Every) Mondayats 6d) SUT a3 | hinFINDING OUT HISTO! of Britain STRY: Cocoa SCIENCE OF SPAC! ACHIE Conquest of Everest THEMATICS: Bis and pieces’ ‘The owter planets SCIENCE OF MATTER: ARTS AND CRAFTS GEOGRAPHY: Norway ‘The air around us Water colour PUZZLE sand Sons, Ltd Pr 4 Invaders of Britain Lonc serore the Romans left Britain, many people outside the Roman Empire hid tried to raid the prosper ous towns of the island. The great Wall acrass the north of Britain helped to Keep out the Picts. In the south the ‘Romans built strong forts along the euast all the way from the Wash to the Isle of Wight. These forts were buile to stop raids by Saxons coming by sca from Germany, Some of these old forts are still there today, ‘The Romans, however, never trained the people of Britain ta defend themselves. So the country was wide. Se. open to attack when the Roman army left it. The Picts ye soon dlimbed over the Wall. They plundered and burned. SHY wherever they went, rt One British chief hired a Saxon chief from Germany to ir “4 defend his people against the Picts, Bur the Saxons were not long content ta live in Britain as hired soldiers, They sent back to Germony for their wives and families. Every year more and more boats were rowed and sailed across the Narth Sea. Each boat brought a few more dozen ‘Angles and Saxons who wanted to make a new home for themselves in Britain, After a while there were so many ‘Angles and Saxons in southern Britsin that all he country ante to be called the fand of the Angles, or England,gleland got new names in the sume ways Jes settled in the east was called East cluglia, “The orth folk lived im Norfoth and the routh foik in Suffolk, ‘To the south of East Anglia many ‘Saxons settled in the cast - in Fast Saxow land, or Essex. ‘The coast from Hastings to Chichester came to be known as South Saxow land, or Suisex, The district round the river Thames came to be known as the land of the middle Saxons, or Middlesex, In this way several of the names of English counties today still tell the tale of these invaders of Britain, A Saxon nobleman and his lady teth a servant. ‘The Angles and Saxons wha came to sete in England had never lived in towns. ‘They looted the Roman towns in Britain and then Kept away from them. They let the hhouses and market places and lasr courts and walls crumble into ruins. They builc new villiges of wooden ccattages out ia the countryside, They were all farmers and they had come to Britain to find fresh fields for the taking. ‘The carly comers sailed up the rivers and settled on the green meadows along the river banks. Later arrivals found that the easiest farming lands had already been seized. They had to find theie new farms in forest country. ‘They felled the trees and cleared the bushes, and so made new fields to plough and sow with corn and beans. Tn was the Saxons more than anyone else who turned England from a land of trees into a land of fields, Yet even the Saxons did not try to make farms in the very thickest forests such as the huge Weald forest between the ‘North Downs and the South Downs - between Sussex and. Middlesex. The Angles and Saxons had their awn fierce gods Some of the names of weekdays are stil called by the s mames of their gods, Woden was their god of War. ‘Woden's day in time became Wednesday, Waden had a cwife named Frigga: Friday was named after hes. Thussday ‘was the day of Thor, the Thunder god, and Tuesday the day uf Ty, the Storm god. ‘Then missionaries came to convert these Angles and awit a1 anit tsar wet, Argues Wessbe irre KIN Three Saxon gods were Woden, Frigea and Thor, Saxons to Christianity, The missionaries to the north of England came from Ireland and from the monastery of Tona in Scotland, “The missionaries to southern England came ftom Rome. ‘They were sent by Pope Gregory. In the year $97 a monk named Augustine Landed ia. Kent with a band af fot other monks. Augustine converted the King of Kent, aid so it came about that the first Christin church built in + Britain since Roman days was built at Canterbury. Avgustine became an Archbishop, And Canterbury became the church capital of England, Questions 1. [Pho invaded Britain from across the seas? 2, What does the word England mean? 3. Waat English county names tell where Saxons settled? 4 Why did the Saxons fell so many érees? Why is the head of the Church of England the Archbishop of Cantertury? — Auegustine and his eed |Yy The Roneenan = Me Ye and the Genie ‘THEME WAS ONCE an old fisherman whe was very poor. Esch day he went out to try to eatch fish. He always cast his mecfour times a day. One morning he cast his net as usual. He found it difficult to pull the net in. Naturally he was excited, He polled aod pulled and pulled, thinking there would be 1 good catch, All he found, when he did pull up the net, was a dead donkey. Hie again cast his net, Agsin ic was heavy. This time the net was filled with sand and mud. He threw it a third time. Again he was disappointed. The nct was full of stones. After these disappointments the fisherman did not know what to do, As he always threw his net four times a day, he threw it once more. ‘This time he found in the net a large vessel made of red copper. The top of the vessel was fastened with a lead covering. This pleased the fisherman, He could sell the Jead and make some money. He shook the vestel, bur he could hear nothing. Irsecmed to be empty. He then took off the lead covering. and turned the vessel upside down, Nothing come out. jl ‘He tumed the vessel the right way up. A large column, of smoke came out of the vessel. Te became thicker andWhen the smoke hed all come out of the vessel it sollected itself again, It took the shape of a huge giant, ‘This giant (or genie) said to the fisherman, “Prepare for yout death,” ‘The fisherman wag astonished, “Why?” said he. “Have Tnor set you free?” “Yes,” said the genie, “you ‘have, but that does not excuse you. Only one wish will T geant you. “What is that?” said the trembling fisherman. “You may choose the way in which you shall die. have no choice. You will see this if you listen 1a what I have to say.” ‘The fisherman could do nothing but listen. "Tam one of the spirits wha rebelled against God,” said the genie. “I refused to obey his orders. To punish me he put me in this copper vessel, To make sure that I should not escape he fastened om a lead cover. He then threw me into thesea, “During the first hundred years that I war there I made promise, I said that if anyone released me I would make him rich, Ne one came to help me. During the second hundred years T made another promise, I said thac I would tell my deliverer where all the measures of ‘the earth were. During the third hundred years T made still another promise. I ssid chat my deliverer should ‘become a most powerful king. In addition be would be allowed theee requests a day. These requests would be immediately granted. “No one came. I became more and more annoyed. Finally I said this. If anyone came to release me T would grant him only one favour. You know that favour.” ‘The poor fisherman did not know what to do. “If” said he, “you will not think of me, think of my wife and children. Who will look after them when T am dead?” “T cannot help thar,” said the genie. “Hurry up and tell me hove you wish to die.” ‘The fisherman then thought of a plan. He said to the genie, “It seems that I cannot escape death, But before T choose how I am w dic, answer mé one questions.” “You may ask that question, but let us waste ng more time.” “Dare yau sweat,” said the fisherman, “by the Name of God, that you were really in that copper vessel? Why, the jug is not large. It is not large enough to hold even ‘one of your fect “I swear to you” said the genie, “that what I have said is truc. Will you not believe me now?" No," said the fisherman, “I must firstsee you actually in the vessel.” ‘As he was saying this, the fisherman saw the genie being changed into smoke. This smoke spread over both and and sea, Gradually it collected itself and slowly entered the vessel, The fisherman watched and waited, ‘When all the smoke was in the vessel he immediately picked up the lead cover, He then quickly fastened it on the vessel The fisherman said, “Geaie, it is now your tern to ask pardon. I intend to throw this vessel back into the sca. [ shall warn all fishermen net to fish you up, If they do, they must throw the vessel back into the sea im- mediately.” “The spirit made all kinds of promises, But the fisher- man would not listen. “You are too treacherous to be trusted," he'said. “If Treleased you a second time, I should indeed be a fool. T should deserve to lose my life.” From the Arabian NightsEvenest is the highest mountain in the world, ts surmmit is over 29,000 fect above the level of the sea. ‘That means that it is about $1 miles high. It is one of the mountains the Higialayas, high above the countryside in Nepat, crest averlooks Inulia and Tibet. Until 1953 many men had tried to climb Everest, bur none had succecded, Four or five men had climbed to within 1,000 feet of the top, but then they could go no further. “Everest was a great challenge to man, daring him to conquer it ‘Why wasit such a elallenge? Because it was the highest mountain in the world, And because it was so difficule to climb, Everest is covered all the year round with iceand snow. Up there ic is very cold and very windy. And the higher ‘you climb, the more difficult it is to breathe. The higher * you climb, the less oxygen there is to breathe into your dungs, If you do aot have enough oxygen you become sired very easily. ‘Now you can see why climbing Everest was so difficult. And you ean also see why ic was such a challenge. ‘In 1953 a British expedition set out to conquer Everest. ‘Tewas led by John Hunt, Amongst the climbers was a New Zealander called Edmund Hillary. When they reached Nepal, they. were joined by some Sherpas, Sherpas are 2 people who live in the hills of Eastern Nepal. They are small, but stroag and very good mountaineers. ‘Their leader was Tenzing. “The climbers and the Sherpas worked as a team, They helped one another climb the mountain, They carried the heavy stores nearer and nearer the summit. The ‘wind was very cold. They slept at night in sleeping-bags, ying to keep warm, Up and up they climbed. The thick clothes they woce to keep out the cold made climbing, more difficult. ‘They had to use oxygen-masks when breathing became difficult, ‘At last they were near the top. Hillary and Tenaing were chosen as the two who would iry te struggle up the last few hundred fect. Slowly and painfully they climbed their way up. On 29th May, 1953, they reached the summit. Everest had been conquered. Only wo men had done it. But the glory belonged to the whole expedition. All had helped Hillary and ‘Tenzing to reach the summit. ‘The highest mountain in the world had been climbed.The air around us AROCKD THE EARTH there is a great accan of aie several hundreds of miles deep, It is like a blanket covering all the earth, Most of this air is close to the earth's surface, but as you go higher and higher there is less and less air, ‘There is still a liuile air, however, even 450 miles. up. ‘We could not live without air, Animals and plants would die, Atl things that are growing mist have air. Although we all need air, we can't sec it. Have you ever wondered how we know it is there at all? Sometimes, of course, we can feel the air. On a calm day we don’r notice it, bur when the wind. blows we can feel it on our faces. ‘Air has even been weighed. Scientists have shown that a Tange flask is heavier when it is full of air than when the air bas al] been sucked ou of it, “That experiment is too difficult for us to wy, but anyone can do this simple experiment. If you take an empty bottle it is not really empty, of course, It is full of air, Hold the neck upwards and puc it quickly under water. cis best if you hold it slanting. As soon as you do this, you will see 2 rush of bubbles coming out of the bottle. ‘These bubbles are the sir escaping from inside. When you take the bottle out of the water and look at it you will find it is almost full of water, As the air rushes out of the borile, water rushes in. You have proved that the empty borile was really fall of air. ‘The weight of all the air around the earth presses down ‘on the earth's surface. We call this the air presrure, Did you know that air pressure sometimes crushes things flat? Here is a really exciting experiment you can do to shovr this. See if you can find a tin can with an airtight stopper. An old oil can with a screw cap would be ‘deal. Make very sure it is not an old petrol can. Take the op OFF and boil some water in the can. Boil the water for several minutes until the steam has driven nearly all the air out of the can. Turn off she gas and put the screw eap ‘on tightly, Wait far little while and then suddenly the can will cave in. It will probably give you quite a start. ‘The cam caves in berause a5 it cools down the steam inside turns back into water again, ‘The ait pressure out side the can then crushes the can on ail sides because there is no longer any air or steam inside to stop it. ‘Thus the air which we cannot see has weight and ‘exerts pressure., What is the air made of? Next week we shall try t0 answer that question,Playing with words Change one letter of each of the firs! words in the following lists so as to make another word, ‘Then change one of the letters af the word you have made to make anather word, Repeat this until you can make the last word. You may change only one letter ata time, and SAY Lay LAD LID TOLD HOLD HOLE HALE HARE r 2 3 4 RUN CAN TIP HER TAP RUB ROB MAN 5 6 STOP PEER 7 THEM BOAT COIN Shopping First draw three columns, and head them: Grocer Greengrocer Butcher You would usually buy sugar from a grocer, fj vegetables and fruit from a greengrocer, and i mest from a buteher, In the esluma headed. FLIT Grocer fillin the word “sugar”, In the column, hheacled Greengrocer fill in the word “‘wege= tables", and in the Butcher column write dora “cmuston", Can you sort out the following + foods and put each one in its proper column? Salt, pepper, currants, veal, pineapples, cabbage, pork, grapes, (62, colfee, chicken, jellies, cocoa, lamb, vinegar, letrace, mangoes, liver, tomatoes, kidneys, ansnat, sawiages, I apples, beef, oranges, curlers, flour, steak, B} bacon, biscuit LASS ‘True or false? Can you tell whether each af the following ‘statements is truc ar false? 1, A crocodile isa dangeraus zeptile 2. Aman who works in a coal mine is called 3 minor, 3. Huts are always made of wood, 4. A zebra is a meateeating animal. 4. Ottawa is the capital of Canada. 6. The Tropis of Cancer lies south of the Equater. 7 A peninsula is a piece of land almost com- £74 pletely surrounded by water 8, The plural of calf" is “calves” 9. A sentence must always begin with a ‘capital letter, To. Water freezes at o°F. TH. Water is lighter than petrol, 12. The First World War began in 1914 Sizes ‘Can you place the following in order of size? Example: jug; cup; thimble; mb; basin. Answer: thimbles cup; jug; basin; tub 1. lemon, plum, raisin, melon, pumpkin, . lizard, crocodile, adder, caterpillar, 5» shark, whale, sardine, salmon, hesting, . leopard, sheep, Won, rabbit, elephant, 5. bee, fica, baty cockroach, mosquito, armchair, soft, stool, chair, wardrobe, 7. puddle, pead, ocean, dam. barrel, teapot, bucket, tumbler, epe-cup, Codes Tn this code, A is represented by Cz B by D; (Cy E, and soon throughout thealphabet, So Ii ‘the word “sum” is coded as “uwo”, 1, Can you write down the code words for: cup; table; except; follow; jay; ceiling? 2. These words are in cade, What are they? dggm; ejckt; ceeqaogfcvkqp; fgeekxg, 3, Can you decode this message? Yhnn citkeg or hitxg vgogttay. All answers an page 187Dako is a middle-aged chimpanzee. He has a wrinkled face and large cars. His eyes are small and full of mischief. ‘Hit nose is also small, He Bas no tail. ‘Howrmany capital letters and full stops are there? How many sentences therefore are there? ‘Write down the sentences in any order, beginning each on a separate line, Does each sentence make complete sense on itr oun? ‘Look again at the above picture of Daka, Pick out any five things about him that particulerly incerest you, Tout which have not already beea mentioned. Write five i (ERELIER] sentences about these things Begin each new sentence on. a new line, Read aloud in any! order the sentences you have written, beginning with Number 3. Docseach one make complete sense on its own? If not, alter it so that it does. Is cach pow therefore a érue sentence? Compare the two pictures of Daka. Discus with a friend or a member of your family which of the two ‘pictures is the mare interesting. . ‘On the next page you will find some words to help you in your discussion. 7ADJECTIVES (10s TO HELP YOU 18 ¥OUi Sin Loot the picture of our fried, Bat Pick out sis things in the Boka pic re that interest you. Pes ME) Write them down as six sentences. Check that they are Titles $89 | indeed sentences. (Does exch make complete sense on its wa? Docs the first word of cach begin with a capital letter? Does each end with a full stop?) Read sloud the five sentences which are under the first picture of Daka. They're a5 dull and drab as the picture itself, aren't they? Can you say why? Ir will help you to find one important reason if you compare them with the five sentences we had about Boke the monkey last week. Here are those sentences: Boko is a young wantey. Very tage ears franie his tiny foce, Bright and fall af fuar are his eyes. There is always @ curl in the ond of his tail. Hix nase 8 flat, Yes, one reason that the five sentences about Daka are 0 tininteresting and dreary is that they all begio and end as we would expect them to, and the words ia them aze arranged in the ncder we would expect: Dalai vee. He has oo... His eyes vas. His noe. He har This is dull. Now read aloud the description of Boke. Do these sentences all begin and end as you would expect? And are all the words in them arranged in the ordet you would expect? No, of caurse nor, Some of the sentences do not begin ‘or end as we expect, nor 8 the wordserder of some of the sentences what we expect, They therefore surprise us a line, Keep us alittle more alert, and so.are more interesting and enjoyable. Here is an improved draft of the description of Daksa. ‘You will fil in the blanks. Daaka is a middle-aged chimpanzee, Large .... he aud a. = Small and full of oy see No teil... Remember, speech came before writing. Study the picture of Boko ond Biki above, Dacre it with a friend or a member of your family, Then play a game together. Take some of the sentences you have spoken and experiment with them. Can you begin with the end and end with the beginning? Can you alter the word order? And ifyou did either or both of these, would the sentences be more enjoyable and interesting 0 listen 10? If you wish, play the game with pencil and scrap paperJor dawa different drafts of each sentence. Discuss these, then cross out all but the best version of each Finally, write down the best versions of the sentences cone after the other in the otder that you think will most interest a reader, Remember: what you are mm persanal impression in words of the picture, so you are free to order and arrange your sentences as you think fit, ‘Aim at surprising your reader a littl, keeping him on the alert, and thus making what you write more enjoyable and interesting for him, Now try your hand at making personal impressions, short or long, of any of the animals on this page. Speak thom dor write them, as you please. Better still, do both, ‘A jumbled Limerick ‘Can you sort out the words of this jumbled limerick? ‘Here is che pattern that the words must fit: sveak strang weak weak strong weak weak song svtak strong weak welk strong weak weak strong weak weak stromg weak weak strong weik weak strong weak weak sérong weak strong weak weak strong weak weak strong Rememiber, too-lines 1 2, and 5 rhyme; and lines 3 and 4 thyme, chimp Bill name mischievous by a, ‘beast on roar Kill like a could the. staged roaring a once he Tion huge enraged a, ‘our end was Bill that of the and. ‘We will give you the solution next week, Things t0 do Go on with “My Book of Writing” ‘Copy into it some of the best picces of description that you have already done during youe study of this article Illustrate some of the pieces. Enter your version of theyjumbled limerick in “My Book of Nonsense Verse, but only if you are sure it is earrect! Keep on collecting other limericks that amuse you. ‘Mustrate some of these, a9COCOA 1. For breakfast on cold winter >, mmoenings some British children drink a steaming mug of hot choco- late before they set off for, school. Chocolate-covered biscuits ate favourites alll the year round, A bat of ebocolste is a nourishing snack 10 take on 2 day's outing. All these good chocolate foods arc rade from cocoa grown in hot hinds neat the equator. Cocoa trees grow wild in Mexico and the hot parts of South America, 4. The trees have broad dark green leaves which shade the trunk and branches. Thousands of small pale overs grow out of the trunk and lower branches. About one in every hundred of + these small flowers grow into soeoa ped ‘The main crop of cotoa pods it ready for harvesting some time be tween October and December, But there is another smaller crop be= tween March and May. The ripe cocoa pods are cut off the tree with large sharp knives, At onoe the ripe podsare split open. ‘The whitish tooaa beans and the Pulp round them are stooped. out ‘of the pods. 7 IE the cocoa beans are perfect, the farmer vil gst tap price far his erop. If'some of them aze mauldy or have been eaten by sascets, then the farmer will get a lower price, ‘After the firmer has been paid for his beans, they are seat bby truin or lorey down to the const, They may be sent co a deep-water harbour like Takoradi, 4. If the sacks of beans go to Tukoraui, they ure Jonded steaight inte the holds of big ships. ‘They may {go 10 Accra where they are Teaded into small boats, "These small boaus side aver the high surf to the ships ‘waiting in deep water hala male off the shore, ‘The ‘sacks are londed into: the ships holdsAE Tanai) 4 Nearly half the wettl ro ian pe orber Afric ule 8 sully rr, FES be re will jungle as quite a small clears his plox of row, He plants his celine hout ten Feet apart, bw four years IY fait, ‘The erap and larger until the ees are a5 -yearsoll Thea the crmp starts a Paap 2. Four hundred years ago the Aztecs whe lived in Mexico made 2 spicy shacolate drink from eacia. One Artec emperor called smaller. A wise Iarince plants a few Montezuma liked it so much usst be drank fifi jars of it every new trees each year to take the doy! About a hundred yectrs ago the first cooas plants were gf the old ones, So he alyuys han brought across the Atlantic Ocean to Afties, 5. Affer the beans have beea scooped out of the pods they are hheaped en a mat. ‘The mat fs made of thick plantain leaves, Then the beans ate covered over with more plantsin leaves. ‘The beans ace left underneath the Jeaves (o ferment for three or four days, ‘This gives them a good favour. When the beans acc properly fermented, they have waned 2 rich brown colout, 6, They are then spread out on ways to dry im the warm sun, ‘When they are quite dry, the choos beans are packed in sacks, ‘They are ready to be seat to the market. Each farmer takes his sacks of ean’ to the nearest cacerae ‘broker. The broker wcighs the sacks, ‘Then he tests the quality of the farmer's teans, 9, When the beans reach the ehocolste factories they are roasted ans broken by rollers into small pieces. ‘The husks are blown away, ‘Then they are ground stil hey become a thick, greasy Tiquid, ‘This liquid is rich jn. ‘cacoa butter, ‘About half the cocoa bunter oxen fram the liquid. The Tiguid then dries into salle slabs of pure cocoa. “The encoasiabs are crushed into a powder. “Then this powder is shaken through sille 19 make it fine and saseoth, ime of the fine power is mixed with milk and suyar, “Then tis rnoulied into bars of choenlaie wr made bse ‘The rest of the powder a= packed i tins, ready for people 10 make inte shncolaie drink. Ui takes the whale year's cmp fiom one tue 10 fill just one one-penind in of coce eth ayBits and pieces ‘You RNOW quite a Jot about parts of things. Ifyou share ‘The black part of each shape matches onc of the frac~ a bar of chocolate with a friend you each hive @ dif (J), tons. Can you match them? When you have done this “You know that a third (J) of shilling ied. “The word make some drawings yoursel that we use co describe these parts i fraction. “Fraction” Remember to use simple shapes. ‘comes from the Latin word frangerethat means "to break”, Tis easy to see the half ofa square, but how would you ‘We still use the word “fracture” when we break things = divide cach of the shapes below in half? ‘especially our bones! ‘Here are some fractions and some shapes. ‘o -Jn this article we are going to talk only about vulgar froctions, “Vulgar” simply means “common”, In ‘America “vulgar fractions" are called “common frac tions”. We use them every day. This is why they are common, Without them we would find it difficule ta measure things accurately, In the drawing below, some of thelines that cross each other art an exact number of inches in length, Others are nor. Ifwe had no common frections We could not measure there lines, We sometimes use fractions to measure weight and capacity and time es well. When we write a vulgar faction we think ofa mole being broken up into a number of parts, The fraction tells ws two things. Ix tells us the size of each of the parts, and iow many we are dealing with. For example, the fraction 3 shows that the whole unit bas been divided into 8 equal parts, and we are dealing with 3 of them, Have another look at the drawings in the bottom left- hand-corner of page 182. The artist divided each shape into a mumber of equal parts and then coloured some black, Let us put back the dividing lines, = [BaTHEWATICS| Now matching is easy! ‘The figure in the fraction that tells us the size of each pare is called the denominator, ‘The figure that tells us how many of the parts we are dealing with is called the numerator. NUMERATOR' DENOMINATOR Ifwe divide a unic into 7 equal parts and take 3 of them, the fraeci is # Here is che whole unit ‘We divide it imo 7 equal parts ‘Now we take 3 of them ‘You must understand the meaning of “numerator” and “denominator”. AS we make the numerator larger, the fraction becomes larger, if the donominatar reaains the same. } is not so lange as f, and $s lorger stil, Look at the drawings and You will ste for yourself Ewes Ge) aE a EE Now what about the denominator? What happens 1 the frnetion when the denaminater becomes larger? Let us keep the numerator the same and make the denami« nator larger. We will take a circle as the uni this tite ‘The drawings show the fractions 4, | and}. see that when the numerator remains the same, incress the denominator makes the fractions safer {Water colour Wren You PmsT set OUL to paint a picture, the enaient nnd cheapest way is 10 use one form or unother of water colour, When you are starting itis not necessary to spend a large yn of money of paints, You ean get your water colours in one of three ways: cake, pan or tube, The choice Is really a matter for you 10 decide after try different kinds, What is important in -water co that wall give you plenty of roe 1 Some paint boxes have ils, brut you ewn get a chieta, palette which un ol plenty of paint, “Then you eum une to mix your paintson, ‘Try out dillercnt edlours on a piece of paper before chooring ane te use in your paintings, cout the is 0 have somethings Rg Alcr the coats, you must ehooe some brushes, “The water-culour brusk ein be made from anany different typer of upimral Hair, Brushes for water colour are alo made in tliree amin shipen: the earn, whieh ix the onc most; the chisel nell for large are tke quit, which iv ood brush for pu nes. HT you ¥ round il chisel rush, these tarce will he en lo Fook after yore beuntes cach hey ure washed out rougly in plemy a clean water. ‘The best way to keep them ie jm jar. In thin way the fues xl nt be bent or damnigge.[ARTS AND GRAFTS ‘The other thing you need, of course, is paper. Cartridge paperiis very good, particularly if you geta fuirly thickone. But, as you paint better and better pictures, you will Probably want a paper that is beter. The best are hand-made rag papers, some of which are very thick indeed. For sketching, you can buy your papers already made up in books or blocks. If you should want co paint a bigger picture, you can buy big single sheets. For these you should use a drawing board. ‘As the paper will wrinkle when wet, the sheet must tbe well pinned down. If you have time, it is best to streteh it, This is quite simple, and only needs very litte practice. Lay your paper down flit on the board, and with a piece of eottan-wool or a small sponge and water soak it thoroughly. Now rurn it over and repeat the process. As the wrinkles form, pick up one corner and smooth the ‘wrinkles towards it with the sponge. Whenit is quite flat, stick down the edges with gummed paper. After the paper has completely dried out, you will find shat it will not wrinkle whea you. paint o: Whit else do you want on your painting table before yyou start? Some clean cotton or linen rags, several jars of ‘lean water, and now you are ready, One of the best things to practise first is what is called Jaying a wash. This means purting on a large area of colour, such as a sky, the sea ora big field. To do this well, you need to paint the colour on quite smoothly and evenly. Mix up pleaty of eclour diluted ‘with water to the streogud that you want. It is important to have plenty of paint, as itis too Inte to mix more once you have started, First wet paper thoresghly Stoath eerinhles towards one corner ‘Nem put a couple of books or a block of wood under your drawing board, o give itaslight ti. Have thepaleste ‘of colour near the board, and have a piece of rag handy in ease the colour spills, ‘Using your large, round brush or your chisel brush, pick up a brushful of colour, Start at one of the top cor ners and work straight across. Pick up another brushful and work Across again, Try to keep enough weight of colour in the strokes so that it will almost flow down on its own. When you have gone far enough, dry your ‘brush on the rag and use it te blot up any puddles of golous, If there is too much paint on your brush you may find that tickles of paint sometimes run down from your wash onto the clean paper. When this happens blot the trickles with a dry brush or rag and then let them dry. You can then paint over them and they will not show, In order to paint a wash of one colour that gets gradu- ally lighter or darker you need extra wells on the palette filled either with darker or paler colour. Tolay this graded task, you gradually introduce strokes of a darker or paler colowe. With practice, it can be done so tha it will be impossible to see where each change of colour starts and finishes. ne other trick which can produce exciting results is painting clouds into the wet sky. To do this, lay the board quite fat, If yeu want big, heavy thunder clouds, mix up your red and blue to a good, deep dark purple. Pick up some of this with your No. 8 rouod brush, and blob it down into the sky. At first you may find it difficult to. control, but a little experience will soon show you what toespect. And you can often make tome very striking ‘effects by accident! 7A letter from LONDON Dear Readers, T see from your leters that very many of you keep a pet or pets of rome kind, And as ‘more and more lewters come in from Aus tralia, New Zealand, South Africa, India, Nigeria, Ghana and oxher countries, we are hearing aboot all kinds of animal friends. Wehave had letters bout snakes, baby alli- gators, monkeys, lizards, even stick-insects and ants! But, of course, there are many more of you who prefer doge, cats, budgeri- sass, guinea pigs, rabbits, aad raice, One boy has a pet pig which comes rune ning when he whistles. This pig is very fond. of having its back seratched with « stick, Speaking of odd pets, the Assistant Editor, ‘who was at school in Aftca, says she used to keep tiny red velvet spiders in her desk tuntl the teacher found out about theenl Pen-feiends Of course, we have bad lots of lenters ‘asking for pensfriends all over the world. At the bottom of this page we are pub lishing a short list of names of renders who want pensfriends either in England, Arica, Australis or New Zealand, These are just a few of the names we Pen-friends Hore is Gur fis st of nares and adress ofreaders who walt pen-frends, ‘The cour tres they wane Yo Wile to are shin also their hobties. England Hise! MeGruen, 27 York St, Delhi, 15, land." Ape ag. “Seurmiogs reading, felis, etoaly oliog records War ‘Mecoven Game sages), ge 8: Eat Feadings desing, esrvin to Sato, Spee he epken Bete. $8 Chevet View, Royston, ar Barodey, othe: Ape, Besenacelie, és have in the office, but I am afraid itis all swe have roaen for this week, Next week we shall print more names. A lot of you have asked for pen-friends ‘an the Continent (espectaly France) or in ‘ther Tands where not much Enplith is spoken, We will do our best t6 find pene friends in these countries for you, but please bbe patient, You see, it is not easy to find Exeath pea-friends for childcen under the sage of 13, Not many Freach ehiidren under ‘hit age speak enough English to write ‘eters in English. ‘Other readers have written asking for pen- ‘riends in America, This is abo rather diff- ‘ult Because FINDING Our is not yet being sold in America, So if we put your name in the magazine 10 ane in America will sce it ‘However, we spoke to someone at the Amerisan Embassy in London about it, and he gave us an address for youto write to, $0 ‘fyou want pea-fifends in the United Stites, ‘will you weite, not to us, But to: International Friendship League, 48 Mount Vernon Sinect, ‘lostor 8, Massseharett, United States af America. Write and. tell them cxacdy what you have told os about your age and hobbies, and peshops they will be able to find a en-friend for pou. ‘THe EDITOR fishing, swimming, Tew Hill, 31. Church Hil, Hoyston, ne Barnsley, Yorks, Are t, Fishing. riding, eecords, exienming. Carherise Wheeier, 47 Jenaiogs Road, East Dub Londen’ §.0.33. Age 9. Sketching, staay collecting, swimming, ie-tkating. fey Ne Tobuion Fenker, st sLamn. Rd, Tijd, Cheshire. Age}. Reading, eyeing, listening to muss Australia Robert Preston, 39 Ivanhne, Northumberland.” Age 11, Whitley Rays ‘Samp-collectn llecting, reading aie swing, wr 36 Kings Ray, Wallsens-an Tyne Northumberland. Age’ to, Riding, swim ‘ning, animals, eeading, staging, ballet, sports, Managing Edit Eiitor: Fohn Paton Assistant Editor: Pat Seholefeld, B.A. ‘Ant Etiter: Richard Hook 7 Conmitant Editors: Fakn Chonetllor, Mods, Norman Fisker, M.A. i. Contributors Susan Ault Bris Fleteher, Mody M.Coon. Faloe Mis, RDS, FRSA. “A.W. Rose, BLA. GW Sata | Dr. Front Skeffeld, M.By CHB. D.E. Thompson, BSc, ARE B.A, Workin, MA, Subscriptions You cam obtain Fixpise our om sub= sept frame eur inal necro er fn case of difully, fron the publishers The prise of 52° wcokly ‘copies of FINDING OUE i {3.18.0 (including pastage and pocking}- The price of 36 weohly copies of FINDING OUT is, £1.19.0 [ineucing MMitage and packing}. Payraonis should be sent t Fiating Ont, Gulf Howse, % Portman Sit, Loudon, 1B. Bock rmmibers can also be obtained from the abce acres ai 1/6 each, Binders are aeaifable at 5{- and 15|- Add 43 for postage and packing, Jean Atherttis 133 Lansdavine Ral., Totten- ham, London’ Naty.” Age 12. Girl Guides, op records, swimming. Any carry Eiteen Bunford, 191 Newcastle Roady South Shields, “Co. Durham, Age iat muse, films, tennis, classical music. Linda Monn, Mostcrott, Stranraer, Wigtownshire, Soucdand. Age tt, Stamp-eelecting, celine, reading, eal ‘Arica a ‘Mary Canlall, 37 Empringhar Rd Exton, GaidareRata’, ees, Gardening hones ‘MoriecNicale-Avamhin, Barller, Hilierst aL, Hythe, Kent. Age 8. Brownies, making ‘ings of wood, cardboard and paper.Answers to Questions Page 171—Invaders of Britain: s, The Angles and Saxons. 2, Frglane? means Land of the Angles. 3. Bssex, Sussex and Middlesex. 4 They had to clear new farming Land, 5. Became Augustine built bis Christian ‘ehurch at Canterbury. Pape 174—Conguest of Beerest: 1. Because Everest is the highest mountain in the world, sand because it i very difficult to climb. 2. Because the higher you climb the less exygen there is im the sir. 3. (a) New Zealand; (6) Eastern Nepal. Page 175—Puszle Page: Playing ith wards; 1, ran, tan} 2, ran, runs 3. Hip, rb; 4, hen, men; $. slop, slip, ip; 6. beer, eas, boars 7then, thin, chin, (You may sometime find that there are ather solutions a se) Shopping—Grocer: salt, pepper, currants, ea, coffee, jellies, cocna, vinegar, flour, bacon, biscuits. Greengrocer> pineapples, cabbage, gripes, lettuce, mangacs, tomatoes, bananas, apples, oranges. Bucher: veal, park, chicken, lamb, liver, kidneys, sausages, beef, curlers, steak. True or faite? Troe: 13 $5 75 85 95 12. False: 2 (hei a miner); 33 43 6 it ies 239 orth of the equator); 10 Cit freezes at 32° Fora G) rr Sizes: 1. raisin, plums, lemon, melon, pumpkio. 2. catepillar, lizard, adder, crocodile. 3. sardine, herring, salmon, shark, whale, 4. rabbit, sheep, leopard, lian, ele- phant, 5, flea, mosquito, bee, cockroach, bat cup, tambler teapot, bucket, barrel ‘Codes: 1. ewrs vedas geegevs hanngy; byes ephalpi, 2. book; chair; accommodsti ceive. 3. Will arrive ar ive tomorrow. ‘Page 188 —Speahing: r. Smal folds of tissue ia our Larynx, which vibrate when we speak, 2, The speech centre, 3. They vibrate in the same way as a blade of grass whee you blow on it Page t8p—The outer planets: 1. Jupiter, 2.Pluro. 3-Pluto, 4, Three, §, Because they ae ao far from the sun, ‘Page 191—Norway, 1. Arctic Circle, 2, Be- cause for some days in winter the sun never rites, 3, Brittin, France aod Nasth Amcsica, 4. As whalers, deep-sea fishermen and mes 6, stool, chair, armchair, sofa, wardrobe, 7 pusidle, pond, dam, ocean, §, cgg- cuts into the coastline. chant seamen. 5, & long deep valley which hues Acrort : 1. A man who fishes. 6, To dopan. 7. Te leave out. 10, Can you .. this puzzle? 12, People fom Denmark. 14. To go quickly on foot. 16. A shor sleep. a8. A favourite animal. 20. A. girl's ame. 23. The soldier staod .. guard. 25. Fruit from a palm tree, 26, The biggest land mammals, Clues Dou 1. We must eat this. 2. Whata top does, 3, For example, 4. What 41 across might use. 5. A naming word, 8. A fricnd, a wife or a Ihusband. 9. The first twofiguee number, 11. Either this .. that 415, Unhappy, 15, One. 17. A seed case. 18. Without much colo 19. Go .. bed. 21. Ir falls from the clouds, 22, Stitches together. 24, A small bie, ‘Answers to last week's crossword Acro: 1, Cakes, 6, She, 9. Lino. 10. Tea, 11. Endure. 14. Reod. 36, Moth. 20. Drop. a2. Neat. 25, Athene. 29, His, 31. Even. 32 EME 35. Meter, Down: 2, Alc. 4. Kuo. 4, End. 5, Sour 6, Steer, 7. He. # End. 3a, Red. 23am. 15. Do. 17. Qo. 18 Tease. 19, ro. 35. Them, 34. The. 26. Eve. 27, Net. 28, 30. Ta 187SCIENCE OF LIFE] Speaking ; No poust most of you know the trick of making a noise Here is a picture showing all the parts we use when we speak, The sound of each letter in the alphabet-is made by by blowing on a blade of grass held between the thumbs. © using its own very special arrangement af the voeal cords, Those of you who have tried this trick may have noticed that when the grass is working well you can. feel it vibrat= ing. These vibrations are the real cause of the sound. Each vibration makes a little pufl, a wave, in the air. When these waves reach our ears we hear chem as sound, Now, if you place a finger lightly on. that litle bump at the front of your neck called the Adam's Apple, and then say “east” quite loudly, you will feel vibrations there too. When you stop saying “A-a-ah" the vibrations stop. Inside the Adam’s Apple, which is properly called the Taryn, there are two stall folds of tissue known as the vocal cords, As you say ““A-a-ah” your breath passes between them, and they vibrate. ‘The sound of the letters ‘When we blow on a blade of grass thesounds that we make are all very much alike. When we speak, however, we can make sounds of many different sorts: loud’ and soft, ‘high and low, short and long. This is because there are ‘ways in whieh we can change the sounds made by our | vocal cords, There are litle muscles in the larynx which an alter the position of the cords. We can move them with either the merest breath when we whisper or with a gale when we shout. And by moving the tongue and the lips we can aler the sounds as they pass through the mouth and nase.” 18 the tongue and the lips. For example, if you sey the sound "m" you will find that it comes down your nase because to say it properly you must have your mouth quite shut. The sound “1” is always made with the tip of the tongue touching the roof of the mouth just behind the teeth. “P* is a line explosion at the Lips, There are a few lewer sounds (""s" is ane of them) which we make wholly in the mouth. They de not use the vocal cords, ‘The speech centre Once we know how the sounds of the leters are made we can casily understand how these sounds ean be put to- gether to make words and then senteaces. Putting 1o- gether sentences in this way is a wonderful feat which we do almost withowe thinking, It is controlled by a special part of the brain colled the speeed eeiitre, It is feom the speech centre that the nerve messages come which control the Jungs, the larynx, the lips, and the tongue for every word that we speak, Questions 1, What are the vocal cord? 2. What part of the brain cantrats our speeci? 3. Hota do the voeal cords make sounds? Answers on poge 187Bevoxp THe zanmit and Mare are the five outer planets in the Solar system, ‘These are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, ‘Neprune and Pluto. Our own earth takes a year to go once right round the sun, The outer planets all ke much longer. This is Decause they are so much further away from the sun and have a much greater distance to travel. Pluto, which is ‘the furthest away of all the outer planets, takes 248 years to go round the sun! Only Jupiter and Sarum were known in olden days, ‘The other three outer plancts were discovered Later, Tluto was only discovered just aver 30 years ago. All of the outer planets are so far away from the sun thac they are very, very cold, The sunlight which reaches them is so weak hat it is difficult even to see them. There is no air around these planets, No man or aninsal could Jive on them. No plants could grow. They are just solid rock at the centre covered by a huge thick coat of ice. Jupiter, which is the largest planet in all the solar system, has an ice coating 16,000 miles thick! This is over twice the distance from one side of the carth to the other through the earth's centre. One night, over 350 years ago, an Ttalian scientist called Galileo Was looking at Jupiter through his telescope. You can imagine how excited he must have been to see four, moons round it, He watched these for several nights, and found they went round Jupiter just likeour own magn gocs round the carth. But we know now chat there are eleven moons going round Jupiter. Galileo saw only the four biggest. All of the ourer planets, except Pluto, have moons going round them like Jupiter. Saturn hes nine, Uranus has five, and Neprune has nwo, ‘The most interesting of the outer planets to look at through a telescope is Sarura. You can see in the drawing ‘what it Iooks like. Tt is sucrounded by throe beautiful rings. There is. no other planet yet discovered, which has these rings, They are made up of millions of small bits ofrack and dust moving together round Saruen. Scientists think that they might have ance been another moon of Saturn that brake up into tiny pieces. Quettions 1 Which oader planed it mearest to the warih? 2. Which outer planet was discovered last? 3. Which oer planed att mo moons? 4. How many rings has Saturn! §. Why are he outer plana so cold? 248 years 165 js sian “agi years aah beat VW Sun Joie Dy | Sra gl =e phune: Piuiol fp Above: The cuter planets and the time they take to circle the sun,Da yeu eNoWw where to find the most northerly big towns in the world? There are fowe of them, all about the same distance ftom the North Pole. One of them is (Oslo, the capital of Norway. Another is Stockholm, the capital of Sweden. A third is Helsinki, the capital of Finland, ‘These three countries together are often called Scandinavia. The fourth town is Leningead, which was foc 200 years the capital of Russia, ‘Look for these towns 00.4 map. You will find them all near a lite of latitude, numbered 60°. If you fallow this line west you will see that ll four towns are farther north, than the most northerly part of the British Isles. Now wavel on the map in a straight line north-east from Oslo, By acroplane it will be a journey af goa miles. On the way you will ctoss what is marked on the map as. the stresie Girels. Like lines of latitude, the Arctic Circle is a line printed on maps to shaw Which places are an equal distance from the North Pole, ‘This line shows. something that seems very add to most peaplein the world. For the sun never sets om some days in the year in the seas and lands north of the sretic Ciecle. Suppose you went to the very north of Norway. Any time berween May 12¢h and July 29th you would be able to see the sun at midnight every night! The north of Norway is offen called the “'Iand of the midnight sun”, For ten whole weeks there is daylight all night. ‘You would not much like to go to the north of Norway in winter, however, For it is then a very different place. For weeks on end in winter, from November 18th to the end of January, the sun never ists, Every day isall night! ‘The furthest north part of Norway is called the North Cape. Te is vice as far from Oslo as London is from Inverness. It is twice as far as Sydacy is from Melbourne in Australia. You would find the journey very much further by sea, hawever, if you decided to_sail all the way lose to the shore. “Then you would have to sail 12,200 miles before you reached North Cape - abour the same distance 2s halfway round the world! ‘The journey along the shore from Oslo to the North Cape isso immensely long because all the coast of Norway is broken up by long narrow valleys in which the ocean sweeps fur inland. They are all sea-valleys called jiords. Deep sea covers all the bortom of each valley, and on ‘each side the mountains rise very steeply from the water ‘with hardly any beach. In most of these sca-valleys there is no flat land except for a small beach at the far inland ‘cud of the ford, ‘The Norwegians have lite flat land in their country on which they can grow food. So they have always been a nation of sailors and fishermen. 190. ‘Old Norse ships setting sait 1,000 yar ago,MORTH CAPE Winter sports are a TST srtent part of Norsiion {This church at Borgund : i 1,000 years old, [Whaling ship with part of its catch ‘A thousand years ago the Norsemen from Norway were ‘going our tosea in their lang-boats far from their homeland. Some settled on the coasts and islands of northwest Britain, Somesetded in France on the banks of the river Seine, ‘These Norsemen who went 1» France came to bbe called Normans. Later they conquered England aiter athe battle of Hastings ‘Other Norsemen went even farther. They sailed down the rivers of Russia a5 far as the Black Sea. They even discovered North America hundreds of years before ‘Columbus. ‘Norwegians have never stopped journeying by sea far from theit homeland, ‘They have continued to sevile ia far distant countries, Today you could find more than four million people in the United States and Canada ‘whose families weee ones Norwegian. And today you will also find Norwegian ships and Norwegian sailors in ports all over the world. Por Norway has the third Inrgese merchant navy in the world, Many of the ships are vramp, ships that ean, be hired o¢ chartered to carry a special ‘cargo from any port to any port. Some Nerwegian. ships have been specially built to.“ ‘catch whales. They catch the great whales 10,090 miles, from Norway in the Southern Ocean, The whale-catching, ships are accompanied by big factory ships on which athe far oF blubber of the whale is turned into whale-oil ‘This is used ehiefly in making margarine. ‘Thousands of Norwegians make their living by fishing, ‘There are 40,000 motor fishing boats in Norway, Same of them go fishing for cod far from Norway in the cold Arctic seas, They sail to Iceland, Greenland and New- foundland, Other fishing boats in winter look for herrings in the North Sea, Every year more than a million tons of fish are landed in Norwegisn ports. This is far more fish than is needed by the 4 million people living in ‘Norway. So the cod are cleaned and dried uncil they are 45 hard as boards. Then they are exported to Mediter- tanean countries. The herrings are packed with silt into barrels and sold in market places all over central ‘Questions, ‘ 1. North of sihat tine or citcte does the sun never set ‘vine ore in the sear? 2 could you alto call the north of Norway “The avd of midilay might”? if 3. Name three parts of ie world where Norwegians ventured by sea lene ago, 4. Find ou three ays by sehich Noresggiant today make heir Hoing by the sea, 5. What is a ford? | Answers on page 187 | In the sap on the teft cach dot stands for one milion people. soInvaders of Britain on the left, teachings ‘of Christianity.