= * an. ING OUT ae PS PO see Le pe LCCC CT aFINDING OUT HISTORY: Monks and ftiars ACHIEVEMENTS: Louis Pasteur SCIENCE OF MATTER: A ship's compass MATHEMATICS: A weasure trail ENGLISH: More spelling hiss SCIENCE OF LIFE: Where ds they go? WORLD AFFAIRS: People of Pera ARTS AND CRAFTS: A landscape ia oils SCIENCE OF SPACE: A huge telescope GEOGRAPHY: The Pacific Ocean fos Prato Sent, BABS 5 Beall So By ad, ‘Gu ne 3 Porte Sia En, Ws Pel eae Bis Ine THE TIMES when tribes of barbarians were breaking up the orderly life of the Roman Empire, many men thought the only way they could live a Chirisuan life was to cut themselves off from the werld, They looked for some quict place where they could live undisturbed in their service of God. So they founded monasterie. Tn each monastery a group of mawts tried to stop being dependent on anybody outside the monastery. They hud no wives or familics to worry about, They farmed their ‘own fields and grew enough food for simple meals. They -cought fish in rivers and ponds. Sheep gave them wool from which they could make their simple clothes ~ plain Jong woollen gowns, From tress and quarties they got ‘timber and stone to build their monastery. The monks lived by strict rules, They spent two hhours every day in services in their church. This was the ‘most important building in the monastery. It was usually fon one side of an enclosed courtyard. Because this was closed in, it was called the cioiser. In the eqwered sides of the cloister the monks spent many howes every day saying their private prayers, and reading and copying books, The other buildings of the monastery formed the other three sides of the cloister, There was the long room in wwhich all the monks slept= the dormitory. ‘There was another long room in which they all ate ~ the refectory. There was the room in which they met every day to dis- cuss the affairs of the monastery - the chapter house, And, of course, there were bake-houses and kitchens and wash= houses, and a guest-house for visitors. Tn even the smallest details of daily life monks kepe to the rules of their monastery. They obeyed without questioning the orders of their head, their Abbot, Most 362 monasteries copied the rules written by Benedict when he founded a very famous monastery in Tealy in the year $29. ‘Besides obeying the Rule and the Abbot, every monk gave xp hoving any property of his own. He took 2 “vow of poverty”, Everything in the monastery belonged to everybody, But though no one monk owned any property, the monastery itself often became very wealthy, It became ‘the custom for kings and queeas and noblemen to show their thanks t God for some happy event by founding a new monastery or giving more lands to an old one, So monasteries came to own many fame besides the fields the monks themselves had first farmed, Other people began to envy the wealth of those who had taken 2 vow of poverty, They had good reason to do s0, for by the year 1500 monasteries in England owned a quarter of all che wealth of the kingdom. There was another way, too, in which monasteries ‘became very important in the Middle Ages. Though most ‘monks never left the grounds oftheir abbey, many vistors scame to sce them, In those days there were no hotels, and travelling about the country on horseback took a long time, So travellers would have had a very hard time if they hhad not been able to stay the night at a monastery, So it happened that monks could learn a great deal of what was happening in the world outside, In fact the earliest English histories were cheonicles made by monks who got their information from their many visitors, ‘The Abbots of the wealthy monasteries were also often asked by the King to salve come problem of governing the country, or perhaps to go as ambassador to another king. ‘The King summoned the most important Abbots toHISTORY) Plan of a monastery his Council, and when the Lords in England began to meet as a separate House of Parliament, a8 Abbots were entitled vo sit with the bishops and earls and barons. So you can see why monasteries became so important, ‘They were wealthy and they had great influence, But a great man named Francis, who lived in the small town of Assisi im Italy, thought that the most important thing in life was t help the poor by going among them. In the year 1215, the same year as King John signed Magna Carta, Francis persuaded the Pope to found his ‘order of friays. Franeis insisted that friars were to have xno property, and chat they must let theic grey undyed gowns become threadbare before they accepted new ones. ‘They must go barefoot like all poor people in these days, ‘The friars were to beg for their living, working: always to help the most needy — by preaching to them in the market places and caring for them in hospitals. In the liferime of Francis thousands of men followed his Ieade- ship, and the “grey friars” became a common and ‘welcome sight all over Europe. Another order of frists was founded in Spain by Dominic in the same year as Francis founded his order in Italy, These Dominicans were called “black friars” Inecause they wore black gowns. They guve much more attention to teaching and less to preaching. Questions 1, Who is an Abbot? 2. What war the moot important building ix a monastery? 3. Hor did monks get ta knows what was happening in the ‘world outside? 44. Hoc diet Francis want friars to be different from manite? Answers om page 379, ‘Binds and beasts loved St. Francit of Aussi, ‘Hecalled them: his Htle Brothers amd sistersTf was ow our journey from the South Sea to the East Tadies that our ship was driven by a violent storm to the north of Van Diemen’s Land. ‘On the sth November a seaman spied a rock close at hand, The wind was co strong that we were driven upon it, and the ship at once split in two. Six of the crest, of whom I vis one, let down a boat and made haste to get clear. But we had hardly rowed three leagues when our boat was suddenly overturned by a gust of wind. T do not know what happened to my companions, bu I fear they were all lost. For my part, I swam with the ‘wind and tide. Just as I became too exhausted to struggle any longer, T found myself in my depth. T staggered ashore and fell into a deep sleep. ‘When I awoke it was daylight, T arempred to rise, but found I was quite unable to move, My arms and legs, and even my hair, were fastened to the ground by thin ‘cords, T heard a hum of sound all round me and could feel something moving on my left Ieg. It advanced slowly towards my chin. I looked down and saw a tiny human being, not quite six inches tall, with a bow and arrow in his hands. At that moment T felt at least 40 ‘others of the same kind following after the first. T gave aloud cry of astonishment which made them all run back in fright ‘They soon returned, however, and one of them even dared to climb up to look at my fice, He lifted up his ‘hands in admiration and cried out in a sheill voice, “‘Hekinah degul.” “The others repeated the same words, ‘but T could not understand what they meant. T struggled to loosen the cords that bound me, and just as I freed my left arm I felt a hundged arrows strike my left hand. They pricked me like sharp needles. Tk soemed ta me wisest t0 lie still until night came, ‘As my left hand was already loose, 1 would then easily be able to froe myself. When the litle people saw that I ‘was quiet they stopped shooting arrows. But ftom the noise T could tell that many others had joined them, and Tecould hear them hammering not far from my right exc. T turned my head and saw that a stage had been built about a foot from the ground. Standing on it, one of the lime people made me a long speech, of which I did not understand word. By signs I explained that I was wery hungry. Immedi- ately, about $0 of them cut the cords fistened to my Bair. Ladders were placed against my sides, and about 100 of them climbed up to my mouth, They carried baskets of meat. Each piece of meat was deliciously cooked, but smaller than the wing of a lark. Tate them, two or three to a mouthful. I also ate three loaves at a time. Next they rolled up their two largest barrels of wine for me to drink, which I did, each at one swallow. When they saw the wonderful things T had done they shouted for joy and danced round me. Refreshed by the food and drink, I fell into a heavy sleep. While I was asleep, the Emperor of Lilliput (as the country was called) ordered that I should. be brought to him, Five hundred carpenters and engineers at once began to make the carriage that was to carry me, It was 2 frame of wood, about three inches from the ground, which moved on 22 wheels With pulleys and cords they hoisted me on to the cattiage. Then 1,300 of the Emperor's largest horses, cach about four and a half inches high, were used to pull me to the capital of Lilliput, ‘At the place where the carriage stopped there stood an ancient temple, the largest in the whole kingdom. “This was to be my home, On each side of the gate was a small window, less than six inches from the ground, Oa to the left window the King's blacksmiths fixed 91 chains, each the thickness of a watch-chain. ‘The ocher ends of the chains were fastened to my left leg. ‘More than a hundred thousand people came out of the town to see me. When the workmen found that I cotld rot break my chains they cut all the cords that bound me, I rose t6 my feet then, The astonishment of the people cannot be described, Ta be continued. 465Quiz Page . What figure does XCWIIT stand for? fa) 38 (b) 48 (©) 4 (d) 98. . On what day does Hiallow- een fall? a) 318t October {b) 1st January () 15th November (@) 24th June. For what is the year 1815 ‘farious? (a) The Battle of Water- Joa (b) The Battle of Trafal- gar (c) The discovery of the steam engine. ‘Who was Hannitel? (@) A Roman general (b) A Carthaginian gen- eral (c) A Greek orator (a) An Egyptian King. ‘What is a colt? fa) A young horse {b) A young Kon (@) A mineral (@) Ared flower. . What is a haggis? fa) A bird (b) A bargain (c) A Scottish dish, partly meat, partly oatmeal (@ A small animal found in the Highlands of Scotland. . Complete the following: Anvony and... (@) Hannibal «bm (6) Socrates (d) Cleopatra. What is meant by the ex- pression “having an axe to grind”? (a) Having work to do (b) Having a personal in- terest to serve (¢) Having nothing te do (@) Having several. tools to sharpen, Where are the Niagara Falls? (a) Kenya (b) North America (e) North India (d) Northern Rhodesia. What is a runway? (a) An escaped prisoner (b) Track along which aeroplanes run when taking of (6) A bolting horse (a) A track for long-dis- tance runners, . What was the earlier name of Ghana? (a) The Ivory Coast (b) The Gold Coast (6) Malabar (4) The Levant . Who was the Lady with the Lamp? (a) Edith Cavell (b) Joan of Are (c) Bve Curie (a) Flocence Nightingale. |. In which country is Gor- ponzala cheese made? (@) France (®) Germany (ec) Brazil (4) tay. 14, In which game do you not vase a ball? (a) Badminton (b) Hockey (6) Tennis (a) Football. 5» Which studies animals? (a) Geologist (b) Zoologist (c) Astrologise (d) Pharmacologist. How many yards are there ina mil (a) 2.240 (b) 2,000 (6) 1,760 15500. . Who was the saint who Joved animals? (a) St. Luke (b) St. Francis (6) St. Antony (a) St. Christopher. tha wrote about Sher- Jock Holmes? (a) Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (b) Simenen (©) John Buchan, (a) Edgar Wallace. ‘What is French leave? (@) An annual holiday () A holiday without pay (©) Going sway without asking permission . Who is the patron saint of Wales? @) St. George {b) St. Andeew (e) St. David (a) St. Patrick, Anreers.om page 379.LOUIS PASTEUR Do vou KNOW what bacteria are? They are very tiny sveatures which float about in the air, in the water, and ‘raw! in the earth and in every living thing. There are countless billions of them. Some do good. Some do harm. Bot for centuries nobody knew that these bacteria existed, For they are so tiny that they can only be seen through powerful microscope. Te was the brilliant French scientist, Louis Pasteur, who discovered what bacteria really do to living things, ‘It was one of the most important discovesies ever made, For the harmful bacteria are called germs, and germs, of course, are the cause of most illnesses. When Pasteur sade his great discovery in 1854 he happened to be curry ing out experiments on beer! He wanted to find out why ‘peer fermented and. why ic rurned sour. Until then scien= tists had believed that things went bad or rotted becinsse ‘of some mysterious chemical change inside them. Pasteur ‘proved that the damage was done boy bacteria in the air, Have you ever wondered why tinned or bottled food docs not go bad? Tc is because the bacteria in the air outside cannot get at it ‘Like Pierre and Marie Curie, Pasteur remained poor ‘even when he became famous. He had a miserable litde laboratery and only the simplest equipment. ‘The Govern :ment gave him no help. But it was in this humble Iabora~ ‘ory that he made the wonderful discoveries which have saved millions of lives. ‘Having discovered that germs were a terrible enemy of all living things, Pasteur now cried to find ways of kiling them, He soon discovered that some germs can be killed ‘by heat =the T.B, germ in milk, for instance, This heating proses of mulk has been valled pastemrisation, Pasteur's discovery vras also tremendously important for surgery. For without it the great English surgeon, Lister, could never have invented antiseptics, which keep germs away from wounds, ‘But Pasteus’s greatest gift to doctors was 10 show that diseases could be prevented by inoculation. ‘The English scientist, Jenner, had qlzeady discovered vaccinations he ‘had shown how people who had heen given cowpox would shot get the terrible smallpox afterwards, Pasteur was sure that many other diseases could be prevented by inoculating people so thst they would not get the disease again. “His first successful inoculation was on chickens! In fact farmers owe a great deal to Pasteur. For not only sid he protect chickens against the deadly cholera germ. ‘He also found a way of inaculating sheep and goats ~ and Doctors cam inoculate ws against many dangerous diseases, humans against the even more terrible disease of an- thrax, Pasteur’s last discovery was the gost famous of all. He found out how te inoculate dogs and humans against the horrible disease: of hydrophabia, Hydrophobia, or abies, is caused by the bite of a mad dog, and before Pasteur ic was nearly always fatal Does it surprise you that Pasteur was given a state funeral when he died? He was one of the greatest men who have ever lived. a7yaWacleNl esc meeyeey erst) A LONG TIME ago, sailors had to steer their ships by the sun in the day and by the stars at sight. When it was cloudy, there was no way of finding out where they were, and so it was very easy to get lost when out of sight ofland. What a help it must have been when the compass was discovered. In the third issue of FINDING our we learnt about lodestone, which acts like a magnet, We learnt how Jodestone or a magnet, when ic is hung in a paper stirrup, always settles down to point North and South, This is how a compass works, At the centee of a compass there is always a magnet which can wm round and point North and South. Often when a ship is at sea, waves make the ship go up and down and roll from side to side, Think of che poor compass in a rough sea! If it was made of a hanging magnet or onc balanced on a point, it would soon be seasick! It would certainly not be able to point North and South; it would swing about too much. Can you think of a way of using a magnet so that it is always level? The first sailors who used compasses Soon thought of the way which is still used today. ‘They floated the magnet, Fill a bow! with water. Then tik it from side to side. You will see that the surface of the water stays level all the time. ‘The first compasses wsed on ships were made of a piece so A magnet always Points North and South. rr ‘of lodestone floating on a reed in a bowl of water. What does a ship's compass look like taday? If you shave ever been lucky enough co go on to the bridge of a modern ship, you will probably have seen. one. A card with all the points of the compass marked around itis outed in a bowl. Under the card are fixed ‘the magnets, Sometimes as many os eight are used ‘ta make the compass as powerful as possible, ‘The magnets are made of strips of rods of steel and are called magnetic needles, The card and the magnetic needles are fixed to a special float which keeps them balanced dn the centre of the bowl. If water alone was used in the bowl, it would sadn freeze when the weather turned very cold. The ship's ‘compass wouldn't be of much use if it was frazen solid! To stop the water freezing, it is mixed with spirit, To keep the bowl always level, gimbals are used and 1 lead weight is placed in the bottom of the bowl. ‘The gimbals are metal rings, one inside the other, You can see in the drawing how they work, ‘When a sailor is steering a ship it is easy for him to use his compass. On the bowl there is a mark called the lubler linc. Where this line shows against the com- pass card, tells him the direction he is going, The compass is one of the most important instruments on @ modern ship, Without it, even the biggest and fastest ships would be lost,A Treasure Trail On this page you will find 16 questions in arithmetic. To question, To reach the treasure you must answer all the ques- tions correctly. Don't worry if you find your self doing the same sum twice. ‘You have made a mistake some- ‘where, Carry on and you can still reach the treasure,More spelling hints ‘As YOU Sab last seek, there are two kinds of spelling mistake most of you make: Te Words thai you aicoays misspell and that you will always go om méupeliing unless you can cure yourtef 2. New words that you misspell the very first time that ox write them, (Thess, to, you will go on misspelling — Jind the longer you go on misspelling them, che more difficult it will be to stop.) ‘We hope that you will by now have taken the advice we gave you to begin a spalling notebook. At the font, under the heading, “My Spelling Enemies”, put all the words that you aisays misspell, Write the leter or letters that you get wrong i capitals of another colour, like this: Wien you iearn there spellings, concentrate on the letters which give yew trouble, Then, a3 you master the spelling of one of your enemics, give yourself the pleasure of crossing it out and purting a K for Ailfed by its side, like this: the very first time that you write them. If you do, then you will have begun a bad habit with these words; and the oftener you misspell them, the harder it will be to ‘break yourself of the habit. Isn't it surprising that this simple truth never strikes some people? And how do you prevent yourself from getting into this bad habit? Easy - zade care ta spell the sword correctly the very first time yen write tt] “Ab,” some of you will say, “it’s notas easy as all hat,” ‘Quite right—we all know how simple it is to spell a word wrongly even when it is there staring at us from the blackboard or from the printed page under our very nose. This is because we do not sce the word: we think we do, bbutin fact we do not. Remember what we said last week: Correct spelling depencte on correct wacing. A goad speller sees what lestere there are in a cord and what order they come in. A bad speller never sees what all the letters really are and exbat their order is. Do you doubt this? Then try this little test for your selves. Read each of the following only once and say whether it is spelt correctly or noc: tebuve moter But keep an eye om the anes you've killed, Revise the list from time to time to see that they don’t came alive “he second part of our Spetling Plan deals with ne ‘words, Unless you are carefull, you may misspell these 370Remember: SPELLING IS LARGELY A MEMORY OF THE EYE, Only “humorous”, “‘believe”, and “parallel” are spelt correctly in the list. All the others are mistakes made only recently by four children. The last three words ~ “mispelling”, “Mediteranean”, “magizine” —were all copied xrongly fram ihe blackbodt “The golden rule, then, is to check a new word Jetier by Jetter as you write it, Look at each letter in turn, say it aloud, then write it. This will be slow and take rime, but it is time well spent. ‘Even after taking this trouble, you may still some~ times misspell words that you do not have to write very afte. Collect such words in the back of your spelling notebook. Enter them in the same way as you do those at the front, Write the part of the word you have trouble with in capitals of a different colour, Follow this plan for learning these words: 1. Say the word aloud. (Note when the sound is no help in spelling the word; for example, through, thotgly Bough, cough; sieve, believe, deceive.) 2. Whisper the letters to yourself, but say loudly and forcefully those letters you have difficulty with, 3. Shut your eyes and spell the word, then open your eyes and check that you were correct. 4- Bo this until you are correct three times running. ‘$- Cover the word, write it and check. 6 Do this until you are correct three times running. (Be sure cach time to cover the word and your own spelling of it.) A personal impression Take your time over looking at the delightful animal below. Did you guess its name? Yes, it is a slow loris. Perhaps you would like to write a personal impression of it? Revise and polish this in the way that you have already learnt. In addition, check every word that you are not completely sure you have spelt correctly. What will you need to do this? Spare a thought for Dr, Johnson swhile you're doing it, won't you? Those of you who are very keen on improving your spelling will find it useful to copy the above six-point plan for learning new words into your spelling notebook. 37Above: Birds foot showing ring. Below: Swallows! path acrors Africa. Where do they go? Every AUTUMN in Britain there comes a day when you ‘can see the swallous lined up along telegraph wires and fying about in flocks. Then the next day they are gone. ‘Afier that you. damnat see them all winter. Yet, as the days grow longer and warmer, and the spring begins to come, the swallows appear again. They circle and swoop around the same places from which they disappeared last year. Once people thought that swallows passed the winter burrowed into the mud at the bottom of ponds. We do not believe that any longer, for we know that they miprate, They fly away southwards in the autumn to pass the swinter in warmer places. But how do we know this? No one has ever followed a swallow on its long flight. All swatlovrs took alike to us ‘We cannot be quite certain chat the swallows which mest in a place where there were swallows the previous year are, in fact, the same birds. But we can be certain if we mark them. We do this by ringing chem, «A small light-weight metal ring is put round, 372 Swallows in fight. fone of their legs. Itis so light that the bind ean walk and fly as usual, But the rings are not easy to put om, 50 the bird has to be held in a special way to prevent i struggling and injuring itself. The ring is fixed with 2 sort of pliers se that it cannot come off On the ring is a number which the person doing the ringing writes dawn. He also notes what kind of bird it is, and where and whea it was ringed, ‘The letters on the ring also ask whoever finds it to send it to the British ‘Museum of Natural History in London, At the Museum all the numbers of the rings are known, When the ring is returned to the Museum with a note of the date and the place where it was found, the experts know how far the bird has flown, and the direction it has taken, ‘Many thousands of birds of all kinds are ringed each i . About two-and-a-half milion have been nged since ringing began. But the pity is that very few of the rings are ever recovered. Out of every hundred put on the legs of small birds we are lucky to get one returned to the Museum, The other ninety-nine are never heard of again, But even then the returns give us a picture of the movements of birds. For example, swallows ringed in Great Britain have been found in South Africa, seven or eight thousand miles fram England,Above: Wilson's petrél fies holf-tay acrous the world. Belins: The hooded craw migrates to Spain. ‘And owallows which are ringed im Aftica are found in Britain the next summer. So the birds fy south in the aurumn and return northward in the following spring. ‘They breed in their summer homes in the north, ‘Most birds which migrace fy in this way; northwards in spring to breed and southwards in autumn to pass the ‘winter. Some birds, like the European starling or hooded craw, fly distances which are mot so great as that from Britain to Africa. They may fly from the Baltic down to Spain and back Burothcr birds make amazingly longjourneys. Wilson’s petrel, 2 sea-bird, breeds on islands in the Antarctic, and then flies northwards to the other side of the world 10 pass the winter in the North Atlantic, After afew months, they go off again on their long flight thousands of miles southward. They fly over the Atlantic Qvean to find their brecding islands once more. The American bristle- thighed curlew breeds in Alaska, but spends the winter in the islands in the Pacific, On their flight north these birds have to fly aver two or three thousand miles of open sea without anything in sight to guide them, Yer they manage to find the few valleys where they breed. Fieldfare, redwing and birds like these pass their winter in Britain but fly forther north in spring to Scane ‘SCIENCE OF LIFE ‘The redoing goer ta ‘Seandinacia for the eintor. The oster-catcher is a seabird which spends a short time in England in spring and autumn. dinavia, There they nest and bring up their young, ‘They are sinter visitors. Many seabirds like oyster catchers and dunlin appear on the shores in southern Engiond for a short time in spring and autuma. ‘They are passing chrough on their way north in the spring and south in che aucama, ‘They are called passage grants, But, you may say, what about birds like robins, thrushes and starlings, which seem to be in Britain in che winter ss well as in the summer? Well, these birds do not migrate. They stay all the year round. That is why the robia with his gay red beeast is such a popular figure on Christmas cards, He really is here in our gardens when snow is on the ground, People in Britain, or Europe, or America, or Affica, or Asia Know about the migrations of birds. Migrations are mentioned in fairy tales and legends. ‘Almost all the places where birds migrare are north of the Equator, ‘They are in the Northern Hemisphere. South of the Equator there are very few birds which saigrate. Why do birds make such Jong and dangerous journeys, and how do they know the way? You will read about these problems in next week's FISDING AUT. 373Pizarro captured Peru by treachery. He invited ihe Inca hing io a talk, Then siuddeily he seised the rassuspecting king tand et dow his men. Is THE Plaza de Armas, the main square in the city of Lima, is the stare ef a man on horseback, He is a Spaniard, and his mame is Francisco Pizatra, Early in the sixteenth century Pizarra led a small army into Peru and defeated the Incas, the Indians who were living there. Peru was a colony of Spain until 1821, when Spanish rule ended, ‘Then the country became a republic wi president. The Peruvians are the descendants of the Spanish People who settled there, and of the Indians who lived in Peru long before the Spaniards arrived, Most Peruvians speak Spanish, though many Indians use “Quechua”, the old language of the Inca empire. Everywhere you go in Peru you'see a strange mixture of the old and the new, Tn Lima, the capital, and in other towns, some of the people live in houses with gabled roof and balconies. These houses are built round patios or courtyards, like those you might see in any Spanish 374 town, Others live in small, la-roofed houses quite like the old Inca huts. ‘The Indians on the opposite page, walking by the ‘group of smart city mien and women, have just arrived in Lima. Each year hundreds of Indians leave their homes to go to work in the towns. ‘They want better houses, more food, schools for their children, and all the benefits ‘of town life, At first they may find there are not enough hhouses for them, and they cannot do the kind of work they want. But more fictories, offices, shops, houses, schools and hospitals are being built, and the towns are growing rapidly. Most of the Indians, however, sil live in the mountains and country districts of Peru. ‘There change is slow. They make their own clothes, eat dried mutton or salted lama ‘meat, and live in much the same way as their parcats and grandparents did before them. Like their ancestors, they are skilled at silver-work and the making of jewelleryThere are three hinds of buildings in Peru: Incer rile (right, Spanish (centre), and modern (left). ‘and ornaments, Both men and women still weave beauti- ful blankets and rugs. ‘The llama herdsman in the picture is wearing a "poncho", a kind of blanket made of rough wool, with hole in the middle for his head. He is eating dried corm. Tn the distance is his cottage, ‘You will see that it has no chimney. The smoke from the fire of llama dung rises through the straw roof, His wife, leaning against the wall, is spinning tlama wool, ‘The hill Indians are usually short and have broad chests. Their large lungs make it possible for them to live high up in the mountains where there is less air to breathe. Visitors to the high Indian villages often suffer at first from mountain sickness, which makes therm unable to do much. ‘They are amazed to ste Indians working busily in the mines, or on their land, and even playing football ‘Most Peruvians are fond of sport, ‘They like to watch [WORLD AFFAIRS ‘bullfighting, cock-fighting and horse-racing, ‘They enjoy playing football, tennis, golf, asket-ball and baseball Fish is a favourite food in Peru, especially chupe ds camaroney 2 kind of fish stew. Popular meat dishes are collucos com chargue, potatoes with dried meat, and caucay made with wipe, potatoes, peppers, parsley and rice, Peruvians like 19 drink pisco mode from grapes, and sthicha morada from maize. Peru is at present ruled by four generals, Questions ‘From which peoples are the Perweians descended? When seos the republic of Pers formed? Gar ou nae te capital iy? if ts @ poncho? Name two popular sports ix Peru, Insmers on page 379. I a Be . 5 a usA landscape in oils Witex vou choose your first scene tn paint, make sure it is simple. A landscape can be very difficult. You have to paint so much at different distances. Also the light is always changing and the wind can ctuse movement in trees and grass, and across water. ‘The scene we are painting above is a cliff edge above the sea where there are rocks and a lighthouse. You have the foreground with its field, fence and gate very clearly marked, In the middle distance is the eliff with the railings. The sca and the lighthouse are at the back, Don’t forget that you are on top of a hill looking down, so you will be using a kind of bird's eye perspective, 378 ‘The horizon berween the sea and the sky must be quite high up in the piecure. Tn the last article on painting flowers we told you to paint in the main shapes of the picture first of all. This only takes a few minutes to dry. Then you can staet the real painting, Remember to do the farthest away part of the picture first, This will be the sky, A blue sky may be very bright overhead, but, a5 it comes down to the horizon, it often looks pinkish-grcy. Using your far brush and ulteamarine and white, start at the top of the sky and slowly work downwards, Re member to leave the parts where the clouds ‘will be. As you get lower, add more white and a very litte alizatin crimson and yellow ochre. With these colours you can make a soft pinky grey. Afier the sky, you ean pur in the sea, The-sea will be a slightly darker tone than the sky at the horizon, ‘You can make the colour of the sea from French ultramarine swith white and a little yellow ochre. As the sea comestowards you, it will become a darker colour, The reason for this és that at the horizon you are looking across the ‘water and it reflects a great deal of light. But as the ‘water comes towards you, you look more down into it, and itis darker. ‘The sun i once again to the let of the picture, so you will see bright reflections on the water to the Ieft of the horizon. When the sca is finished, put in the rocks and the lighthouse, You should watch for shadow om the side away from the sun. The diff can now be put in. The old stained chalk and rock take on a dack shade of colour, which you can get fiom burnt umber, «little Indian red and white, ‘The turf on cop of the cliff will be partly in sshade and partly in light. Working forwards, you now come to the cliff vop in the middle distance. This will be bathed in sunlight; so it will look a warm, green colour. You cin mix chis from cadmium yellow, ultramarine and white. The tiny ‘white posts of the railings can be put in with careful strokes from your small round brush. ‘Next you must paint the thick wood whieh is just beyond the gate, Be careful not to make it dull by having all the trees the same shape, The ~“ed has many: different trees. All of these tees have shapes of their own. Just in front of the wood are three big fir tes. They are very important as they tie the whole picture together. First of all, paint in their trunks with burnt umber, yellow ochre and white. Remember to get the light and shade quite right. It is probably best to use your senall round brush here. Show the branches at the top and the dead rwigs sticking out from the front, give the effect of leaves. ‘The green of pine needles is rather darker than most leaves, Te can be made from burnt umber, ultramarine and a litde yellow ochre. When you paint leaves, load the brush with a fair amount of colour. Then put the colour on with a downward stroke, which will make the bristles spread out, In this way you will get spots and patches that will look like leaves, The foreground itself must be full of bright sunlight, So make the green of the grass from cadmium yellow, with just a very little blue and perhaps some white. Put on the colour again with your large round brush, with little short dabbing strokes. This should look like nufts of growing grass. ‘The railings and gate can be pot in with the small round brush, Use burat umber on the shady side and a mixture of burnt umber, yellow ochre and white where the light catches them. ‘If you want to make the picture more interesting, right at the front you ean put in a small pile of blackberry brambles, Their prickly stems often grow into big looping curves, Loading your brush the small round one this time-with a mixture of yellow ochre and crimson, Paint in these stems in a free manner. After that, with ‘the same sauall brush, you cam put on to the stems small spots of fairly bright green for some leaves, ‘One last point will hefp you to show the distance down rowards the cliff, Can you imagine that 2 big, heavy ‘tractor has just chugged up the hill from a farm. below, and has come through the gate? In the damp, springy turf the large wheels will have left muddy tracks, which will get smaller as they go away, These tracks will make the clif look farther away and the gate sccm nearer. Lay a round brash flat ta Short datbing strokes for Don’t use dong * straigitt across” stroker, Build wp yanr colour with short “eatched” strokes. 307 painting grocting gra me oSA letter from LONDON Dear Readess, ‘We haveo't talked about pen-friends in this lerer for some time, But a very large rmumber of the letters you verite to us axe stil asking for penftiends- especially in ober countries, Yau can see from the pen- friend list on page 380 how international -HINDING OUT has become. Some readers have asked me to tell them in which countries Fupnsg ovT is being sold. Well, it began four months ago in the ‘British Isles. Now itis Being read by young, people (and sometimes quite old people) in the following countries: Australia, Burraa, Finding Our ‘Mavarng Bator Non art Eitri ‘Avista Ete: Pat Scholls, B.A. ‘ire Ete: Richard tose ‘Gineltant ort: Fon Ghancliry May ‘Norman Fier, die | pram cmeengeictrs, | Br Fole Carthy, Atay Brie Placher, APA, | Joi MU, RDS, PRS ue Male, Ba. ‘Richard Maman, MLA. AA Rowe, Bed 1G. We Seatee BLE, Towpion, B.Sc, ARCS. | A tortion, MA | Subscriptions | You eam cess socom OUT ew aaberigin | Agger tel ceo oe sly, fom, uber. The price of $3 tavht cose of FOSDESG ovr if £3.80 tiling portage. and ‘cn Pk pric of 26 carly copie of roses owt if t0.0 ag porage and Papier sould by se 16 Finding One, Gal House, 2 Pormen Sty London I. ‘Back ramos cam ale be obtained fom the aboce oddest at £16 zach Bidet are wuilable ap = aid 15-. Ad 113 for outage ond packing. 478 Borneo, Ceslon, Egypt, Fii, Ghana, Gib- raltar, Hong Kong, India, Iran, [rag, West Indies, Kenya, Kuwait, Libys, ‘Maks, Mauritius, New Zealand, Portuguese East Aftice, South Africa, Sudan, ‘Tanganyika, Thailand, and Uganda, So you can see how the FINDING UT faaly bas grown! Our painting competition ‘The entries for our painting comp sre still pouring in. I have been down to Jolin Mills’ house in Devan to see your work, and T must admit I could hardly believe may eyes! There are several thousand paintings com every subject under the sum, Our two. judges are sorting them out carefully as they. come in. They are making special piles of the best work im each age-group. These: piles will be studied even more carchully ‘when the competition closes, andthe winners will chen be chosen. [elon't envy the judges their job; so many of the pictures are of a very high standard indeed, We are certainly going to have a super exhibition to send around this country and overseas. {HE EDETOR Your letters Dear Bator, have been very much impressed by your new magarine, cotitled FIXDixic ovr, Since this is my first experience in writing out such a aote to you, | would like wo introduce ype Tam a srl of 15 years old and Tam amending the Abusi Gil’ Secondary School, one of Ghana's popular girls’ schools, We. are ten in our family, Six gitls and four boys, We all like each ether and we are a happy family. My own home town is called Boso in Eastern Ghana, It is a very beautiful town situated between two mountains, and the river Volta rans behind one of them. 1 go with my frieads into the mountains ond Jook down the river which has a shiny Painting competition rules Thhe work submneced must e your ote, compleced txt the fare sree moe a. You may ae colour. 3. Paper’ size~neo mater shen 15 inches by Ut inches ard uat Bigger shan 2§ ter by 20 sche, 4 Yow age, name and schowt adress avout be cleanly marhui nthe back of your pice You may choose your subje rom any of the following ‘A Fowncy to the Moon Air Travel sand Games Wild or Pat Animals ‘Ships and the Sew ny other abject 6. tries must ba sent ta Mr. Foie Mit, | P.O. Box 10, Baraapls, Devon, England. They mrt not be tat to the | _ mxpise ovr offer | 7. Bclawa stamped meefope addrered 1 yourself 50 that our competiors fader com be sent fo you, Overeat readers should send aot Intrautional Reply Coupon instead of punting a ‘ramp on their eneelapes . Opening dates Famuary 7, 1963, ‘Clesbur date: May 31, 1563. 9. Bnaries cannot be returned, The Judges” decision is final amd corres pondonce camer be entered into, All the pictares ill remain th. property fond! copyright of the publthers of FINDING OU. glittering surface, and we are able to see the villages along its banks with smoke coming out of the houses, Tam an adven= turous gist and love music, art and geo- graphy. T have a guinea pig as my pet, It bas shiny black eyes and is black and white in colour. Te screams with joy wien it i well fed and likes to run here and there joyously. ‘My favourite came is netball, and indoors T like playing Tudo. T am very peoud t9 tell you that T can speak a litle French and. Understand almost every Ghanaian language. Above all Tam very much interested in. English history so I'would like to have a penepal of cither sex who could tell me ‘verything about England Clare Obi, Preity Girls See, School, PO. Bor 46, Abwi-ARwapim, Ghana.Answers to Questions Page 363—Monks and friars: 1, am Abbot is the head ofa monastery, or Abbey. Some ‘Himes he is called a Prior, and his monastery a Priory. 2. ‘The church. Sixteen English ‘cathedrals were once the churches ef senas- eties. 3, From the guests who stayed at ‘the Abbey guest-house, and from the Abbot ‘who helped the King ia governing. 4. In- stead of staying inside a monastery, the friars were to go outside into the world and live and work among poor people. Page 366—Qvis Page: 1. (83 2. (a)s 3. (a3 4 (b)5 s fa); 6 fe)s 7. Cs 8. Cb) (B)s (a); 23. Ds 14. (as arrived. 2. In 82. 3, Lima. 4. A poncho is a kind of blanket made of rough wool, with a hole in the middie for the heads 5. Boll-fighting, cocksfighting, horse-racing, football, tennis, golf, basket-ball, baseball. Page 380—Picture Puccle: Leaf on ove!'s branch, Bird's tail, Sun's eyelids, Dot missing oa fish, Snails shell spirals going ‘wrong way. Pattern on drum. Car's vengue. Torwist’stall. Linea del’s hand. Feathers in hen's tail, Man's eyes. Veins on leaf of flower. Pog 383—The Pacific Occan: 1. America, Atrctica, Australia, and Asia. 2. Ant- aretica, 3. Tokyo to Tahiti: 5,700 miley Phone's tail 5, Elephant’s claws. 6. Ele- phant’s tusks, 7. Bucket handle. 8, Clowns ee. 9. Spot missiag on clown's trousers 0. Sea-lion’s spots. 12, Pattern mixing from sea-lion’s stand, 12, Star missing from side of ring: ‘Signs of the ZadiaomLeo the Lion, Fly 23rd. 10 August 23rd. Crossword Puzzle 4. To expect and desire. &, Stem part of 8 shi Shorier than after. 7. The driver of this machine stops to pick up pass cone who limps is this. 11, Southeast (abbreviation). 16. Acaterpiiar changes ,- ‘Apoung goose, 18, To finish, 29. This soft stuffs used in making pots. a butter 1. Dropping. 2, Elizabeth 11 is Queen. England 3. Smallest picces of ight equals fourteen. 8 4g. Sinty of these make a minute, 12. A strong feeling Ghat many sheep are zeared for. 15. All work and no 16. Opposite of “our”. 19. Make a careful Answers to last week's crossword 1. Bind, 4. La. 5. Amaze, 7. Barber, 16, On, 12, Yeasts 13, Ape. 14.R. 15. FA. 16. Tin 17. Share. 20 AA 21. Beards, 23. To. (b)i m1 (Os 1a, ‘Tania to cape Horn: $000 miles Tol 15. (@); 16 (Oh: 17. (B): HB G0); 19. (OE goygoo tlle 4. Eorope and Aft, ae Page 375-—Peole of Pra "The Perevians are descended from the Spaniards who Amswers to last week's: jure puzzle tended in the county, ead fom de Tadago. Rinpauster's movinche, 2. Rloguste’s whe lived there before the Spaniards bow tie. 3. Ringmaster’ rs. 4. Ele- F G i ea a toes rte ir ‘Nrorth-wear (abbreviation) i ee ie Gant Down: ee pees pera ci Between fou tad om oO of annoqance, vr Mes Jac dul oy. bots Gabrevesbe) rT eee oe aoe eo Chee Sg sg Dewy Doors 1 Baby. Dats 3..Car. 4. Leopard. 6, Met. &, Aerials, 9. Rain. NE 13, Afar. 16: Ta. 17-See. 18. Hard. 19, Espy. 22. Bye.Here 15 another list of NDING OUT renders who swam penefriends. ‘After each name you will find the adress, the age, and the person's hobbics. The Teter, of Terters, in brackets tells you the country er countries ia which the boy or girl would like a penefriend, (Ad) = Aden (B82) = New Zealand © SPaiisan (B) = Rhvdesias (UK) = United Kingdon (HDS Wen Indien Rose Keith, 2 Carrick Avenue, Saltcoats, Ayrshire, Scotland, Age 10, Skating, ballet, animals, (8). Marge Hutton, 13 Ertrick Drive, “Mois, Dumffissshire. “Age 10, Dancing, skating, singing. (A, NZ). Tim thy Napper, Excise Howse, Balverie Dist, Dufltown, Banfichire. Age 11. Drawing, fishing. (NZ, A). Heien Norman, 13 Ken more Gardens, Palmers Green, London, ‘Nutg. Age 12. Sport, drawing, recortls. (A). Sisphen Marriot, ig2 Woodside Green, South Norwood, S.Eay. Age 13. Sumps, reading. (R, Ad), Tonda "Roberts, P.O, Botbas Hill, Natal, South Aftica, Age 10. Riding, horses. (UK). Megan Meyer, 9 High Road, Orchards, Johannesburg, South Affica, Ape 10. Spor. (UR), Emmanuel Amok, Suayani Secondary School, P-O. Box 136, Sunyani, Broog Ahafo, Ghans Age 16, General. (UK), Theresa Salam, P.O, Box 30, Obiaruku'P.A, Abraks Pt Nigeria. Age 20. Cooking, reading, (AW). Ronsie Cheah, 18 Jalan Terong, Off Peel Road, Kuala Lumpur, Malays, Age 17. Stamps, reading, swimmiog. (UK, AW). Abraham Aqubaia, Police Station, Afkpe, E. Nigeria. Age 20. Dancing, reading. (1). sharon Levy, Good Hope Seminary, Hope Street, Gardens, Cape Town, South Aftica. ‘Age 16. Dancing, acting, reading. (A). Tay Hrion, 34 Pari Tiram, Mirat, Johore, Malays. Age 14. Scouting, stamps, reading, (AW). Henry Yap, P.O. Box 26, Jesselton, North Borneo. Age 17. Stamps, swimming, coins, (NZ). Joe Yap, P.O. Box 587, Jesciton, North Bonen’ Age 17. Stamps, coins, (WI, Mal). aM, Usman Pores, Radio Nisei, BHewe, NBC, Kaduna, N Nigeria, Age 19. Stamps, football, reading (LP, UR). Colin Derrick, Ghana Naval Bise, P.O, Box 3, Takoradi, Ghana, Age To, Stamps, bied watching, (A, NZ). Juiian Von Ginkel, 38 Mountclare Street, Riverside, Loner Mowbray, Cape Town, South Abtics, ‘Age 13, Sumpt, scouting, spore. (UR) Dorean Goi, t5 Aboo Sittee Lane, Penang, Malaya. Stamps, cocrespondence, Sport. (UR), Clara Ofiri, Presby Girls Sec. School, P.O. Box 48, Aburi-Akwapim, Ghana, Age By Nevball, pets, music. (UK). Lateef iusotely, 5 Pedro Street, Lagos, Nigeria. Age 16, Football, table-tennis. (AW). Jar Atkinson, 2 Charlow Terrace, Sacriston, Durham. Age 14. Tennis, sewing, reading. @. Below are rwo sets of 12 pictures. The bottom sctlook the same as those at the top, but they are not. Can you find something ifferent in each of the 12 pictures? Ansesers om page 379.