FINDING QUT : } z | f | vi i MN | be Gil . if ay ayiskand white SCHINUE OL SPAKE. s 1 FINDING OUT *8!3 AND cues: ENGLISH: Write better HISTORY: to INDUSTRY Tir ACHEVEMEN SCIENCE OF LUPE SCIENCE OF MATTER o TOWNS AND ¢ Life in the sex 2. Faw vibrations GEOGRAPTY oui 1s the mest important bis a For Iundieds of Devember sth, Chis Jesus Christ Bor neatly fof how Jesus was born i Mary Gault not din! any spare 4 town of Bethtehem, Can yeu find Rettilehes map af the country we row call feral? riles south of Jerusalem, ‘We knit alin as a boy er young aan, Iuur ye kino about the year or se he spent ac the age of round the country near Jerusalem, Ie together a small band of followers talked to them full of love and “Though Jesus was fll of had enemies, ‘The leaders of the Jews abjected. to the way he paid little attention te some of their strict rules. Same Romans thought he was the leader of a Jewish revolt against their cule, And so he was tied and crucified =the cruel death the Romans care thase sentences 10 die. ‘Chuistians believe that Jesus came back 10 tite tdirce days Laver ~on the day remembers om Easter Sunday. He appeaced! to his mother and his closest 90 Yeats the stacy bh se esas followers, telling them to go about and preach the good news, of Croyyul, thot he had takight thers. Christianity became a world-wide r thou 4 Christ himself never journeyed more than a few Al prayer-mcesing in the eaves smder Rome, 2 146‘The birth of Jesus. The death of Fesut, miles from Jerusalem. His disciples became messengers or ‘apostles of his teaching to villages and towns farther and farther away from Jerusalem, Peter the fisherman was their leader and he travelled round many parts of the country we now call Turkey. Thete he preached and formed small groups of faithful Christians, Even Tanger journeys were made by a new Jewish convert called Paul, Paul preached and talked and wrote letters to groups of Christians in Greece and Cyprus 3+ well as in Iscael and Syria and Turkey. Both Perer and Paul in the end came 1 Rome, which wae then the most important town in the world, There dhey both met their death. For a very long time the carly Christians had a very hard time. The Roman emperors thought they were 3 secret sociery uying to overthrow the rule of Rome, It was Known that they met together to sing a hymn t0 a king called. Christ. Then they held a secret ceremony of cating bread and drinking wine in a way that had some special meaning to them. Christians refused to take part in the public worship of the Roman gods, of to take a public cath in the way required by Roman law. ‘Some emperors thought the Christians were not worth bothering:about. Surely they mustbe feeble-minded people to believe in such fairy tales, they said. Other emperors, however, thought hey were very dangerous, and tied hard to discover and kill every Chistian believer. In these early persecutions there were Urousands of smardyrs, as people are called who die for their beliefs. “The Christians proved by their willingness to dic that their story of Christ's resurcection meant more 19 them than any fairy sale, In spite ofall the persecutions, however, more and more Peter preaching the Gospel. people became Christians. But 300 years passed before They were allowed to worship openly in the Roman Empire. ‘Then a great change was brought about by the Emperor Constantine. This Emperor himself’ became 2 Christian, and so did his wife andl his mother. He made 2 law allowing the Christians «0 worship in public, He appointed Christians as some of his officials. He sum ‘moned all the bishops of the Chureh to meet fim in a great Council, to discuss the beliefs and organisation of the Christian Church, Soon Christianiry became the official and only seligion of all Romans. ‘The Bishop of Rome was recognised as the chief amoog all bishops. He was called theit Father or Pope. Rome took the leadership of the Christian Church ‘because Peter had been the fisst Bishop of Rome, Constantine encouraged the Christians to build churches, Previously they had met in private hauses and in the dark caves under Rome which were wed as gravc= yards. So a great church was built in Rome at the place Where Saine Peter was supposed to have been killed 256 years before. Constantine’s mother built a church at Bethicher above the stable where Jesus was born, This Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem is the oldest Christiaa chureh still in use today, ‘Questions 1, What and when és Christmas Day? x What did Jesus teacit his disciples? 4 3 Why did early Roman emperors hate the Christians? ‘ge Whe vas the firet Roman emperor to Becoone a Christian? || ‘5, What wos the Bishop of Rove calle? ‘Answers on page 163 ie Rethichom biruhplace of Jens,[Saunier oF ure Most oF you will have eaten a herring at some time or another, But what did the herring eat before it arrived on your plate? You cat the herring, and the herring in urn eats animals smaller than itself in the sea. This is what is ealled a food chain. The tiny animals in the sea, you will re- member, are called plankton, They are found floating just below the surface of the sca. ‘Most fish feed on the plankton only when they ace small. ‘They haich out of their eggs which are floating at the surface of the sea. They then start to feed om the tiny animals of the plankton round about them. The young plaice does this, When it grows bigger, it sinks down to live at the bottom of the sea where there are no planktoa. ‘The herring is different from most other fish, It feeds om the plankton all its life. Tt lays its eges on the sea bed. After hatching it spends the rest of its life swiming at the surface of the sea among the floating plankton. When the herring is young it cats very, very small plants, These tiny plants are covered. by a sort of armour-plating and they swim by beating two long, thin arms. ‘When it grows larger, the herring stops feeding on these plants and begins to feed ‘on Calamus, which is a cousin of the crab, Calamus itself eats the tiny green plants of ‘the plankton. ‘How does the herring feed? You will probably have seen goldfish swimming bout in their tanks, opening and closing heir mouths. They are doing this so that they can breathe. But the herring does this go that it can eat as well as breathe. As it sims along with its mouth opea, many Jitdle animals are carried inside its mouth. ‘Here there are a number of bars across its ‘throat. These bars trap the small animals Dut let the water pass out through the sides cof the fish’s throat back into the sca. The herring then swallows the small animals ‘which it has wapped inside its mouth, The herring itself, as ic swims around, is often eaten by other fishy like the cod. And, of course, it may end up on your table. ‘Questions 1 What do herrings etal tt is? 2 io herrings ley their ega 3. How da hemingt feed? on page 163.SIR FOULK ‘Tue Caster of Foutk consisted ef ome large, tall. tower. This tower was much higher than any other tower in the country. One day, Sir Foulk was telling of the battles he had. fought when he was abcoad, One of his listeners said to him, “I could easly have done that myzlf.” “And 1, too," seid. another, ‘The ochers said the same thing, In fact cach of ‘them said he could have done as well as Sit Foulk. Sir Foulk was not pleased when he heard these remarks, He knew that most of the persans who spoke ‘were not in the least brave, He thought for a few ..° minutes and then said, “There war another thing T did. It was not so wonderful, but I will tell you about it, T jumped to the top of my own castle, and, as you - know, it is the highest in the land. "We agree with you," they said, “that it ix the highest in the land, But we cannot belicse that you jumped to che top. Before we can believe that, we must see you do it” “What you say is fair,” said Sir Foulk, “HF yous ‘will dine with me one day, you will see me do it.” Every person there was eager to dine with him. Sir Foulk was well known for the excellent dinners he gave. A date was soon arranged, i ‘The day came,and, as they expected, they had amost "A appetizing meal. ‘The wine was excellent. They were | reluctant to leave the table, but Sir Fowlk reminded.” them why thcy had come. “Ifyou are ready,” he said, "come with me, I will then show you hew I ex jump to the top of the eastle tower.” ‘Ail of them went with him to the bottem of the stairs, ‘Sir Foulk jumped to the top of the first step, From there he jumped to the top of the second step, and so on. Finally he reached the top. “Qh," said one, “I could casily have jumped to the top of the castle in that way myself." The others all said the same thing. ra “Yen.” said Sir Eoulk, “I know that you could and "Uf that everyone here could have done it. But you.cando ir only because yeu have seea me do it and can copy the way I did it.” Old Welsh Fable 49Black and White Daawrse my black and white con be done in three ways swith a-pea, with 2 pencil or with charcoal. Tn a painting the artist can use colours to make up his picture. When you draw with a pen or pencil, you have oaly the line you draw to make the picture. A certain amount of shading can help to make the dravring more lifelike. But it is the line itself thar is most important. ‘When you buy a pencil you may notice that at one cad i¢ is. marked “HB", “2B” or “4B”, etc. This lettering and numbering tells us how hard the pencil will be. A “2B” pencil is softer'than an “HB"; a "4B" is softer than a “2B”. ‘When sketching in pencil it is very important that you have a sharp pocker-knife with which to keep the point sharp. The pencil should not be held too tightly. Force is not needed in drawing. Sometimes you see the drawing showing through to the back of the paper. If yau press as hard as this your drawing will not be a good one. ) wo if Vou should draw bald fines WY) // he (a) and (b), not like (e) A good kind of pencil to use at the start is a “2B. Experiment on rough pieces of paper, drawing straight Hines and curves; try twisting the pencil aa it moves. When yaw are sketching it is important to put in the shadiog of what you are drawing. Much of the shading can be shown by the thickness of the lines you draw. For cxample, if you draw the branch of a tree or a fence, the side which the light strikes can be drawn thinner, while the shaded side can be drawn with a strong thick line to show the shadow. After you have tried this, more shading can be shown by eroshaiching. ‘This means shading first one way and then shading across the first lines another way, In this way you can get from nearly black ta quite light shades, Also, if you are using 9 soft pencil, pechaps 4B" or softer, the pencil marks can be smudged with the tip of a finger ot a piece of paper to show a smooth shading. ‘This needs to be done carcfully, te) are Me aeCror-hatching After you have made a start with pencil, you can uy pen and ink, The history of ink drawing goes back huundreds and bundreds of years. Probably the first ink drawing was done in the Far East, The artist would out ‘himself a thia cane or reed, and from this shape his pen. Today these reed pens are still used, and they cam make exciting, bold lines. Later, quills were used. You may like to try making pens for yourself, cither from canes and reeds or from feathers you find lying about, The reeds should not be too large or the pens will drap ink. With a very sharp knife, shape the end as nearly as you can to the shape of a pen nib. Then very carefully slit about the last three-quarters of an inch of the nib. This must be done if the pen is to make a proper line, ‘The steel and (brass nibs that we use today were first ‘made in the last eeacury. In the shops you will find all kinds of aibs, from day mapping pens to big oncs that will make a mark half an inch or more wide. The type 10 look for should be springy when you press it on the paper, When you have finished your drawing, cemember to wipe the pen clean, . } ~ Srmidged pencil thading Straight-line shading with highlights When you draw a ling, either in pencil or ink, it is important that it should be drawn boldly. Practise drawing a curve or a straight line without actually touching the paper, Do this until you can draw the Line confidently. ‘Apart from pencil and pen and ink sketching you can ry deawing with chareoal. Charcoal is made by burning wood ia a special way, Tt breaks very easily, so do not ress hard, ‘Charcoal has been used for a long time by artists te draw large pictures. The charcoal sticks which are the best ta use are made from peach or vine sticks, Whea you are working with charcnal, you will have to be careful not to rub the drawing, Charcoal is very soft and smudges raasily. As with soft pencil, it can be smudged on purpose ‘to make soft tones. You can use a rubber in these stmudged ‘pars 10 put in a highlight, The eharcoal can also be ‘gently brushed with a stif paint brush to get 2 rough ‘effect. Icis probably best to use charcoal on a coloured paper, such as grey suger paper. Pencil can be wsed on any Type of paper you like. Pen and ink is best on a shiny paper. How to show light and shade with shicit and thin lines MOsDeOa( ws rr‘Flere are some more questions about all it of things. Place a tick against the answers that you indy think are correct. Then check your anners on page 163. 1. Which is the largest of hese cities? (@) Quebec (0) Bombay (©) Manchester (d) Nairebj 2. What is Twickenham famous far? (2) Hockey (b) Soccer (©) Athletics @) Rugby 3. What is the capital city of India? (2) Calcurta (&) Bombay (¢) Madras (@) Dani 4. Complete the folloming ~ ‘The Leaning Tower of... §. What is vanilla? () An evergreen tree (B) A form of custard (©) A kind of paper (@) Bean from which a favouring substance is obtained 6. Which is the longest river in Africa? (&) The Congo. (b) The Nite (©) The Zambesi (@) The Niger 7. In which one country is the kangaroo found? (3) Arabia (4) Australia 8. Complete the following: David and... (a) Jonathan (b) Remus (2) Esm (4) Solomon 9. Which of these cities is the largest? (2) Johannesburg (b) Salisbury (8, Rhodesia) (6) Cape Town (d) Leopoldville ro. Which one of these cities is not a capital city? (2) Canberra (b) Rome (©) Otawa (@) Auckland 11. Which of these moustain anges is the highest? * (a) The Andes (b) The Alps ( 14. Which of these islands is the largest? () Elba (b) Crete ©) Madagascar (@) Mauritus 15, If you were to sail from Londen to Sydney via the Sucz Cana) which of these ports would you most likely call at first? (a) Singapore (b) Colombo (c) Por Said (@) Aden 16. Which of these metals are used to make bronze? (3) Copper and tin (b) Tin and zine (© Brass and copper (@) Brass and tin 17. Which of these boxing ‘weights is the lightest? (@) Fly-weight (6) Bantamweight (©) Feather-weight (d) Welter-weight 18. What is an understudy? (2) A study in a basement (>) A substitute for an actor (6) Am understanding per- son (@) An examination room 19, Complete this saying: He who fights and runs away (@) Isa wise man () Is a coward (©) Is too causous (@) Lives tofightanother day 26, Whatis a dullard? (2) Anidle person (b) A person who reads ton much, (©) A person who cannot speal (@) A person slow 1 underWrite better English WaITing caN be as much fun as painting, or making things, or anything else you do, Hur just as a carpenter needs first to learn how to vse a plane, so a young writer needs first to learn how to use 2 full stop, ‘Without a pause and all in one breath, read aloud the following: Boko is a young monkey very large cart feamne his tiny face bright and full of fun ave ir exer there it always a curl im the end of re tail fis noe is flat, Read it aloud again, this time pausing at the full stops: Bloko is a yoweg monkey, Very lange ears frame his siny face, Bright and full of fun are his eyes, There tsaluays a “curl in the end of hie tail, His nose i fat “Which of the two pieces is casier to read aloud and to ‘understand? Why? How many full stops are these ia the ‘second picce? How many sentences are there? “The artist has drawn above just a quick sketch of Boko, ‘ysing only a few lines, “The five sentences also give just a quick sketch of Boko, using onfy a few words. (weir “The anvst has drawn for gs at the betiom of the first column a more complete sketch of Hoke by Filling in more dewils, Now you hill in the b te give a more detailed shetel in sevrds of Hoko, ks in the sentences be Beko is a cars frame his tiny s+ eyese Ther rail, His nose is young monkey. Very large ant. «face, Bright and full of fun are his always a curl in the end of his... cand flat. ‘Capital letters, full stops and sentences ‘Writethefivescntences you have just completed one under « the other, begining eaelk om a new die. ‘Underline exch apical letter, and! puta ring raund each full stop. ‘How many capital lewess and fall stops are there? ‘How many seafences, therefore, are there? Read each sentence by itself in. this order: §. 2s 4s ts 3. Does each sentence o ifr ren make complete sense? ‘Now write down these two rules, filing in the blanks. Learn and obey them in all your furure writin T nnust alsays begin each sentence with a end it witha. . Bech... thacT write must make. vee and, = when read by Below, the artist has painted a lifelike picture of Boko. Using'the five sentences you have just completed as beginning, write a detailed lifelike description of Boko. (Remember your tworules for writing sentences.) You wi find some words to help you at the top of the next page.‘Some words to kelp you ng female monkey. Sometimes Boko’s mischi jerares shows, Petite Treo Picture Four Picture SixSpeaking came before writing, To be able wo il a story well is as worthwhile and enjoyable as ta he able t0 sxvite a story wl Took at the istures arefully snd prepare the sory of Boko and Biki in your mind, Tell it ww a friend or member of your family. "Try uo make it clea, interesting and Iumerous. One of theadvamtages of uring a story rather than telling it is thar you can Sst write it quickly, chen spend time and tcouble improving it. This is worth doing, because your Binal version will give so much more pleasure to the reader. A simple way of improving your fest quick draft is to cross out commonplace, well-worn adjectives and nouns, and co substiruce vivid, fresher ones in their place. ‘Now tey this: Write the story of Boko and Biki quickly sand very much as you wld it, ‘This is your first rough anh. T over slowly, Put your pencil through all those words which seem to you tized, worn-ont, Loo- often used. Think hard and put in theic place more original and exciting words. Some of the adjectives and nouns below will help you, Can you write a limerick? There was 2 young monkey called ‘Tim, Wha went every day for a swim, Lured too elase by the smile Of a smart crocedile, ‘Tim made a good dinner for him. ings ta do Begin a book entitled My Boak of Writing. Pur into it short, vivid descriptions of, say, al a doven animals, and illustrate it with pictures and drawings. Don's forget, to de your first draft on scrap paper, and to emer your final, improved draft in your best handwriting. Hegin a book entitled My Book of Nontene Verse. Put into it limericks of your own and any that you find and ‘which really amuse you, Mlustrate the limericks. ‘All Limericks age writen 10 the same pattern and abey the same rules. Here is the limerick printed again in a way thac will help you to understand the pattern and cules These ara young monkey called Tie, who new ony iy fe ui, Lulred to close By the smile, or a pour crocodile, ‘Tim made a good dinner for div. ‘A study of the limerick shows that lines 4, 2 and 5 thyme (Tim, swim, him), and contain $syllables, arranged teak strong, weak weak strong, wicak secek strong. Say and tp the rhythm of these lines. Lines 3 and 4 rhyme (smile, -dile), and contain 6 syllables, acranged weak weak strong, s00ak weak strong. ‘Say and tap the chythm of these lines. ‘When youare sure that you understand how the Limerick is made, try writing some of your own on animals er any ‘other subject you please,[THOUSTAY| 1, Tin was one ofthe fist metals eiscovered by man, ‘On its own, tn is a very soft metal, bur about 5,000 years ago men found that they cauld make a strong meal by mixing comper and tin, This mixture is called bronze. From bronze,mea made weapons, taols and arnaments, Teday we still mix tin with copper to make bronze. Weave ao found many other uses for pa tin, Because tin does not change the tate of food, we vue it to coat metal containers. Think of the hun- dreds of uses we hive found for tin. cans, tin boxes and botles, ‘They ace all made tom tin-plated eel. acause tin is soft and beads easily, itis used to make eellzpsible tubes for toothpaste and paint, (rolled very Gh to make tin-fil 4. Tn hilly country, such as Malaya, the tin 3s washed out ff Of the earth with powerful water booes. Tecan ako be dug | [| a. con ad Se cece aera eB Pee ¢——athin sheet of steel covered with to troughs. Rushing water flows over it and carries every- thing avrny to the waste dump, except the heavy axe, Next the ore is smelted to separate the meal fiom the rock. a layer of tia. Tineplace is used to make tin cans and boxes, Sixty thousand tons of tin are wsed every year ro:muake tinplate. 7. Pure tin is also used to make tin-foll. A thick piece of tin js put through rollers which roll it thinner and thinner until itis no thicker than a picce of paper. Tin is also used to coat slectric wire, In the picture you can see tin-coated wise being ‘wound into coll. Other uses for tin are in the making of silk, ‘motor oil, enamel, solder, plastics, weedckiller, and in wood and cloth’ preserving, 1583. [a Malya and § usd quste near the ae three ways of pond is dug which » ing boat tom of the poms mud and gravel 3. Most metals are produced from an ore. Ore is rock that has metal ia it. Tin is foond in an ore called causterte. ta Cornwall and Bolivia tin-are is mined very muvch like coal. 6. To make tin-plate, steel is ralled imo thin sheets. “Phe sheets arc dipped into a bath of molten tin, Next the sheets are pur through a bath of paleo, which makes the tin coat the same thickness all over. All the cil is wiped off by cotton rollers, and the plate is ready (0 bbe made into tin eans. Goods sealed in tin containers stay fresh, “Tin is wsed wo prevent the stccl rusting and spoiling the faod, This means that foods cam Be sent all ovee the world. without going bad. 8. As well as all ghese uses, tin is mixed with is a shiny metal 1. Printing type is also made from al. Many machine pares are made fr ee the "eop per coins used in many the world. You ‘ean sce saw how many important uses tin. astcountry you hear sounds like birds singing and leaves rustling Ia the breeze. If you live in che town, it is Probably a lot noisier! You hear sounds like the noise of the trafic or of lots of people shouting and talking. We call them noises because all the sounds are jumbled up. Sometimes sounds are quite short, such as when you snap your fingers or crack a whip. Sometimes sound can last far quite a long time. You can make whistle sound for as long as your breath lasts, ‘Bur have you ever thought how'a sound is made? This is something that scientists can explain. They have studied all sorts of sounds and found that a sound is alvrays made by something moving. Town rounds are uch louder, Whea something moves very fast up and down, or backwards and forwards, we say itis vibrating. A sound is always produced by sumthing moving and vibrating ‘The sound in the experiment was made because the strip was vibrating. Each movement one way and then the other way is called a vibration, ‘There are lots of experiments you can do on ssunds. ‘Tie a piece of elastic tighdy at one end, then stretch it and ‘wang it i the middle. You will sce it vibrating and you can hear the mote it produces, Sprinkle a line sind or seeds on the skin of a drum. When you tap the drum to rmuke a sound, the sand will jump about and show that the skin is wibrating ‘Sometimes the vibrations are toe fast or too small to be seen, When a bell is ringing you cannot see it vibrating, but you can show it is by doing @ simple experiment. Hang a little piece of cork on the end of a fine thread. Ring the bell and let the cork touch against it, The piece of cork will fly off and show char the bell is vibrating, ‘To help you understand this there is an easy experiment you can try. Sce if you can find a strip of thin springy ‘metal about a foot long. A hacksaw blade would be a ood idea, Press one end of the strip down hard on a ‘able so thar most of the strip hangs over the edge. Twang the free end. You will see the strip moving up and down ‘very fast and will hear a low note sound. 158 “Here is one last experiment in sound that you can do very easily. Keep your mouth closed and hum a tune. Can you feel something vibrating? Ie is air and it may even make your nose tingle a little, So you ean see even when we make 4 sound aurselves something is vibrating. In every case that you can think ‘of you wil find that sound is always made by vibrations.[SCIENCE OF SPACE] ‘TweRe ARE two planets Which are nearer to the sun than ‘our own earth. ‘These are Mercury and Venus. They go around the sun, just like the earth, but keeause they are carer ta the sun, they do nat exke so long, ‘Venus is the easiest of all the planets for us to see, It Jooks Like a very bright stac in the sky. Next time you aré out in the evening or in the carly morning, look far the brightest star you can find. This is probably Venus, Venus 4s so brilliant that it can even be seen in broad daylight. ‘Mercury is not so easy to find. You have to look very: hoard for it. Sometimes, when iti twilight, you cam see ic low down in the sky. It is alse quite x bright stac, but you. cannot sce it as often as Vers. Venus is so bright because it is much nearer the sun than the earth, and so sunlight shines much more strongly om it, Mercury is even nearer to the sua but itis a much smaller planet and so it daesn’t lock as bright as Venus. ‘Venus is about the same size a3 our earth, but Mercury is ‘the smallest planet in the solar sysiem, A few weeks ago we learned how the moon seems 10 hhave different shapes, Bo you remember why this is? Te is because only the side of the moon nearest to the sun ight. On earth we cannot always see all of this side. Sometimes we can only sce part af ‘This happens with Mercury and Venus as well. As they go round the sun, only the side facing the sun is bright. The drawing below will help you to see shat happens. [t shows Veaus in different positions round the sun, When Veous is on the other side of the-sun from the carth we ean see all ofits bright face, About two months later, we can only s¢¢ half of this face. Then, when Venus is on the same side of the sun as the earth, we can hardly see any of the bright face at all. Ifyou looked at Mercury through telescope, you would probably be disappointed, You would sce very little. There would be same dark patches which would look similar to those seen on the moon, but nothing else. Mercury is like the moon ia another way as well. It Vemes cfreling rownd the sun 225 days KN sum Ibis} Aah / @Q pz MERCURY By the eorth, Venus and Mercury memes always has the same face turned towards the sun, This makes one side of Mercury very, very hot and the other very, very cold TE you looked at Veous through # telescope you would see itis surrounded by a huge cloud. You would not be able to see the surface. We know, though, that it is very: hhot and dry, and that there can be no life of any sort ox. Venus, ‘As we find out more and more about the planets we see how different they all are. In years te come man will fy through space aod almost certainly visit some of the plonets. He will probably visit Venus. In fact a recket ‘without @ man in it has already been sent up very close to Veous. ‘Questions 1. Witch is the brightest star you can see? 2. When is the best tine to fook for Mercury? 3 Which as the bigger, Mercury or Venus? hy has no one scen the rurface of Ver Whe i heavr thes, earth or Mery? Answers on poge 163 .Syrup ffFOOD 4. “Tweke ane few things as pleasant to eat as an orange. You feel that you could live on oranges alone for the rest of your life. Ir is sad to learn, therefore, that if you really tied to do this your life would bt quite a short one. Oranges are really a very poor sort of food, for they are made up of litte but water and sugar. If we are to keep well we need to eat foods which are much more nutritious than this. Fruit alone does not contain the nutrition which our bodies need for growth and for energy. A mixed diet If you could write down all the different things that you have caten during the last wreck you would find that the list was quite a long one. However, although there are very many different sorts of food, the nourishing things which are in food ace far fewer. Scientists who study food, divide the useful things in food. into only five groups. These useful constituents are called: Proteins Carbohydrates Fats Vitamins Minerals We must eat enoiigh of these five constituents if we are te keep well. But the amounts of each that we need arc very different. For example, a man doing hard work with his muscles needs about two pounds of carbohydrate each day. But the amount of vitamia D thot he needs is only about one three-millionth of an ounce! Proteins, : | Proteins are foods which we need to build and repair our bodies. The best way to get such food is from meat, poultry, and fish. These foods give us most of the protein we need. “As you probably know, all these foods are rather expensive, so it is fortunate that the amount of protein that we need each day is quite small, Three ounces is enough for an adult; and children need even less, Many people (they are called vegetarians) do not eat any meat at all. They get their protein by eating nuts and certain kinds of beans. These foods contain useful amounts of protein, though not as much as there is in meat. Carbohydrates and Fats Carbohydrates and fats are the foods which are used in our bodies to give us energy. They are the fuels” which the body needs to keep it warm and active, Potatoes and foods made with flour contain large amounts of a earbo- hhydrate called starch. Sugar, too, is a carbohydrate and (SCIENCE OF FE] this we eat in cakes and sweets. Adults eat ‘between one and two pounds of carbohydrates each day, Fats are foods like butter, margarine, lard and meat fat, ‘They contain much moze encegy than carbohydrates, but few people can eat much of them besause they are rather sickly, ‘ ‘Vitamins Vitamins are very impoctant in our diet. They help 10 speed up the chemistry that goes on in our bodies. Re- cause there are many different vitamins they arc called by letters of the alphabet, This is why we know them as vitamin A, vitamin B, vitamin C, vitamin D, ere, Although they are most important, the vitamins are needed in only very small amounts. Far example, enough vitamin A.to last a man for a year will go exsily in a tea spoon. Most vitamins we eat almost by accident, for they are found in small amounts in many foods, such as fruit, vegetables and fish oils, Minerals ‘The “minerals” needed in our diet are substances Uke sak, calcium, and iron. They ace needed in our bodies for many tasks such as forming bones and blood. Most of the salt that we meed, we add to our food to give it flavour. ‘The other minerals come fram milk, meat and vegetables, Eating and growing The amount of food that we need to eat each day depends pany on our size and partly on the amount of work that we have to do. Children need less food because they are smaller than adults. People who work at desks meed less food than men who do hard manual work, This is because the more energy you use up the more energy food you sneed to eat. ‘Many people have very good appetites and, because cating is pleasant, they eat more than they really need. Adults who do this, sometimes get rather fat. The extra food that they eat is turned into fat and stored in their bodies. Some primitive peoples make themselves far on purpose. When there is Tots of foot! they eat and cat to make themselves fit. When sich people stop eating, or at Iess for a time, the fat in their bodies is used up to provide the energy that they need. So they become thinner, Childcen who eat a lot sometimes make them- selves sick, but they seldom get very fat, It would prob- ably be better if this happened to grown-ups, too! Questions | 1, Wipy would you become ill if you tried to five on nothin but oranges? : ati you name the five consituente of food that wr need tn our diel? > ; 3. Why do you think that salads are good for us? fe Can yout gers why babies are given cod Fiver af? | Anew an page 16 #A letter from LONDON Dear Readers, This week's front caver is a real purtle picture. Have you tied to find ont which sbjects on the cover refer ta which articles in the magazine? Some are easy, The tin can gives us Tin and Food. The drawing oa the piece of paper shows Mercury and Venus. But Brazil is difficult. Tt is represented by the ‘wo Beazilisn bunerties, Can you guess why the artist has deawe a violin? If you have read about Sound aod Vibrations you may know the answer. And Singapore? Does the drawing of the man ‘named Raffles mean abything to you? Of course the drawing is in black and white to represent the amt artiie, Christendom is represented on the cover, too, ‘The two sigas on the wall are early Christian symbols, One or two very observant readers have noticed something ele shout all the FINOING OUT covers. If you have all seven cditions, why not have a close look at them snd see what they have discovered, Sioce T mentioned the Arc Editor's teera- pins two weeks ago, we have had lots of esters asking about them. ‘Terrapins ace small curdes, The Art Editor's are about two inches fong and are coloured green and yelliw. ‘They live in a glass tank with a stone island in the middle, s0 they can go io and aur of the waters they wish, Since the terrapins cone (rom South America, the water is heated slightly. ‘The FINDING OWT terrapins are called Fernando, Ferdinand, Frederik abd Feliz. We doa’s really know whether chey are all males, and we probably won't find aut cites, The Ar Editor tells me they hardly ever beeed in captivity, ‘Anyway, they are great fun ~ especially Ferdiasad, who will hustle along to take piece of meat from our fingers. mr xo1TOR Finding Out Quiz ‘Here are the answets to last week's MuDING ‘vt Quiz. How many questions did you answer correctly? 1. Tutankhamea was an Egyptian Pharaoh. Beautiful thiogs tere found in is tomb, 2. The World Health Organisation is part of the United Nations. It helps to fight dlisease in the world. 3, A Clinical Thermometer fs used to take Jour temperature. 2 4, Window glais used to be made by spine Bing molten glass an the ead of a meral rod. This wae crown glass, 4. We have seasons because the earth spins ‘bn an axis which is not quite upright, 6. The Parthenon was built in Athens for the goddess Athene. 4. tbe tee races in Malaya axe Malays, Ghinese and Indians. The wora "salz-y" comes from the Roman word salarium, of ‘salt pioaey". 9. Inia Newin first thought about eravity. Finding Out “Managing Editor: Norman Marthall Euitor: Join Paton “Aunt Eater Pat Sebolefeld, B.A, ‘ant Editor: Richard Hook Contuifant Editar John, Chancellor, ‘Md Norman Fishers Meda ‘Conteibutors ‘Suan Ault Enc Fletcher, Muda M.Com, Janet Hayton, Se. Join Milt, RD.S., FRSA, ‘Richerd Musmon A.W, Rowe, B.A, 1.6. iP, Sealey Dr. Frank Shafield, MB. CHB. D.E, Thorpiem, B52, ARC. B.A, ork, HA. Subserlptions You an obtain FINDING OUT on ruby ggription from your Jocal neasagert, ar, inane of diet, from the pbliher, ie price of 53, weekly copies af rinpine OUT £318.60 (including pouage aad packing). The price of 26 woekly copits of MINDING OUT fi £t,19.0 (including ‘peulage and packing). Payments should be sent tar Finding Our, Gulf Howe, 2 Portman Site, Landon Wt, ‘Bock numbers can alse be obtained fram, the above sitdrest at 1/6. cach, ‘Bites are available af §f- and 15}. ‘Add 1/3 for postage asl packing 10, Gunpowder was invented in China, a1, The sun's corona it the white glow round the sun. Usually we can only sce the corona during an eclipse 12, A wianple is so called because it has Uwe angles. Tri= means three. 13. Gootge Wathington wat the first presi dent of the United. Stats, 1g, The Gauls were fierce warriors who lived ia’ what we now call France, When the Romans attacked France, same of the Gauls fied to Britain, 13. You cannot see the new mooa.Answers to Questions Page 147—Glristendoms: 1. The birthday of Jesus Christ, on asth December, 2. He ought them-to live a life fall of love and without hate, 3. They thought they were secret society tying to overthrow the rule of Rome. 4. Emperor Constantine. 5. The Pope. Poge 1¢8—Life in the Sea 2: 1. Plankvon. 2. On the sea bed 3. They som with thels Page 1§9—Mercary and Venus, 1. Venus, 2. At pwilight you may see itlow down in the sky. 3, Venus isthe bigger. 4, Because it is always covered by a huge cloud, . Mercury. Page 161—Food: 1, Because they are made up of litte but water and sugar, 2, Proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitemins and minerals, 3, Because they are rich in vitamins, 4, Be Gause itis fal of Vitamin D. Page 167—Brasit: 1. It drains balf of all South Americs, and in the liad rouad about ie roo inches of rain fall every year. 2. Because itis slays hot and damp in the ‘Amazon forests. 3. The cocoa and rubber tunes, 4. The colle: wee. 5, A climate ‘which irnoc 100 hor oc woo damp. 6, Cate and oranges, 7. A Mod of flour made from the roots of cassava, or maioe. ‘Clues Across (Clues Down, 130, Opposite of out. 16. AD. 17. Roads, 20, PC, 37. One, 28. Ash, 29. Words, 34, Shed. 32, Nest. Down! 1. Stag. 2. ide. 3. Order. 4. We. 6. Oar. 7.sArea. 8, Need, 44, Se, 45, Ent, 18.Do, 19, Swore. 20, Peas, 21, Cash. 23, Ends, 24, Rest. 36. She. 30. On. Crossword Puzzle 1. They are baked. They are usually sweet. 6. The giel said... would ay, 9. Short for linoleum, 10, A dozen, less two, 11, Submit ‘to, of put up with. 14. A water plant with a firm stem, 16. A “night Dacerty", 20, Let fill. 23, Tidy. 25. The Greek pndiess for whom the Parthenon was built, 2p. She has hers and he has... ‘sive of odd, 32, East-north-test, 33, An instrument that measures, 3, Oppo- 2. Akind of beer. 3. Relatives. 4. Finish. 5, Biter, 6, Guide, 7. The boy said .. would, 8, Opposice ta the beginning. 12. A colour, 13. In the moming. 15. Act. 17. Not in ar under or over. 28, To verment, 19, Worn an the head. 21. Short for Post Office. 2}, They aremat yours, Leave... bere, 24, A very common word. 26. Adam's wife, 27, Used in fishing, 28, Same as 32 Across, Answers ta last week's crossword Add. 12, Tree, Tower, 25, East, 163[ ACHIEVEMENTS: George Stephens Gronce STEPHENSON was one of the world’s greatest engi- neers. He invented the railway engine, Today millions of passengers and millions of tons of goods travel in trains every day. Before George Stephenson’s day, passengers and goods were carried in carts and carriages or in. boats. George was born in 1781 near Newcastle, England. His family was poor. His father was the fireman of a steam prumiping engine in a coalmine. Instead of going to school George earned pennies looking after cows. But whenever he could slip away he used to go and watch the steam engines at work in the coalmine, Then, when he was 14, he was given the job of helping to stoke his father’s engine. He soon found out how engines worked. He found out by taking them to pieces and potting them together again! Of course, George dreamed of building an engine of his own, He was very clever, but he had never been to school and he could not read or write, So, at the age of 18, he ‘went toschool for the first time ~ in the evening after work. His big chance came 13 years later when he was made engineer of a nearby coalmine. There was a tramway at this coalmine running to the port nine miles away. The coal was carried along it in trucks pulled by horses. George asked the owners of the mine to let him build a “travelling engine" to take the place of the horses, The owners allowed him to build his engine, ‘This engine was the first steam locomotive in the world which really worked, It made George Stephenson famous. When it ras built, Stephenson's Rocket wat the fastest ocomative in the sorld, A few years later he built the first railway in the world to- carry passengers as well x goods,the Stockton and Darling- ton Railway. Eur this railway had only one tack, 10 miles Jong, And horses as well as locomotives pulled the trains. * The first real railway Stephenson built was between the city of Manchester and the great port of Liverpool. This dine, which was opened in 1830, had two tacks. It was go maifes long and it had no horses! It has been called the father and mother of all railways. People came from all over the world te see it, But above all they came to see Stephenson's famous new locomotivey.the Racker, “The Rocied was the fastest and most powggfil-docomotive in the world. It raced slong at’2g miles an hour—a terrifying speed in those days. The Rocket cam still be seen.today. Ik stands in the Science Museam in London.SINGAPORE Ip vou Look at a imap of South-tast Asia, you will find the long tongue of the Peninsula of Malaya Do you see the islands of Indonesia shurring off the China Seas from the Indian Ocean? There is one way through for ships from East to West and from West to East - through the ‘Surat of Malacca, At the farthest up of Malaya there is a small island, On the edge of that island you will find Singapore. It is almost om the equator. The days arc hot and sticky, and it rains a great deal all the year round. But at night it is cool aad plessant. Six bundred years age the Lion City - which is what Singapore means — was a busy trading centre. sArab mer= chants from the West met Chinese merchants from the East to buy and sell spices such as pepper and cloves, and fine silk and damask cloth, Then, about the yeor 1377, fierce warriors from Java atacked the Lion City. They burnt the eity and left ita deseried main. For the next 400 years the island was the home of pirates and fishermen. Then, in 1819, an Englishman called Stamford Raffles was looking for new openings for Funks in Singapore's bury docks Clombing palm trees to gather cocorasts trade in the East. On January 2gth he landed on Sings pore island. He saw at once what a wonderful position it would be for a por. It commended the narrow strait through which all shipping must pass. So Raffles founded a nem Singepore on the site of the old Lion City. Singapore grew fast — so fast that today it is one of the ten largest pons in the world, In the British Cammes- wealth itis seenad oaly to London. One-and 2 hl million people live there, from many diferent homelands, There ae Malays, Chinese, Indians, Pekistanis, Indonesians, Ceylenese and Europeans. ‘The heart of the city is the crowded docks, There are five and a half miles of quayside, Every day 35 ocean- ‘poing ships call to load and unload thetr cargoes, They bring food and machines to Singapore from all over the world. They sail sway again loaded with rubber and tin, timber end canned pineapples, and pepper, On June ard, 1959, Singapore became an independ: state within the British Commonwealth. Soon it will join in a Federation with its neighbour Malay. On its fag ‘the new moon stands for the young country, and the ive stars stand for the five principles oa which its govern mest is based - democracy, peace, progress, justice and equality. Mectng of Chinese and Arch merchants[Seasnariy] ‘Tin PROPER name foc Brazil is the United States of Brazil, Te i Laeger than the United States of America (leaving out Alaska). It is Jasgee than the continent of Australia. ‘A bundred years ago Brazil had about the same populae tion as Australis has today. Now Brazil has seven times as many people as Australia, and its numbers are growing fast. Tis two Largest towns ~Rio de Jancico and Sia Paulo — have each over 3,600/000 iohabitaas. ‘Yet the Laegest past of Brazil has the fewest people living in it, This is che great forest region through which flows the mighty Amazon river. Ie is the biggest river in the world. It drains half of all South America, and in most of the land round about it 100 inches of raft fall every year. No wonder there is so much water in the Amazon river that its mouth is six miles wide! Ocean going ships can sail up the Amazon for a thoussnd miles ‘Smaller ships can reach Iquitos, 2,300 miles from the sea! Hondreds of miles of vast tropical forest strctch right down ta the banks of the Amazon. It is always hat in these lands on the Equator. The heat and the heavy rain make the treet grow in one huge mass with an unbroken roof of leaves. Through the leaves you can rarely see the sun, You rvust hack your way through tangled creepers and undergrowth to get anywhere at all chrough this vast forest. nc of the most important forest products in the world had its Rome in these Amazon forests. This is the rubber which oazes from the rubber tee. Nowadays the world needs huge amounts of rubber t0 make tyres for ears and lorries. Very lite of this eubber today comes from the wil rubber trees of the Amazon. I all comes from seeds that were broughs from Brazil a Jong time ago. For in 1876 an Englishman, Sir Henry Wickham, saw that there were toa few people living in the forest to find the trees and tap» them for their milky juice, So he decided to try growing rubber trees in some niher part of the world where more people Lived and which was nearer the sea. Hie collected seeds in Brazil and sent them to Rew Gardens in London. ‘Two thousand seven hundred plants were grown there From these seeds, and 1,919 of these were sent to Ceylon. There are about 70 thon people in Brazil Goforiat haase tuilt ‘Brazil beionged' to Peftueai. venezueta ARCE ‘ NTIN:aa franco GROGRAPHT] Lower, plants were sent from Ceylon, to Malaya, Now there are ions of rubber trees in Ceylon, Malaya, and Indonesia, Every ane of these trees comes from the offspring of those seeds fist collected in Bead West Affica, too, owes much of its present prosperity oa tree first found in Brasil. This is the cacao oF cocwa tee, The first cocoa plantations were started in Ghana about the some time as the fest rubber plantations. were started in Ceylon and Malaya, Now West Arica produces more than half the world’s supply ofcacoa. Every year the demand for more eacoa goes up as the world cats more and more chocolate. Strangely enough, Brazil's most important product 1s from 2 tee that has never been found growing wild in South America, This is the coffee tree, Coffee was first discovered in Ethiopia in Africa and it-was then vied owt in Arabia, From Arabia the Dutch wok plants to the ‘West Indies, and from there they eame to Brazil. Now Brazil grows half the warld's supply" of coffee. The sale of coffee makes up about half the value of all the goods that Brazil sends to other countries. z The coffce-growing arca of Brazil is a long way from the Amazon river. The coffe plant cannot grow if there is too much rain, and there is far too much rain in the Amazon country, At the same time the coffee plant cannot stand any frest. Yet it hates fierce dry heat. Up fon the hills inland ftom the great town of Sio Paulo the slimate is just right for this rather particular plane, ‘Of course Brazil produces ether things besides eolfee and cocoa. More cattle graze and more oranges are grown in Brazil than in any other country except the United. ‘States of America. (The orange, too, is a tree first introduced to America from Asia.) On the ether hand the country dots not suit wheat, so che Brazilians eat a great deal of a kind of flour called tapioca instead. It is made from the roots of a plant sometimes called cassava and sometimes called mamios, ravi also grows cotton, sugar, rice, beans and tropical fruits, Its important minerals are iron ore and minganese and it has developed industries in textiles, plastics, rubber and paper. (Can you answer these questions? 1, Find too reasons why there is 10 hiuch water im the ddnaewr rie. 2, Why does only a smait fraction of Brazil's popatation * Pe ered mene 3. u Brazilian trees have brought prosperity to Wert Aftica and southoeast Asad 8 PT (We 4: What African tree has proved most valuable to Bri §- What sort of climate doer the coffee plant like? 6. Name te products of whick Brasil is the second larges producer in the corld, 7. What i tapioca? Answers on page 163 2 167‘A young. frdian tribceman from the Amazon YA forest. A daueer in fiesta costume, A fitkerman Sram Sao Paulo, Veaqueires (eruboyi) from the North Brapitian foatbattr,