeis euall
ol

CMenba

t oduse o.
ood
myit-fodhky
ieith out totoduei Rey
diotali
 Automab Gain Conuo) ( Gc) 6 -Atomaie Volume Cantol ve)
the castiea Vok{age miimum the oed speat
oulpd becomes in audi ble and gels mied in mone.

O te othe hond 1 th Couie votfage l mai mum, he

becomes tntolesabl onge

op loud Speake
Oogt
|Andbo
amP
Me
pdec amp

AGc
locoy

1he implest ond wost effeckve me adopted to

oalamce k toding i k AGC. AGC civcut Comtos
gun Re ad 1f stage eMa ble a Imo st Constant
gna votage thethe olp detect, despt fe ekomges
The change n
achieved by
shittng te operaOng
point
point fvoraiati wsed 1 ampliko.
The
The
opesaUng poimt ts
choged by bias vo
vo tege hat
dexelne d t ta
a
tegeka
AGC civcuit

ni ple AGC
To dexve a dc
amph lade
tlegevo
pto phltoal to he Caiee
eioficalieo Carier vo Htage tn a
ne ar diode dleelh
 hevese- blased vottag
To apply this de vo
Hage and If ampuke
RF a m h i e , breay mle
a the lp b i 'as increases

he
AGc bfas
MCeajes,
igaampl:lude pu ceding
Caier
tuned 4áa ages
andthea all Cauie amp
Aealting decreae
decAea
k dedeel
mmaN Value.

Ame
de cheaes de to
3 Cauitu om
aion -talks plae

Capaslä H impe
simpe AGc
Aac
detecl with
inea
inea deode

A
A
AGC Hu

civeuit, Ihu hal - a v e Aectied voltage is

his
load esila R. Capaci lacbiltewa e
tLe
aee opee d atvo
dc and the
PEComp one nh dus o hich nly the

olslaine d the
orulo um yolte
yoltage
lped Li la . Thi d Componenl Atvmove d m

oudpu we
coLpi capaulk Cc AGC
piced up o tu dode end and uslä e. Bd,
Sine ttis
yole
vote Comah
Covinb
odulal e cmpuned a ad
theoe AAC b:lte conis ting
RA and shut capatt|h C t used to
Revnnvr
Madelaling d baue bomd iequny Componeul d
eavivg l a
poitedc
AG bias. voHage ashe
eqwi
ine

typical time Constamt AchiHa is io he Ao

o:1 to o2decmd
Now tis posi lte A Ac otas i
aplued d e bae
PmP frowsiols pAteding Tuned
stages Ths poitiu
AGe bias ttun dues foad otas t emtleu
june n he beseduena e ain
mpiiu
icae NPN oosisisA a ve Aac blas b a pplie d
at lk baes Vovosislr
he
The ece ding ned Ages.
detect cdrcut Ame eveept e dtode
poait s evesed.

Delayed
The R anplebies mlfed
b ny AGc vo Heje
avength arttadm a
CeRlain pe deleimined
levd.Thio ac hiered b
a ov
bno on
ptoviding del
delay a
cir cut
cir cut Surh

oo md
dulad AGC.
AmalT
due hi ch 1ku Aac
aiqnal votge4, diode Condueh
as Jut Aumai ted at a
Ve value An lw Cae vo lage
neeaE
cted votage to-d t o cathode dlodedlode D,
DV
n dtode D, AlGps to Condut omd
Aac steo wks
oumaly
 peteerodt
-D
CI Modeulalq
amp trea olp

Aac
ADelny dtode
Ipelo6i
Various AGC Characteristics
age {eauny md i jec Uom

1 a samdatd boad cad Aeceive, ith local osullala

trequen
a n to alwas made hightt ho he ntoming
epual to Aigal umuy
plas tte tnteimadrale fres
e s +

local osllatt Muu -o-4

nto nq
| Coco
ntme diat
-
fe mmt dtale
treeis t dfesente beli een Jocal
oscillala t e nd
nConnan slgna feqenty
Now, a reemt fst MomaLges to hearh e mine
uch hat
-o
then lkis ny tsi
fs would ano po duue 1 ohen it

wined t h . This wndejiatd d Apurto ts teamediae

en Amal l l also e ampuied e f alge
0
ond Oould Cause intesheaente
The stis called image equeny and s defined
as t ignal equm plus twtce ttu maimedake
44e4un
 Thds Aputiou oould e ealed
eny na
te Aeme mannt as desie d trea Aifnal.
The
Atjecüon an mage bequen gnal
sigle tued iveit wmay be dehined as th Ralro
ain al the ga reue to t gain a
Fain
Image breenuy, This i
ive) aay

whee
fs
amd i te quaiuty -toclk ined cirut
oaded Cmd:n.

I siva ho an RF
ogt, hon
td ctreuis ools tuned to . The mage wney
ujeuio each stge wll be Caltulated davm
foLuula, The ttas & oveall ujclioo cotll loe

Ihe
Imoge tequany jec0 the
ccivea depepends
p soid. end de nds
Accele. he sejeelis
imoge requny mst oe aeieve od be-fove
Ihe
Onu tndeitd equny entes he -f.st
Ovwap i , itwoeulds ecome
1f
mpoasi ble to
to Ae move
t desiud id fay
inal
 Sn a bLoad cat sup eaodne havig no e
Cou eivuit (at
Cwwpuie, t Roaded . aTte nnow

ttu pat t mit) loo. T he 1omedtate beuney

rK, Calulati a) the mage rea ard i ejec ln Aaoo
at looo eH md btke tmoge trey ond h ejeekso ialo
as MH2

a)fs

+aCuss t o EH2

O0o 91 o.S2y= I386

Loo C356) 1434-6 38.6

(6) asa(0.u s) aS1 MH

2s -o36 - 6:16 9 O.o71S

+ ldo (o-o71 147-1s 1-22

 AM FM
Noise in and
(kennad)
Noie anawid tDAn
FDAm en ohich lmdto tatuue

(a) lhun ta pAope Aeeplin and

u A r a l votae alives al the
oduelon trommited srals
demodulalz. i t r l l Le accomp amied
clamiicaben oe votage wowetor Vaues with time
tn om
etaly wnmaetade wanneu. his ewnpaedzta5
T. Etna oise voltege woNcm ia a
handov Daocem talled
oA
teuna noide

TEAtena oie ne ainedich genuatd exlnal t

Comwuwdcallon
extnad meie
Amos phuie noie
. Elta tewcamod noine

3 Indwliad noiee
) Atmospheve ndise
Ano called sals noe
aodued tning dnckanges n undeslamd and
ofm nalluia elecwcas dnabamces hi'eh occ in *a
o s phone

Awmosphaie moine L
reainu
2 Enlxa terestrw o ie

Divtded nto

Solat molse
C) Comie vine
t)sola noine t t eleeiea oine iinang f
t sun. Becawe eeme
d kagtemperalus,tvodalis
) dubveent
one
C) Cohmic oine
Disat stas Con abo be comiduud as
SUN These
disat sls have kiqh tempuauas andhete
e
 notne

adate Mone
ay Sun. he

the
aho Acered
saml mann

O
Ouw
lany

Omd
fom
on ta
t t
Cte 7 pulbrs.
ren othu viiad Sueh as
uasers

via poi
poist Aorces

a ndta noise
Y
Mom-made
PAoduced by automobiles alv catt dgrtalin nrtim,
eleetuead mols, soth gears pmd leakrge frorn igm votape
omAmiwten bnes and eta
Aeual other hea eleetica eguipmad
i n d u y J noine.
ano the owen ouhead

Geniad Comm uicaltn pno

o eceive iteanally OY oith in tt

Cam oe aedued b Aapa d minimi zed ope

Spla desm
Shot moe
()PasG Uon moine
it)lou treauny keu Moise
G ug eeuny Vowittne Dd
C)Theuma one.

iy Shot noie

Asises aclve devi ces du t o n domn

behavidu
chosge caiers.
So ekelTos b e s shot
Moine
enerated dur t
andom mimi eleelons
Caho des heu as
Aemi cnduel devices hot
,

none is
Aomdom diffusim
winvnoi 9aneated
9nenated due
du
Caies
Caiea
Almply
and Leombi naln o ellun hale npy Aardm
aA.
 has to
Pauilrn notne circut when a
Cuiew

Generaled n
pa ths
divide be tuoee too
mdu

Aesulh trom
-e
pati lTon noine
samdon teantion th adtvism.

lcke moine d lo ea oine

noine appe
noine a ppea
e kHE), a
ype
eyC belous moreaes as
nei^e
The Pow e speelka danni LPCD) ttis
moine
de cLeaes molne Cat led fuck
treaune
() MoAe.

Aamit-tme
moie

bemi Condue devices when K vowmt-time

Th
change Canies juwmem i Connpa^a le
e chage hne
d Hae
t Gine eod gna m cauies

betk spmce d emtews.nts Aoce ives To

am inpuT Qdmrtteue onduuctonce Compoew

ueases ano
Theam noie I hite noise Tohsan noe

Rond om moine hich Renesate in a hesista du t

sapid and tandsn) moUon (K molecules Lafom nd
eleons ) inide t Componu tll
he moine oue, ,
phoduted na nla pAoplima
t absolulë
tEoperaluMe. Ano ta moine howa 1s
to tK bandwidth ove whieh
opalnd
tte measue d.
Pn dT.B
k Te
whee k:
T
BoHamann'a Cmoa -38 x to Jod k
absotr mpekal B-Bond wid th 1"iH
R 273+. ,
 Voltage Mode ine hesinla
> I a d.c
voltmel n Comnecded a.woAA a dinauy
hesisla d koo
peual 17c C270 k) n0 votg
idasplayed b Dvotn eli,
avey vey senmi ve eleetonte
voltnela
usplop
ome adng.
i
wrd, n
Ths
be cauie dtL ad+ha euy
be eae d as Mohe
eneLald , and hee Cwen be

qu a
lange voHege aeroa it . Sinte ando
and thufoe has a Ams valu t no de Compene
ac mulaa com Ftu a Alasug. Thds noine

vo Hege Caued he Aan do movem enl eleetones

ho Tt hesisla, olteh Comtifuls a CCune

Ramdan vo lkege awuns

tt Res isa Cm e

Aned nd caluulatetd.

S4 A dlwas eupmed i9

tu ms value. Aathy
harn ttamtomLous Valu

eguvali ohcult a

Te t2 shoud te

oIe eeinl

R i nonelexs Omd i heceiving k

Aume Hu

2enunlad by R.
Manlnauw) moise podeu

u t Ma Dowu Vawnfo, h a m ,
poww
mole vot Vn t
wwsl ae R R.
 t m a . motAe pouee
ho Vastemed i l b e iven

RL

Arm votge -dtvidw metod

Vn eanlos eial m noine

Vn
R 2R
V IR =iR
yR Po
we kmoo

L4 Rk TB
a =4RkTB
ao Cleted it5 a

e
Sua ms moine vot e

e
umperalzu
pao pdTad to tt abso utz
Aesu l ts heistance nd Ita ands id th
valn
muasuued
ove which mo ine

Alote hat Un s ndepended tt exun eh

loe cawre noine
ti mas d
s tibuts oVn
amda and evenly
Auumy pean.
Ptolo Go a e openaln oue fy homqe from 18 t
20 MH has a lo k A lP esinlg what iy (t Am moine votgr
a tt aphu anm bie
peaalne ls
27c
4kTB R
xt.38 x t x (21+173) x (ao- I) x lo x lo'
I8 2x 13. 2 uv
 hamdo m vaiatos
Shat one
s Cased
he
Oulpa eleetode
ava eleelrones Cov holes)
devie ond appeaWA as Romdo my vau
ose CRiet Bupeiiposed m oulput
 Note
) Th adralure epresetalin move
ne) = ne t ) Cos wt - n Ct) sin u t

ne C4) = Gns F ) = Gn fe+f) + qn Cfef)

3 G n Cfe+P) = Gin Cfe-f) = Gnf)

4)
4) PSD Wte Gawmion o oine Gncf)= 1/
5 ilP nose powu No Nm

Fiqe o Meut FoM oy = oPSNR SolN

ilp SNR StN
Noe in SsB-SC
Cos uat
SCE)
S, CE SLt
ntt)
Corie
tite n,CE - nce
Base
44aband So Ct)
HeCf) no Ct)

wsume hat USB is wed f

Coni i l has
rabmimim,enee the
oand pashat eten ds -tro f to

l h neceived siqna
Stt) =A Cos C +wn)t
Hho 4 ) =A Cds Cwe + wn)t
Th olp dha muthpba l
S4) =
st) Cos wet
Cos (we+ wm)t. Cos wct

Cos (a 4) t + Cos wnt

ole base band tlla s

Sot) cuw,t
olp Agma po, S. - A)

ilp Aigna po, St

SoSo Sil4

Calculalio oine Poweb

none powel, - m
olp noie Powe

nt) =
e t ) Cos wt ns t) Sin wet
-

Ginc Cf)
Gns C4) :
Gn Cfe +4) Gn
+ Cfc-f)

GnCfef) = o.
none t ta olp multipliu
Gt nCt) Cos wet
eCt) Cos wt- s 4) sin wet es wet
ne Ct) Cos wet -

s(t) tin wet cs w

ne Ct) + ne (4) Cos a wet -

ng Ct) Sin a w,t

 olp olp LPF

PsD o t) s Gno C4) Gne G# )

Noine poe io
inlava to
No

No N

S
No
Sil

.' FoM, Y: Sole -

StN
Note lp n4)
muthiple

m -fe
ole,
mwkptu GnC4)

2 2
24
ol ro C)
Noue y DsB-SC

lt the eceived Agna be

S t) = A Cos t Ce wet

CsCwet Wn)E + cs (wedn) tE

le siqnapowu
S (AIG(AG 2

olp he wmuulti plie

St) = s,(t) Cos wet

Ccs (ctuan) t + A Cs(we-wn)t cs wet

Cos (2w+ n) t + Cos ) t

CosC CosCaw-wm)t + Cos uwmt

LPP

S4) =A Cs ml + CoWm t
2 2
Cos wnt

olP AgnaPoeis
olP
So
So (AIG) A
So
S
So
olp Noie Pouou
t) = nc t ) Co's w t - ng-t) Sin wet

Cmc C4)= Gng) =

Gn (fe+f) + Gn fef).
Gn Cfetf)= M
GnCe) M =

Gnc C-) = Gns C4) = M+M = .

t Muttpiu,
nC)= ( t ) Cos wet - 4 ) sin wl cos wt

olf LPP

o t) e t)
PSD oC4) s

ncCH)
GinD C-)
Noie Po w inlwal4o to o b

No Ni
lo

So /No
fo,

DS-se
Ani tha Modula bng igno
t).
axbittay lgnad
m

bose bose bnd Aignal is

Cos Wt
.The heceived a'znad be SH) m t )

Powu S4)

S S+) Ct) Co t

mCt) + t ) os a t

Si SA) A)
wt
ol t a muutipliee, S, 4)= S,Ct) C

=mt1+ Cos 2et)

2

pow S mtJ
olp gna

olach is same rsinusoidal mo dulaln signal

He ako, : .
Nahe to Convelso0 a M CDSBPC) ( (w Snchrmou
dedee
Cnsider DSB Sc modulaioo, whe

So S
Conta bulid by+e wo bide band
Si s t
ta pouer

alm Raplace St b S CSB)h u io tt poue

power

in Ita A'debonds

SoSo S
let ta neceived gnad be

CeAeat Cs t
SiGt) =ALIt ml4)

Acs Wet + A m4t) Cos wet

Cariu Pow A

Pow in e ,
i-e side bomd pow, S =Am t)cosf

S m (t) .

TotlP sgnod pouw

S +
2
t-
EDrainaliu ie, S =A +t
(se)
Si

St ttH
sCi+ )
 Subrbtuby e )n es 0
So S -

No + t)

t)

(slar)
In lam Cariu Dow P A/
ron ey O,

14+ olt)

Pe C+wttJ)
-

Su e i e 0
So m (t)

fm

No
Pc

mt) = mCos wnt, t n

SiC4)= ACI+ m Los wnt C wt

So Case amd

S CAroro ay )

So S C PoM,
No m
 The nesults
ma be umnanizud as fo llouws

SsB-S

FoM, DSB-Sc

mCt DSB-P CAM)

mCtJ

DSB-Pc uoith Ainwsvidad moduulals

2+ m

Deive am erpYtv I k foM, wh ti mo

dulalng
signa
ignas mct a
bingle lm dalal
whte m
mo
iven by mt) = m Cowi
mo
dulal in dex. Cind Ik valu
wn ttu depth modulam (a) loo Y sD)
SD Cc) 30
30
m
24 m

F m- 0
3
. 33
Co m 0S,
24 s )
Cod m 0.3 ,) : 3)
Co. ?0-0g.
 u a a w denmodulal
S a Ct) +2CE)
yk
So(t)+nolt
Bare bamd
aw
Omd
device
n o i n e

HC )
HC4

M
l stqs dc

De amume that we houwe a Cie aump:ade A

Onnd mgulsv eqn ampl a de modulaltd
baxebane bomd Alna mt). Than tt mceiyed Aiznal
SC4) A4mC+ cos ot
fndto t dumodulal
u) ACmC)J C t + mt)

op Squa la detce

ACH mteJ chat+ itt)} +

2A[4ml
Coet H)|

Al+ m) c t mty
A Cos u +aAm(t) cst+
aA mbt) Cot
+ c t +2A Co ut mCt)
+2AAmt) Co Lot tt)
 2

Co e t
t t t ) t 24 Cot nty
aA (t) ntt) Co Lat

Cos a t + A t 4 ) + Am
2
-at

AA mCt + An tt CA a t

2AA C o t nt) + 2A mt)

n t ) Cos vat
,.
An

b a y e bemd l1a

+ A mlt) mltl co t

ot
mt4)n+ + nt+)+2 ^8 ntt)

St n4)

ph tml)+i]
2 A n(4) t ntE) Co t + 4)
aMumi
Then

olp sign So A CEJ

whun m t)) <1,
t)

d No s He noine powe due t Hivlfam ee

2 A4) C A t

t e n le
d u to setmd
nd
t moise po

14)kas a
psD ML , ta pso m
Mly lacween to m
4A . at /N
aAfn
wewe buowHat poweL
i'n mtt) Cot t
Clonatn 1N fm

ttt oweL A. s So 2UkG?

T ps0
Ant)
G4) Ca-4) GpC+)

Alo olotained by
t aALa

2
 fm df ) df+ 4

-[
u-
3

lalad Moise

No No+ No

2 AMm +
3

9gnal to noine Aabo s

S Ct)
No

Us : Aond 1
PeC4)
CM n + 3 Nn
NyKI+ 3 Nm
 Tt oft+

2P 2 Pe ct) 2t+(
No
2(2Pc) Nm t 3N.,

4 c GnCfetk 4)
APE Nm 14 Nn CanCfekni)
GC+¬) Cn Cfe-tg
.
Pe Ct)
Cun C)
Anf ) -
Gn
3Nm 1
)
8

Ct) Pe
No
Nm

Cai alove equalion i h So. t ) (DsB

No

Sn both Ca tte Psigmai o a p i l+de -modualed

Caie with looth side lbands pAesevt
Ths idenbcal
eualions a
encel on Itke facla
t
phach appeas tn tke Coe 7 Saua la demodulalaT.
he Caie pou
VU th Lorgu han dm
Ce ) , Ite enka factz ma be
gndad. and

Sauar law demodulala peupams well as AtnehAonous

demadula A.

When beComis vy laye, y oecomus

N
 wCE de

R 1e Hushel)

4-6
d
Nm

-3mt)N

-to
P

ut3m

Whe
Nm oeComes
Jo it1o

No
3
-G
x lo , m -

As
deas demo dulal Dea ante Cwwe
PAoively tov
plot
stvaiet-ine
Coes ponding to En V loae
longe.
he
The thho ld poict is Chosen
point at
asbiharly to be le
whteh
patDAmomce Cuve
da8
Ce tveshold OCturs twhen 4.6 de Pe 29Nm
Noine in AM Cingvelope ddeco)

st4)
n(4 Cam sldEwelepe
deteeln
Base bmd
tplla
So+)
ToGt)
HeC4)

The
inpu spnal pus noine at tu ilPtbe
vs demoodulalb is

SCt)+n,Ct)= A1+ m(t)| Ces wt + nt)

nlt)= ne Ct) Cos wt - net) Sin uwt

SA)+ nt) = Afl+ mt] Ces wt + n t ) Cos ut - nst ) Smuat

ut ntt) sin ut
ACI+ mCt) + net) Cos -

Kpreseulbng he above e y a phasoY diogva)

oP h ewelope. ddfa s ACI+mtt))+ ne Ct )

Rtaut R
ACt+E)+ Nt)]+n t)
.'.R= |4 i+ mCt)) + n Ct) + 2ACIt mlt)) nett) +n tt)

A and nsE)<e A,
ta no Lms
Aouming nt<e
nCt) nt) Can be uglected

R St) +n,(4) =A+mtt)]+ 24C1+mt) net)

2 ne Ct)
Alm1 ACt mtt)
 We tno hat
(14 1 fov Small
s,4)n, (4) A[14 mt)) 4 2 ne t)
1 mt)

SoCt)A[I m({)) A+ Am4)

op noise P is
R Sal ou, So mt) ngleclng de
Cmpmut)
olp woie Pawet, No

GmoC4)=Gnc 4)
No GneC4) d4 =

le noe Powu Ni tm
IP tnal pou, S
Silt) mtt)Jcos wt Acosut + A m(t) coft

S A t)
2

.o, Y mCt)
SN

So Sane as knchoous dideln

No
S
t ) Ni Noveresold
Thesnold As (St) decreases, a pont is eached whue
whee
(Sof No decveas thomthe inpat. That
mone 9napidy
Poict is called hreanold
Sil<<\ nd t)<<

So Beloo thresho ld
No

beloohrvyhold i poo wken

he peamon.ee o ke Aysm
Com poued to abovehreyhold.

Fo Sauane lao detectd below tweho ld

No

Belos threshold, suan lao

detecln peaprm bekta
thon envelope dleteeln .

For slrng signas, all demo dolalns wk eaually well.

Fo weak ignas, Btnchronoy demo derlalon pexparm bel

Aince 7t+ ehi bi threxho ld.
lhen tochvonou demo dulal is mat feasi ble, 9quarula
demodulal pat peltza hon envelope dteel