LEAD112 MIDTERMS
CU 6
Law Enforcement Administration
The process involved in ensuring strict
compliance, proper obedience of laws and
related statutes. Focuses on the policing
process or how law enforcement agencies
are organized and managed in order to
achieve the goals of law enforcement most
effectively, efficiently and productively.
Law – the system of rules that a country or
community recognizes as regulating the
action of its members and may enforce by
the imposition of penalties
Enforcement – means to compel obedience
to laws, regulations or command.
Administration – an organizational process
concerned with the implementation of
objectives and plans and internal operating
efficiency.
- Connotes bureaucratic structure and
behavior, relative routine decision-
making and maintenance of the
internal order.
ORGANIZATION
A social unit of people that is structured and
managed to meet a need or to pursue
collective goals and objectives.
It is the process of identifying and grouping
the work to be performed, defining and
delegating responsibility and authority, and
establishing relationships for the propose of
enabling people work effectively.
- Guides members in its operation of
the assigned duties.
- It enhances better administration of
the department.
Goals - broad statements of general and
long-term organizational purposes often
used to define the role of the members of the
organization.
– For the Police Organization,
the goals for instance is to:
■ Prevent crime
■ Maintain order or
■ Help solve
community problems.
Objectives - are specific short-term
statements consistent with an organizations
goal.
Organization can be distinguished by their
degree of formality and structure:
1. Formal Organization-is defined as
those organizations that are formally
established for explicit purpose of
achieving certain goals. (Stable
social institutions.)
2. Informal Organization- are those
sharing the basic characteristic of all
organizations arise through the social
interactions of individuals or through
family grouping.
POLICE ORGANIZATION
■ A group of trained personnel in the
field of public safety administration
engaged in the achievement of goals
and objectives that promotes the
prevention and maintenance of
crimes.
■ Administration of Police
Organization - It is the systematic
structure of management of a police
organization. Focuses on:
 – Ensuring quality of work
being provided to the public
– Adherence to the department
rules, regulations and SOPs
– To do the duties and
responsibilities more
efficiently, effective, and
productive.
Nature of Police Organization
■ The police department is truly a
complex bureaucracy. It is mostly a
multi-level organization, organized
in the form of a pyramid with the
top-level administrator being the
chief of police.
■ At the bottom level of the
organization, one finds the patrolman
or line officer.
– The patrol office or
patrolman is the backbone
of the police department.
■ The lowest level worker found in
many, if not most, complex
organizations who usually performs
the routine, repetitive kind of work
necessary to keep the organization
functioning.
Types of Police Organizational Structures
An organizational structure is a
mechanical means of depicting, by an
arrangement of symbols, the relationships
that exist between individuals, groups, and
functional relationships between groups and
individuals clearly defined to ensure
accountability and compliance.
Line Organization
■ The straight line organization
■ Often called as the “individual”,
“military” or “departmental type of
organization”
■ The simplest and perhaps the oldest
type.
■ The channel of authority and
responsibility extends in a DIRECT
LINE from top to bottom.
■ Authority is definite and absolute.
■ Strength/Advantage: Utterly
Simple
– The person in charge has
complete control and is held
directly responsible or
accountable for results or
lack of them.
■ Weakness/Disadvantage:
Impractical
Quick decisions can be made in the line
organization because of the direct lines of
authority.
Discipline is administered in this type of the
organization.
Responsibility for making decisions is well
identified. Singleness of purpose is fostered.
Coordination of effort is relatively easy to
achieve because there is no functional
overlapping in between units, a prime cause
of friction in any organization can be
minimized.
Functional Organization
■ In its pure form is rarely found in
present day organization except at or
near the top of a very large
organization
 ■ It violates the prime rule that people
perform best when they have one
superior
■ The functional responsibility of each
functional manager is limited to the
activity over which he has control,
regardless of who performs the
function.
■ Strength/Advantage:
– Divides responsibility
authority
■ Weakness/Disadvantage:
– Coordination of effort
becomes difficult
– Discipline is difficult
administer
– Conflict may arise among
functional administrators
Line and Staff Organization
■ Combination of the line
functional types
■ It combines staff specialist such as
the criminalists, the training officers,
the research and development
specialists, etc. channels of
responsibility is to think and provide
expertise for the line units.
■ In normal operations, the staff
supervisor has line commands but
with recognized limitations such as
coordination between line and staff
personnel can be achieved without
undue friction.
■ Strength/Advantage:
– It combines staff specialist or
units with line organization
so that service of knowledge
can be provided to line
personnel by the specialist n
■ Weakness/Disadvantage:
– Failure to recognize the line
and staff relationship can be
the most frequent source of
friction and barrier to
effective coordination
and All police function and activities can be
categorized as their line or staff.
Line functions - these are designed to meet
the basic police mission like patrol, traffic
enforcement, or criminal investigation.
Staff functions - those that exist to support
to
line functions, either directly or indirectly
like planning and research unit
Line Function
■ Primary Line Function
– The primary line function is
and
police patrol; that is the patrol
activities of a police
organization are considered
basic and the first priority.
– The patrol division has the
initial responsibility for crime
prevention and dictation of
the apprehension of
offenders.
– It also assists in the
preparation in the facts for
presentation in a court of law.
– The patrol function is
accurately called the
backbone of the police
service.
Staff Functions (Non-line) ■ Polygraph examiner, photographer,
fingerprint and crime scene
■ Simply put, staff functions are those
technicians, and the police laboratory
services that support the line
are technical auxiliary services that
■ Non-line activities help the line to support the line activities.
accomplish its primary task
■ The jail and the communication
■ Traditionally non-line or support system are non-line (staff) activities.
activities consist of two major
■ Some activities are extremely
categories:
difficult to classify as either the staff
– Administrative Services or auxiliary.

– Auxiliary Support Services – In many instances they

perform a dual service.
Administrative Services
■ Police community
■ Those that provide services that are relation units,
of less immediate assistance and are although performing
supportive of the entire police secondary line
department like personnel and service, may be
training. designated as an
■ These activities that have the auxiliary or even a
responsibility and personal staff function
development and department CU 7
management are staff services.
Theories of Police Service
■ Personal development includes
recruitment, selection, training, and Continental Theory - police are servant of
supervision higher authorities and the people have little
or no share at all in their duties, nor any
■ Budget, planning and research, direct connection with them.
inspection, and similar activities fall
under the heading of managerial Home Rule Theory - policemen are
activities. considered as servants of the community
who defend for the effectiveness of their
Auxiliary Services function upon the express wishes of the
■ Those charged with the people.
responsibility of giving immediate Fundamental Concepts of Police Service
assistance to the operations of line
elements like communications and Old Concept -this old philosophy means
crime laboratory services. All non- throwing more people in jail rather than
line not regarded as staff service are keeping them out jail. Punishment is the sole
classified as auxiliary services. instrument of crime control. The yardstick of
efficiency of the police is more on arrests.
Modern Concept -police service today has – The power of the government
broadened its activities to include certain to impose what is considered
aspect of social service for the welfare of the reasonable restriction on the
people. Their yardstick of efficiency is the liberties of its citizens for the
absence of crime. maintenance of public order
and safety
■ Police Administration
■ Police Accountability
– An organizational process
concerned with the – The inherent responsibility of
implementation of the the police organization to be
objectives and plans, and answerable for the
internal operating efficiency misconducts committed by its
of the police organization members.
(Timpac, 2013).
– It is the legal responsibility of
– Otherwise known as police in the police officers to face any
action, the cooperative consequence that may arise
human effort to achieve the while exercising their
purposes of the Criminal powers, duties, and functions.
Justice System.
Police Organization Units
■ Police Management
■ The organization of the police force
– The art or manner of commonly requires the following
administering, controlling, or organizational units:
handling all the various
1. Functional Units:
aspects of the police
organization. a. Bureau - the largest
organic functional
– The skillful use of means to
unit within a large
accomplish the task, purpose
department. It
or objective of a police unit
comprises of numbers
or organization
of divisions:
■ Police Politics
b. Division - a primary
– The study of public subdivision of a
administration or affairs of bureau.
the government in relation to
c. Section -functional
police matters.
unit within a division
– Maneuvering for power that is necessary for
within the police specialization.
organization.
d. Unit -functional
■ Police Power group within a
section; or the
 smallest functional 2. Special Order
group within an
3. Personal Order
organization.
Principles of Police Organization
2. Geographical/Territorial
Units: 1. Principle of Unity Objectives -
Every police officer should play a
a. Post - a fixed point or
part in the attainment of the
location to which an
objectives of the police organization.
officer is assigned for
duty, such as a 2. Principle of Organizational
designated desk or Efficiency - This principle requires
office that, in order that the PNP
organization is effective, it must be
■ e.g., a
structured in a certain manner to
specified street
accomplish the objectives with a
intersection
minimum cost.
surveillance
site 3. Scalar Principle - This principle
requires a vertical hierarchy of an
b. Route - a length of
organization which defines the
streets designated for
unbroken chain of units and
patrol purposes. It is
command from top to bottom
also called LINE
describing explicitly the flow of
BEAT.
authority.
c. Beat - an area
– Unity of Command
assigned for patrol
purposes, whether – Span of Control
foot or motorized.
– Delegation of Responsibility
d. Sector/Section- an and Authority
area containing two or
more beats, routes, or Unity of command requires that an
post. individual be directly accountable to
only one superior. No person can
■ Report - usually a written effectively serve two superiors at a given
communication unless otherwise time. Different from:
specifies to be verbal reports; verbal
reports should be confirmed by – Chain of Command -
written communication. Primarily this principle
provides for the vertical
■ Order – an instruction given by a movement of authority up
ranking officer to a subordinate, and down established
either: channels in the
organizational hierarchy.
1. General Order
Span of Control or she must be given the authority to
carry out those responsibilities.
■ The area of activity and number of
functions, people, or things for which ■ It is important also that the
an individual or organization is responsibility and the authority be
responsible. clearly defined.
■ The number of officers or units 4. Functional Principle - This
reporting directly to the supervisor principle is otherwise known as
should not exceed the number that division of work according to type,
can be feasibly and effectively place, time, and specialization.
coordinated and directed.
5. Line and Staff Principle - It implies
■ Factors that limits the span of a system of varied functions arranged
control: into workable pattern.
– Distance 6. Principle of Balance - Application
of the principles of organization must
– Time
be balanced to ensure the
– Knowledge effectiveness of the patrol force in
accomplishing its objectives.
– Personality
7. Principle of Absoluteness of
– Complexity of the work Responsibility - It states that the
performed responsibility for performance of the
■ As the chain of command ascends deputy chief to the chief of police is
and the diversity of functions absolute (unconditional) and vice
increases, the number of individuals versa, and that the chief of police
that a police executive handles cannot escape his accountability on
decreases rapidly. the activities performed by his
subordinates
Delegation of Responsibility and
Authority 8. Principle of Flexibility - It states
that there is higher tendency that the
■ There must be a clear line of normal PNP can fulfill its purpose if the
authority running from the top to organization receives more
bottom of every organization. provisions for flexibility
■ Ultimate authority and responsibility (adaptability).
for a police organization lies at the
top of the chain of command-with
the chief.
■ However, if a subordinate is to be
held responsible for the
accomplishment of a given task, he
9. Principle of Authority Level
(Hierarchy of Authority)
Decisions within the authority of the
police station commanders should be
made by them and should not be
referred to their superiors, such as
the police district commander (or
PNP provincial director).
10. Principle of Parity and
Responsibility - The responsibility
of the head of the Investigation
Section for the actions of his
detectives cannot be greater than that
implied by the authority he has
delegated, nor should it be less.
Other Items and Terminologies
■ Sworn Officers-all personnel of the
police department who have oath and
who posses the power to arrest
■ Commanding Officer- an officer
who is in command of the
department, a bureau, a division, an
area, or a district.
■ Superior Officer- one having
supervisory responsibilities, either
temporarily or permanently, over
officers of lower rank.
■ Ranking Officer- the officer who
has the senior rank in a team or
group
■ Commissioned Officer (PCO) - A
police officer with a rank of Police
Lieutenant and higher.
■ Non-Commissioned Officer
(PNCO) - A police officer with a
rank of Police Executive Master
Sergeant and lower.
■ Length of Service- the period of
- time that has elapsed since the oath
of office was administered. Previous
active services may be included or
added.
■ On Duty - the period when an
officer is actively engaged in the
performance of his duty.
■ Off Duty - the nature of which the
police officer is free from specific
routine duty.
■ Special Duty -the police service, its
nature, which requires that the
officer be excused from the
performance of his active regular
duty.
■ Leave of Absence- period, which an
officer is excused from active duty
by any valid\acceptable reason,
approved by higher authority.
■ Sick leave -period which an officer
is excused from active duty by
reason of illness or injury.
■ Suspension - a consequence of an
act which temporarily deprives an
officer from the privilege of
performing his duties as result of
violating directives or other
department regulations.
■ Department Rules- rules established
by department directors\superiors to
control the conduct of the members
of the police force.
■ Duty Manual -describes the
procedures and defines the duties of
officers assigned to specified post or
position.
CU 8
Department of Interior and Local operational supervision over
Government the PNP.
■ Republic Act No. 6975 – Qualification to become a
(Department of Interior and Local PNP member was upgraded
Government Act of 1990)
■ Must possess a formal
– Re-organized the baccalaureate degree
Department of Interior and from a recognized
Local Government (Chapter institution of learning
I, Section 4-12)
■ RA 6975 – 72 units to
– Re-organized the National qualify – 2 years to
Police Commission (Chapter comply with
2, Section 13-22) educational
requirement
– Established the TRI-
BUREAU (Chapter 3, 4 and ■ WAIVERS:
5)
– Age, Height, Weight,
■ Philippine National Education
Police (Section 23-52)
■ Republic Act No. 9708
■ Bureau of Fire
– Extended the period of
Protection (Section
attaining the educational
53-59)
requirement for PNP
■ Bureau of Jail members:
Management and
– Effectivity of RA 8551 –
Penology (Section 60-
given 5 years
65)
– Effectivity of 9708 – 2 years
– Established the Philippine
Public Safety College – Weight – 1 year
(Chapter 6, Section 66-68)
■ Republic Act No. 11200
Philippine National Police
– An Act Providing For The
■ Republic Act No. 8551 (Philippine Rank Classification In The
National Police Reform and Philippine National Police,
Reorganization Act of 1998) Amending For The Purpose
Section 28 Of Republic Act
– Relieved the DILG on the
No. 6975, As Amended,
primary responsibility of
Otherwise Known As The
suppressing insurgency
“Department Of The Interior
– NAPOLCOM exercise And Local Government Act
administrative control and Of 1990
 – Approved: February 08, 2019
Department of Justice
■ The Department of Justice (DOJ)
acts as the principal law agency and
legal counsel of the government. It
serves as the government’s
prosecution arm and administers the
government’s criminal justice system
by investigating crimes, prosecuting
offenders, and overseeing the
correctional system.
■ The following law enforcement and
public safety agencies are attached to
DOJ:
– Bureau of Corrections
– National Bureau of
Investigation (NBI)
– National Prosecution Service
– Parole and Probation
Administration
– Board of Pardons and Paroles
■ Executive Order No. 292
(Administrative Code of 1987)
– Book IV/Title III/Chapter 1-
General Provisions
– DOJ was named as the
principal law agency of the
Republic of the Philippines
serving as its legal counsel
and prosecution arm.
■ Today, the DOJ continues to pursue
its primary mission: “To Uphold
the Rule of Law"
■ Motto: "Justice for All”
National Bureau of Investigation
■ Commonwealth Act No. 181 –
inception of the Division of
Investigation
■ During the Japanese Occupation, the
DI was affiliated with the BIR and
Philippine Constabulary and was
known as Bureau of Investigation
■ Republic Act No. 157 – reorganized
the Bureau of Investigation
■ Executive Order No. 94 – renamed
the bureau to now what is known as
the National Bureau of Investigation
National Prosecution Service
■ National Prosecution Service (NPS)
is mandated to assist the Secretary of
Justice in the performance of powers
and functions of the Department
relative to its role as the prosecution
arm of the government, particularly
the investigation and prosecution of
criminal offenses.
■ Presidential Decree No. 1275, s.
1978 - created the National
Prosecution Service
■ Republic Act No. 10071
(Prosecution Service Act of 2010)’
– strengthened and rationalized the
National Prosecution Service
Department of National Defense
■ Under the Executive Department of
the Philippines and is tasked for
ensuring external and internal peace
and security by guarding the country
against threats.
■ Commonwealth Act № 1 -
National Defense Act of 1935
 ■ Executive Order No. 230, s. 1939 –
organized the Department of Authority
National Defense
Office of the President
■ Administrative Order No. 322, s.
1997 – Created the Office of the
President
■ The mandate of the OP Proper is to
respond to the specific needs and
requirements of the President to
achieve the purposes and objectives
of the Office.
■ Under this office are:
– Presidential Security Group
(PSG)
– Metropolitan Manila
Development Authority -
Traffic Enforcement Division
(MMDA-TED)
Presidential Security Group
■ The agency responsible in providing
security and escort to the President
and Vice-President of the Philippines
and their immediate family.
Department
■ former Presidents and Vice Government
Presidents of the Philippines as well
as visiting heads of state.
■ The protection of the head of the
state and his/her family has been the
responsibility of the AFP since 1897.
■ PSG was established in 1987 (it
replaced the Presidential Security
Command) during the administration
of Corazon Aquino
■ June 23, 1998 - Presidential Security
Group Centennial Year.
Metropolitan Manila Development
■ Metro-wide services under the
jurisdiction of the MMDA are those
services which have metro-wide
impact and transcend local political
boundaries or entail huge
expenditures such that it would not
be viable for said services to be
provided by the individual Local
Government Units (LGUs)
comprising Metropolitan Manila.
■ Presidential Decree 824 – Created
Metro Manila and the Metropolitan
Manila Commission (MMC)
■ Executive Order No. 392 (in
accordance to Article 18, Section 8
of the 1987 Philippine Constitution)
– Replaced MMC with Metropolitan
Manila Authority (MMA)
■ Republic Act No. 7924 – created the
Metropolitan Manila Development
Authority (MMDA) on March 1,
1995
CU 9
of Interior and Local
■ Republic Act No. 6975
(Department of Interior and Local
Government Act of 1990)
– Re-organized the
Department of Interior and
Local Government (Chapter
I, Section 4-12)
– Re-organized the National
Police Commission (Chapter
2, Section 13-22)
 – Established the TRI- – Provided the prohibited acts
BUREAU (Chapter 3, 4 and related to fire safety and
5) penalties
■ Philippine National – Repealed by Republic Act
Police (Section 23-52) 9514
■ Bureau of Fire ■ Republic Act No. 9514 (Fire Code
Protection (Section of the Philippines 0f 2008)
53-59)
– An Act Establishing A
■ Bureau of Jail Comprehensive Fire Code Of
Management and The Philippines, Repealing
Penology (Section Presidential Decree No. 1185
60-65) And For Other Purposes
– Established the Philippine – Repealed Presidential Decree
Public Safety College 1185
(Chapter 6, Section 66-68)
– Mandates that the BFP shall
administer and enforce RA
9514
Bureau of Fire Protection
– Provided the violations,
■ Presidential Decree 1185
penalties and abatements of
– Known as the “Fire Code of fire hazard
the Philippines.”
■ Republic Act No. 9263 ("Bureau of
– Approved: August 26, 1977 Fire Protection and Bureau of Jail
during the time of President Management and Penology
Ferdinand E. Marcos Professionalization Act of 2004)

– Includes fire prevention and – Upgraded the qualifications

suppression requiring of applicants of the BFP in
adoption of uniform fire terms of educational
safety standards requirement and the
completion of personnel
– Development of national during the time of RA 6975.
consciousness and
involvement of all persons in – Professionalization and
the prevention and Upgrading of Qualification
suppression of fires Standards in the Designation
of Uniformed Personnel of
– Reorganized the Fire Service the BFP and the BJMP to
of the Integrated National Key Positions.
Police
 – Amendments in the
appointment, promotion and
attrition system
Republic Act 11279
■ Republic Act 9592
– An Act Extending For Five
(5) Years The Reglementary
Period For Complying With
The Minimum Educational
Qualification And
Appropriate Eligibility In
The Bureau Of Fire
Protection (BFP) And The
Bureau Of Jail Management
And Penology (BJMP),
Amending For The Purpose
Certain Provision Of
Republic Act No. 9263,
Otherwise Known As The
"Bureau Of Fire Protection
And Bureau Of Jail
Management And Penology
Professionalization Act Of
2004" And For Other
Purposes
Philippine Public Safety College
■ The implementation of Republic Act
6975 brought to fore the significance
of the establishment of the Philippine
Public Safety College.
■ Section 66 of RA 6975 established
and constituted the Philippine Public
Safety College (PPSC) as the
premier educational institution for
the training, human resource
development and continuing
education of all personnel of the
Philippine National Police (PNP),
the Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP)
and the Bureau of Jail Management
and Penology (BJMP).
■ The PPSC is one of the bureaus
under the DILG.
■ An Act Transferring The Philippine
National Police Academy (PNPA)
And The National Police Training
Institute (NPTI) From The Philippine
Public Safety College (PPSC) To
The Philippine National Police
(PNP), Amending For The Purpose
Sections 24, 35, 66, 67 And 68 Of
Republic Act No. 6975, Otherwise
Known As The “Department Of The
Interior And Local Government Act
Of 1990”, As Amended,
Appropriating Funds Therefor And
For Other Purposes
■ Approved on April 12, 2019
■ This law mandated that the
Philippine National Police have
administrative and operational
supervision and control over the
Philippine National Police Academy
and the National Police Training
Institute.
■ Philippine National Police
Academy (PNPA) – The premiere
institution for police education, and
the primary source for
commissionship of police
lieutenants. The PNPA shall be
under the direct administrative and
operational supervision and control
of the Chief of the PNP.
■ PNPA is still allowed to
accommodate BFP and
BJMP cadets during the 5-
year transition period.
 ■ Headed by a PNPA Director
with the rank of Police Major
General
■ National Police Training Institute
(NPTI) – Shall be responsible for the
mandatory and leadership trainings
of all police non-commissioned
officers (PNCOs).
■ Headed by a Director with
the rank of Police Major
General
Department of Justice
■ The Department of Justice (DOJ)
acts as the principal law agency and
legal counsel of the government. It
serves as the government’s
prosecution arm and administers the
government’s criminal justice system
by investigating crimes, prosecuting
offenders, and overseeing the
correctional system.
■ The following law enforcement and
public safety agencies are attached to
DOJ:
– Bureau of Corrections
– National Bureau of
Investigation (NBI)
– National Prosecution Service
– Parole and Probation
Administration
– Board of Pardons and
Paroles
■ Executive Order No. 292
(Administrative Code of 1987)
– Book IV/Title III/Chapter 1-
General Provisions
– DOJ was named as the
principal law agency of the
Republic of the Philippines
serving as its legal counsel
and prosecution arm.
■ Today, the DOJ continues to pursue
its primary mission: “To Uphold
the Rule of Law"
■ Motto: "Justice for All”
Bureau of Corrections
■ Reorganization Act 1407 –
established Bureau of Prisons in
November 01, 1905 under the
Department of Public Instruction
■ Administrative Code of 1907 – the
Prison Law can be found under
chapter 45
■ Executive Order No. 292
(Administrative Code of 1987) –
issued on November 23, 1989,
changed the name of Bureau of
Prisons to Bureau of Corrections.
■ Republic Act No. 10575 (The
Bureau of Corrections Act of 2013)
- which provides for the
modernization, professionalization
and restructuring of the Bureau.
Seven Penal Institutions in the Philippines
1. New Bilibid Prisons - Muntinlupa
City, National Capital Region
2. Correctional Institution for
Women - Mandaluyong, National
Capital Region
3. Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm -
Puerto Prinsesa City, Palawan
 4. Davao Prison and Penal Farm –
Panabo and Tagum, Davao Del
Norte
5. San Ramon Prison and Penal
Farm – Bongiao, Zamboanga
6. Sablayan Prison and Penal Farm –
Occidental Mindoro
7. Leyte Regional Prisons – Abuyog,
Leyte
Parole and Probation Administration
■ Parole and Probation Administration
(PPA) is an attached agency of the
Department of Justice which
provides a less costly alternative to
imprisonment of offenders who are
likely to respond to individualized
community-based treatment
programs.
■ Act No. 4221 - created the Probation
Office under the Department of
Justice
– Two years after its
implementation, on
November 16, 1937, the
Supreme Court declared it
unconstitutional.
■ Presidential Decree No. 968 (Adult
Probation Law of 1976) – Created
the Probation Administration
– Teodulo C. Natividad –
Father of Probation in the
Philippines
■ Executive Order No. 292
(Administrative Code of 1987) -
Probation Administration became
Parole and Probation Administration
Board of Pardons and Parole
■ The Board of Pardons and Parole
(BPP) shall uplift and redeem
valuable human material to
economic usefulness and to prevent
unnecessary and excessive
deprivation of personal liberty by
way of parole or through executive
clemency.
■ Executive Order No. 292 [BOOK
IV/Title III/Chapter 6-Board of
Pardons and Parole]
■ Act No. 4103 (Indeterminate
Sentence Law) - An Act To Provide
For An Indeterminate Sentence And
Parole For All Persons Convicted Of
Certain Crimes By The Courts Of
The Philippine Islands; To Create A
Board Of Indeterminate Sentence
And To Provide Funds Therefor;
And For Other Purposes
Department of Transportation (DOTr)
■ The Department of Transportation
(DOTr) is the primary policy,
planning, programming,
coordinating, implementing and
administrative entity of the executive
branch of the government on the
promotion, development and
regulation of a dependable and
coordinated network of
transportation systems, as well as in
the fast, safe, efficient and reliable
transportation services
■ Reorganization Act 2666 (As
amended by Act No. 2803) gave
birth to the Department of
Commerce and Communications,
consisting of the Bureau of
Commerce and Industry, Bureau of
Supply, Bureau of Public Works,
 Bureau of Posts, Bureau of Labor
and Bureau of Coast and Geodetic
Survey.
■ Act No. 4007, renamed the
Department of Commerce and
Communications into the
Department of Public Works and
Communications
■ Executive Order 546 - divided the
Ministry of Public Works,
Transportation and Communications
(MPWTC) into two agencies, the
Ministry of Public Works and
Highways (MPWH) and the Ministry
of Transportation and
Communications (MOTC).
■  Executive Order No. 125 and 125-
A - MOTC was transformed into a
Department
■ Executive Order No. 269 -
Communications sector was placed
under the newly formed Commission
on Information and Communications
Technology (CICT) in 2002, a
transitory measure to the creation of
a Department of Information and
Communications Technology
(DICT)
■ Republic Act No. 10844 (An Act
Creating the Department of
Information and Communications
Technology) – caused the DOTC to
become DOTr
■ Agencies under DOTr:
■ Land Transportation Office
Land Transportation Office
■ Legislative Act No. 2159 - enacted
to regulate motor vehicles in the
Philippine Islands and to provide for
the regulation and licensing of
operators. 
■ Act No. 3045 - passed into law
compiling and incorporating all laws
governing motor vehicles.
■ The Automobile Section was
upgraded to the Automobile Division
under the Bureau of Public Works.
■ Act No. 3992- otherwise known as
“The Revised Motor Vehicle Law”
was enacted amending Act No. 3045.
■ Executive Order No. 94 -
promulgated reorganizing the
different executive departments,
bureaus and offices. Under Section
82 of this E.O., the Division of
Motor Vehicles was upgraded into
the Motor Vehicles Office (MVO) 
■ R.A. 4136 (Land Transportation
and Traffic Code)– abolished the
Motor Vehicle Office and creating
the Land Transportation Commission
■ Executive Order Number 546 -
Promulgated creating the Ministry of
Transportation and Communications
(MOTC).This marked
reorganization.
■ The Land Transportation
Commission was renamed
Bureau of Land
Transportation and was
absorbed by MOTC.