Sir Syed CASE Institute of Technology, Islamabad

EE212L Electric Circuit Analysis II (3Th Semester)

Sir Syed CASE Institute of Technology, Islamabad

Electronics Lab

Electric Circuit Analysis II

Experiment No.02: Study of Superposition Theorem applied to dc Networks

using actual hardware components

Name of Student: ……………………………………………………..

Roll No.: ……………………………………………………………….

Class Section: …………………………………………………………

Date of Experiment: ………………………………………………….

Report submitted on: …………………………………………………

Marks obtained: …………………………………

Instructor’s Signature: …………………………..

Experiment No.02: Study of Superposition Theorem applied to dc Networks using actual hardware components
1/9
 Sir Syed CASE Institute of Technology, Islamabad
EE212L Electric Circuit Analysis II (3Th Semester)

EXPERIMENT NO: 02 Study of Superposition Theorem applied to dc Networks

using actual hardware components

1. Objectives

1. To validate the superposition theorem.

2. To demonstrate that the superposition theorem can be applied to both current and voltage
levels.

2. Background Information

The superposition theorem states that the current through, or voltage across, any resistive branch of a
multi-source network is the algebraic sum of the contributions due to each source acting
independently. When the effects of one source are considered, the others are replaced their internal
resistances. Superposition is effective only for linear circuit relationships.
This theorem permits one to analyze circuits without resorting to simultaneous equations. Nonlinear
effects, such as power, which varies as the square of the current or voltage, cannot be analyzed using
principle.

Superposition theorem is one of those strokes of genius that takes a complex subject and simplifies it
in a way that makes perfect sense. The strategy used in the Superposition Theorem is to eliminate all
but one source of power within a network at a time, using series/parallel analysis to determine voltage
drops and currents within the modified network for each power source separately. Then, once voltage
drops and currents have been determined for each power source working separately, the values are all
“superimposed” on top of each other (added algebraically) to find the actual voltage drops and currents
with all sources active.

It must be noted, though, that the Superposition Theorem works only for circuits that are reducible to
series/parallel combinations for each of the power sources at a time (thus, this theorem is useless for
analyzing an unbalanced bridge circuit), and it only works where the underlying equations are linear
(no mathematical powers or roots). The requisite of linearity means that Superposition Theorem is
only applicable for determining voltage and current, not power!!! Power dissipations, being nonlinear
functions; do not algebraically add to an accurate total when only one source is considered at a time.
The need for linearity also means this Theorem cannot be applied in circuits where the resistance of a
component changes with voltage or current. Hence, networks containing components like lamps
(incandescent or gas-discharge) or varistors could not be analyzed.

Another prerequisite for Superposition Theorem is that all components must be “bilateral,” meaning
that they behave the same with electrons flowing in either direction through them.

The Superposition Theorem finds use in the study of alternating current (AC) circuits, and
semiconductor (amplifier) circuits, where sometimes AC is often mixed (superimposed) with DC.
Because AC voltage and current equations (Ohm's Law) are linear just like DC, we can use
Superposition to analyze the circuit with just the DC power source, and then just the AC power source,
combining the results to tell what will happen with both AC and DC sources in effect.

Experiment No.02: Study of Superposition Theorem applied to dc Networks using actual hardware components
2/9
 Sir Syed CASE Institute of Technology, Islamabad
EE212L Electric Circuit Analysis II (3Th Semester)

3. Experimental Work

Equipment & Components Required

1. Digital Multimeter
2. DC Power Supply
3. Breadboard
4. Resistors:

𝐶𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

i. 470 Ω (1⁄4 𝑊) ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

ii. 560 Ω (1⁄4 𝑊) ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

iii. 680 Ω (1⁄4 𝑊) ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

5. Connecting wires

Procedure

Superposition Theorem Applied to Current Levels and Voltage Levels

1. For all calculations of the experiment use the measured values of the resistors.
2. Use the circuits of Fig. 3.1 and do all the work as indicated in Table 3.1 and Table 3.3.
3.Now construct the practical circuits for Fig. 3.1 and perform the experiment as indicated in Table
3.2 and Table 3.4.
R1 R 3

470 680
E1 10V R2 560 E2 12V

Fig 3.1(a)

Experiment No.02: Study of Superposition Theorem applied to dc Networks using actual hardware components
3/9
 Sir Syed CASE Institute of Technology, Islamabad
EE212L Electric Circuit Analysis II (3Th Semester)

R1 R3

E2 is short circuited
470 680
E1 10V R2 560

Fig 3.1(b)

R1 R3
E1 is short circuited

470 680
R2 560 E2 12V

Fig 3.1(c)

Verification of Superposition Theorem by Calculations Applied to Current Level

Calculated Currents Calculated Currents Calculated Currents

𝐸1 = 10𝑉 𝐸2 = 12𝑉 𝐸1 = 10𝑉 𝐸2 = 0𝑉 𝐸1 = 0𝑉 𝐸2 = 12𝑉 Verification of Superposition Theorem
(𝑚𝐴) (𝑚𝐴) (𝑚𝐴) (𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝐴)

𝐼1−𝑐 𝐼2−𝑐 𝐼3−𝑐 𝐼1−𝑐 ′ 𝐼2−𝑐 ′ 𝐼3−𝑐 ′ 𝐼1−𝑐 ′′ 𝐼2−𝑐 ′′ 𝐼3−𝑐 ′′ |𝐼1−𝑐 ′ − 𝐼1−𝑐 ′′ | 𝐼2−𝑐 ′ +𝐼2−𝑐 ′′ |𝐼3−𝑐 ′ − 𝐼3−𝑐 ′′ |

Table 3.1

Verification of Superposition Theorem by Measurements Applied to Current Level

Measured Currents Measured Currents Measured Currents

𝐸1 = 10𝑉 𝐸2 = 12𝑉 𝐸1 = 10𝑉 𝐸2 = 0𝑉 𝐸1 = 0𝑉 𝐸2 = 12𝑉 Verification of Superposition Theorem
(𝑚𝐴) (𝑚𝐴) (𝑚𝐴) (𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝐴)
𝐼1−𝑚 𝐼2−𝑚 𝐼3−𝑚 𝐼1−𝑚 ′ 𝐼2−𝑚 ′ 𝐼3−𝑚 ′ 𝐼1−𝑚 ′′ 𝐼2−𝑚 ′′ 𝐼3−𝑚 ′′ |𝐼1−𝑚 ′ − 𝐼1−𝑚 ′′ | 𝐼2−𝑚 ′ +𝐼2−𝑚 ′′ |𝐼3−𝑚 ′ − 𝐼3−𝑚 ′′ |

Table 3.2

Verification of Superposition Theorem by Calculations Applied to Voltage Level

Experiment No.02: Study of Superposition Theorem applied to dc Networks using actual hardware components
4/9
 Sir Syed CASE Institute of Technology, Islamabad
EE212L Electric Circuit Analysis II (3Th Semester)

Calculated Voltages Calculated Voltages Calculated Voltages

𝐸1 = 10𝑉 𝐸2 = 12𝑉 𝐸1 = 10𝑉 𝐸2 = 0𝑉 𝐸1 = 0𝑉 𝐸2 = 12𝑉 Verification of Superposition Theorem
(𝑉) (𝑉) (𝑉) (𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑉)
𝑉1−𝑐 𝑉2−𝑐 𝑉3−𝑐 𝑉1−𝑐 ′ 𝑉2−𝑐 ′ 𝑉3−𝑐 ′ 𝑉1−𝑐 ′′ 𝑉2−𝑐 ′′ 𝑉3−𝑐 ′′ |𝑉1−𝑐 ′ − 𝑉1−𝑐 ′′ | 𝑉2−𝑐 ′ +𝑉2−𝑐 ′′ |𝑉3−𝑐 ′ − 𝑉3−𝑐 ′′ |

Table 3.3

Verification of Superposition Theorem by Measurements Applied to Voltage Level

Measured Voltages Measured Voltages Measured Voltages

𝐸1 = 10𝑉 𝐸2 = 12𝑉 𝐸1 = 10𝑉 𝐸2 = 0𝑉 𝐸1 = 0𝑉 𝐸2 = 12𝑉 Verification of Superposition Theorem
(𝑉) (𝑉) (𝑉) (𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑉)

𝑉1−𝑚 𝑉2−𝑚 𝑉3−𝑚 𝑉1−𝑚 ′ 𝑉2−𝑚 ′ 𝑉3−𝑚 ′ 𝑉1−𝑚 ′′ 𝑉2−𝑚 ′′ 𝑉3−𝑚 ′′ |𝑉1−𝑚 ′ − 𝑉1−𝑚 ′′ | 𝑉2−𝑚 ′ +𝑉2−𝑚 ′′ |𝑉3−𝑚 ′ − 𝑉3−𝑚 ′′ |

Table 3.4

Superposition Theorem not Applied to Power Levels

4.For Power Levels do all the calculations as indicated in Tables 3.5 and 3.6.

Calculated Power Calculated Power Calculated Power

𝐸1 = 10𝑉 𝐸2 = 12𝑉 𝐸1 = 10𝑉 𝐸2 = 0𝑉 𝐸1 = 0𝑉 𝐸2 = 12𝑉 Sum of Powers
(𝑊) (𝑊) (𝑊) (𝑊)

𝑃1−𝑐 𝑃2−𝑐 𝑃3−𝑐 𝑃1−𝑐 ′ 𝑃2−𝑐 ′ 𝑃3−𝑐 ′ 𝑃1−𝑐 ′′ 𝑃2−𝑐 ′′ 𝑃3−𝑐 ′′ 𝑃1−𝑐 ′ +𝑃1−𝑐 ′′ 𝑃2−𝑐 ′ +𝑃2−𝑐 ′′ 𝑃3−𝑐 ′ +𝑃3−𝑐 ′′

Table 3.5: Calculations of power from the values of Table 3.1

Calculated Power Calculated Power Calculated Power

𝐸1 = 10𝑉 𝐸2 = 12𝑉 𝐸1 = 10𝑉 𝐸2 = 0𝑉 𝐸1 = 0𝑉 𝐸2 = 12𝑉 Sum of Powers
(𝑊) (𝑊) (𝑊) (𝑊)
𝑃1−𝑐 𝑃2−𝑐 𝑃3−𝑐 𝑃1−𝑐 ′ 𝑃2−𝑐 ′ 𝑃3−𝑐 ′ 𝑃1−𝑐 ′′ 𝑃2−𝑐 ′′ 𝑃3−𝑐 ′′ 𝑃1−𝑐 ′ +𝑃1−𝑐 ′′ 𝑃2−𝑐 ′ +𝑃2−𝑐 ′′ 𝑃3−𝑐 ′ +𝑃3−𝑐 ′′

Table 3.6: Calculations of power from the values of Table 3.3

Experiment No.02: Study of Superposition Theorem applied to dc Networks using actual hardware components
5/9
 Sir Syed CASE Institute of Technology, Islamabad
EE212L Electric Circuit Analysis II (3Th Semester)

4. Questions

1. Why does the Superposition Theorem not hold for power?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2. Why is it important to include polarity sign with voltage and current when verifying Superposition
Theorem?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Experiment No.02: Study of Superposition Theorem applied to dc Networks using actual hardware components
6/9
 Sir Syed CASE Institute of Technology, Islamabad
EE212L Electric Circuit Analysis II (3Th Semester)

Lab #02 Marks Details:

# Qualities & 0 < Poor <=40 40< Satisfactory 70 < Good <= 90 90< Excellent
Criteria <= 70 <=100
ER1 Task No Tasks were Some tasks were Few tasks were left All tasks completed
Completion completed/ minimal completed. Could not to be completed. in due time. All goals
effort shown justify the reasons for Provided acceptable achieved.
uncompleted tasks justification for the
and goals. uncompleted tasks
and goals.
ER2 Neat and Clean Components are wired Most of the wires are Few but not all All components are
circuit but didn’t ensure untidy with jumbled components are wired in a neat,
constructions neatness and up connections wired in a neat, clean and safe
cleanliness at all clean and safe manner
/minimal effort shown manner
ER6 Troubleshootin Unable to identify the Able to identify the Able to identify the Is able to identify the
g fault / minimal effort fault but unable to fault but partially fault and able to
shown remove it removes it make necessary
steps and actions to
correct it
ER9 Results and Unable to produce any Inaccurate plots and Correct plots without Good presentation of
Plots plots or results /minimal results any necessary the correct plots with
efforts shown identifying features proper labels,
such as labels, captions & visibility
captions & visibility
RR1 Format/Layout Follows poorly the Follows, for some Follows, for most Closely follows all the
& Organization requirement related to part, all the part, all the requirements related
format and layout. The requirements related requirements related to format and layout.
report is disorganized to to format and layout. to format and layout. Written work is well
the extent that it The organization is The organization is organized and easy
prevents understanding unclear generally good, but to understand
of he content some parts seem out
of place

RR2 Content/Infor The report is not The report is The report is The report is
mation objective based and objective based and objective based and objective based and
addresses the issues for some part for most part addresses the issues
referred in the addresses the issues addresses the issues referred in the
proposed topic poorly. referred in the referred in the proposed topic with
The provided proposed topic with proposed topic with in depth analysis and
information & results is an acceptable an acceptable reasoning. The
not coherent rather engineering/theoretic engineering/theoreti provided information
irrelevant. Little al analysis. The cal analysis and & results is
engineering/theoretical provided information reasoning. The necessary, relevant
analysis is presented & results for some provided information and sufficient to
parts is necessary & results for most discuss these issues.
and sufficient to part is necessary The details are easily
discuss these issues and sufficient to understood at peer
discuss these issues level.
TR1 Effort & Little or no evidence of Minimal effort if any. Completed all agreed Extraordinary effort
Attitude effort shown. Negative, Some interest shown tasks; competent, demonstrated.
absent minded, in the project but not Exceptionally positive
withdrawn extraordinary. and/ or constructive
Positive and /or attitude
constructive attitude

Experiment No.02: Study of Superposition Theorem applied to dc Networks using actual hardware components
7/9
 Sir Syed CASE Institute of Technology, Islamabad
EE212L Electric Circuit Analysis II (3Th Semester)

Lab #02: Marks distribution:

ER1 ER2 ER6 ER9 RR1 RR2 TR1

Task 20 Points 10 Points 10 Points 20 Points 20 Points 10 points 10 Points

Lab #02: Marks obtained:

ER1 ER2 ER6 ER9 RR1 RR2 TR1

Task

Marks obtained: …………………………………

Instructor’s Signature: …………………………..

Experiment No.02: Study of Superposition Theorem applied to dc Networks using actual hardware components
8/9
 Sir Syed CASE Institute of Technology, Islamabad
EE212L Electric Circuit Analysis II (3Th Semester)

Experiment No.02: Study of Superposition Theorem applied to dc Networks using actual hardware components
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