PRACTICE EXERCISE 1.

1. Which of these sentences are propositions? What are the truth values of those that are proposition?
a) Malaysia is the biggest century in Asia.
b) 2 + 3 = 5.
c) Do not pass go.
d) 5 + 7 < 10
e) 4 + x = 5.
f) Polytechnic Ungku Omar is the Polytechnic Premier.

2. What is the negation of each of these propositions?

a) I will go to find you later. I will not go to find you later
b) There is no population in New York. There is population in New York.
c) 2 + 1 = 3. 2+1≠3
d) The summer in Taipei is hot and sunny. The summer in Taipei is not hot or not sunny.

3. Let p and q be the propositions

p : Mei has saving ten thousand dollar in bank.
q : Mei will has a trip to Hawaii.
Express each of these propositions as English sentence.
a) ¬p Mei has not saving ten thousand dollar in bank.
b) p ∨ q Mei has saving ten thousand dollar in bank or will has a trip to Hawaii.
c) p ∧ q Mei has saving ten thousand dollar in bank and will has a trip to Hawaii.
d) p → q If Mei has saving ten thousand dollar in bank, then Mei will has a trip to Hawaii.
e) p ↔ q Mei has saving ten thousand dollar in bank if and only if Mei will has a trip to Hawaii.
f) ¬p ∨ (p ∧ q) Mei has not saving ten thousand dollar in bank or Mei has saving ten thousand dollar in
bank and will has a trip to Hawaii.
4. Let p and q be the propositions
p : It is a sunny day.
q : We will go to the beach
Write these propositions using p and q and logically connectives.
a) It is a sunny day and we will go to the beach. p ^ q
b) It is a sunny day but we do not go to the beach. p ^ ¬q
c) It is not a sunny day or we go to the beach. ¬p ∨ q
d) We will go to the beach when it is a sunny day. p → q
e) It is a sunny day if and only if we will go to the beach. p ↔ q

5. Determine whether each of these statements is true or false.

a) 1 + 1 = 3 if and only if monkey can fly. True
b) 0 > 1 if and only if 2 > 1. False
 c) 2 + 2 = 4 if and only if 1 + 1 = 2. True
d) If 1 + 1 = 2, then 1 is a integer number. True
e) If monkey can fly, then 1 + 1 = 2. True
f) If 1 + 1 = 2, then monkey can fly. False
g) If 8 – 5 = 2, then 5 + 2 = 8. True
h) Monkey can fly and likes to eat banana False
i) 2 is a positive integer and a prime number. True
j) Bird can fly or swim. True
k) 1 is a negative integer or a prime number. False

6. Construct a truth table for each of these compound propositions and determine whether these
compound propositions are a tautology.
a) (p → q) ↔ (¬q → ¬p)
b) (p ∧ q) ⨁ (p ∨ q)
c) (p → q) ∨ (¬p → r)
d) ¬(p ∨ ¬q) → ¬p
e) [(p → q) ∧ (q → r)] → (p → r)

7. Find the bitwise OR, bitwise AND, and bitwise XOR of each of these pairs of bit strings.
a) 101 1110, 010 0001
b) 1111 0000, 1010 1010
c) 00 0111 0001, 10 0100 1000

8. Find the output of the given circuit.

a)

b)
 c)

d)

9. Construct circuits for these outputs.

a) x  y
b) ( x  y )  x
c) xyz  x y z
d) ( x  z )( y  z )
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1.2

1. Let P(x) be the statement “the word x contains the letter a”. What are the truth values?
a) P(Discrete)
b) P(Mathematics)
c) P(True)
d) P(False)

2. Let Q(x, y) denote the statement “x2 > y”. What are the truth values?
a) Q(1, 2)
b) Q(-3, 8)
c) Q(√2, 3)

3. Let P(x) be the statement “x likes subject mathematics,” where the domain for x consists of all
students. Express each of these quantifications in English.
a) ∃𝑥𝑃(𝑥) Some students like subject mathematics.
b) ∀𝑥𝑃(𝑥) All students like subject mathematics.
c) ∀𝑥¬𝑃(𝑥) All students don't like subject mathematics.
d) ∃𝑥¬𝑃(𝑥) Some students don't like subject mathematics.

4. Let Q(x) denote the statement “x + 1 = 2x”. If the universe of discourse is all integers, what are these
truth values?
a) Q(0)
b) Q(-1)
c) Q(1)
d) ∃𝑥𝑄(𝑥)
e) ∀𝑥𝑄(𝑥)
f) ¬∀𝑥𝑄(𝑥)
g) ∃x¬Q(x)

5. Let C(x, y) be the statement “x is a friend of y,” where the domain for x and y consists of all people.
Use quantifications to express each of the following statements.
a) Everyone is a friend of everyone.
b) Not everyone is a friend of someone.
c) Someone is not a friend of someone.
d) There is a friend of John.
e) Mary is not a friend of everyone.
6. Let P(x, y) be the statement “x dislike y”, where the domain for x is all students and the domain for y
consists of all subjects. Express each of these quantifications in English.
a) ∀x∃y P(x, y) All students dislike some subjects.
b) ∃x∃y ¬P(x, y) Some students like some subjects.
c) ¬∀x∀y P(x, y) Not all students dislike all subjects.
d) ∀x P(x, Mathematics) All students dislike Mathematics
e) ∃y ¬ P(Maria, y) Maria likes some subjects.

7. Let H(x) be the statement “x is hardworking”, N(x) be the statement “x is naughty” and C(x) be the
statement “ x is clever”, where the domain for x consists of all students. Use quantifications to
express each of the following statements.
a) Some students are clever but naughty.
b) Not all students are clever and hardworking.
c) Some students are clever, hardworking and not naughty.
d) All students are clever, or hardworking or naughty.

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1.3

1. What rules of inference is used in each of these arguments?

a) Linda is a Mathematics major. Therefore, Linda is either a Mathematics major or a Information
Technology major. Addition Disjunctive
b) John is either likes reading or drawing. John dislikes reading. Therefore, John likes drawing. Syllogism
c) If tomorrow is a sunny day, then we will go swimming. Tomorrow is a sunny day. Therefore, we
will go swimming. Modus Ponens
d) If I go swimming, then I will not go shopping. If I do not go shopping, then you help me buy the
New Times magazine. Therefore, if I go swimming, then you help me buy the New Times
magazine. Hypothetical Syllogism
e) If I finish the report today, then I will send the report for you tomorrow. I do not send the report
for you tomorrow. Therefore I do not finish the report today. Modus Tollens

2. Explain the rules of inference used to show that the hypotheses lead to the desired conclusion.
a) “Cindy works hard.” If Cindy works hard, then she is a hardworking girl.” “If Cindy is a
hardworking girl, then she will get the job.” “Therefore, Cindy will get the job.”
b) “I am either lucky or clever.” “I am not lucky.” “If I am clever, then I will get a good result in
SPM.” “I will get a good result in SPM.”
c) “If Mary has free times, then she will go shopping.” “Mary buys a new skirt if she goes shopping.”
“Mary does not buy a new skirt.” “Therefore, Mary does not have free times.”