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TINE ep ORL B eR ee mah CULL Ly FINDING OUT HISTORY: Scouand’s freedom STORY: Gulliver in Tilipot SCIENCE OF SPACE: The Milky Way QUIZ PAGE ‘SCIENCE OF LIFE: A glass of milk ‘The journeys of satman MATHEMATICS: How big is it? ENGLISH: Some funny verses PUZZLE PAGE ARTS AND CRAFTS: Crayon and pastel ‘HOW THINGS WORK: Bleccric lamps TOWNS AND CITIES: Hoag. Kong ‘GEOGRAPHY: Ceylon PR Re Se ae cu tne, herman Ste toma, We Ca ed (Prinsed in Great Britain zi at SCOTLAND'S FREEDOM: ‘WHGN KING EDWARD 1 of England had made his son into the only Prince of Wales, he tured his thoughts co Scotland, England and Scotland seemed to be gerting on very well together when Edward 1 dest became King of England. For Alexander TT, the King of Scotland, was a great friend of his. Alexander often stayed at Windsor Castle, and he married Edward! sister Margaret. ‘Their granddaughter, aso called Margaret, was born at Windsor Castle, and Alesander III expected her to marry Edward Ps son. ‘When Alexander IIT died, che Scottish nobles agreed that granddaughter Margaret should be Queen of Soot fand. But she was only three years old and she was living in Norway. She set out for Scotland when she was seven years old, but she became very il on the woyage and died before she reached Britain. So there was no Queen of Scouland for Edward's son to marry, Very saom, instead as Of a wedding, there was to be bitter war between England ‘ad Scotland, * ‘When young Margaret died in 1290, thirceen Scottish nobles found reasons why one ot other of them should bbe King of Scotland. Tx was decided to ask Edward I to decide which had the best right. After long arguments before 2 special court, Edward decided thar John Baliol should be King, and he was crowned King of Scotland, Lie Scottish Kings before him he was crowned in the ahbey at Scone, seated om the cozonation stone that was regarded by alll good Scots a5 a holy stone of destiny, Bot Edward I thought that he had special rights in Scotland. He was very angry when John Baliol made a ‘meaty with his enemy Frence. He made up his mind to conquer the Scots a8 he had conquered the Welsh. He marched corth with an army. Afler only 21 days he turned. Balol off the throne, and took the coronation stome from Scone to Westminster Abbey, Every King ar Qucen of England has been crowned on this stone ever since. Edward though he had settled the affairs of Scctland, and started a war in France. But ic was only the Scottish nobles he had frightened. A. giant man samed William Wallace led the Scottish people against the English army left behind, and defeated them at 2 battle at Stirling, by the bridge across the river Focth. Edward came back to Scotland as soon as he could, and defeated Wallsce easily in a battle near Fulkisk, Wallace fled to France and then came back agsin a few years later, ‘This time Wallace was capmured, token to London, and hanged at Tybura, near where the Marble ‘Arch now stands. But Wallace's effarcs bad made him a hero in Scotland. Soon there was another revolt undet the leadership of Robert Bruce; who- got himself crowned King of Scotland. ‘Again Edward took his army nerib, but now be was tld and very ill, This time he never quite got there, for the died looking across the Solway Firth at Scotland, the Jand that would not quietly accept him at its King, His last wish was thar bis bones should be carried at the front of the English army into Scotland. Bur Edward I's soo, a second Edward, had none of the vwill for fighting of his father, Very saon every English castle in. Scotland, except Stirling Castle, had been cap- ured by the Scots. Then at last Edward IT set out to save Scirling Castle. Bur he was a poor general, and Bruce was a very good one. Bruce amtcked che Engtish army when it was huddled together in camp, within sight af Stitling Castle, on a strip of land shut in by river and, marshes. At this Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, the ‘Seots urverly defeated the English, 1 How dit Btbword I hope at first to join England and ‘Scotland topeties? 2. Who won the Bete of Banncckburn? When? y How long after the Batile of Baomackbuarn did Sestban remain a sparate country from England? Ansmers on fpe 475. For nearly 300 years after the Battle of Bannockburn, ‘Scotland was a fiercely independent country. The Scots hhated the English who had tried to conquer them. ‘They remembered some of the terrible things that Edward, I had done, They remembered the time when he ordered all the men and women and children of Berwick 10 be killed, ‘The spirit af the Scottish people was shown in this message they once sent to the Pope: “So long as there shall be but one hundred of us alive, we will never consent to subject ourselves to the dominion of the English.” ‘And the English hated the Scots, The people who lived in Cumberland and Northumberland never felt themselves safe from some wild attack by Scars from aver the Border, To therh William Wallace, the hero of the Scots, was. nothing more than 4 muederer and a cattle thicf. England and Scotland were at last united under one King in 1603 when Queen Elizabeth I died. The coun- ties were not united by one conquering the other, 25, Edward I and Edward II had ied and failed co do. ‘They were united because a later English King married his daughter, yet another Margaret, to the Scottish King, And in time their great-grandson, King James VI of Scodand, found himself to be alio King James 1 of England, 459 Gulliver in Lilliput Jn FINDING OUT 16 ee learned how Gulliver was wrecked com fBe island of Lilliput, He was captured by the tiny people wha lived on the iand. They mere only six inckes fall. Gulliver war chained by one leg outside a great temple, hich was to be his Rome. There the Emperor of Eiliput came to see im, ‘The Emperor and his court came towards me. He was riding on horseback, but the horse was quite unused to such a sight as me, Tt reared up on his hiad legs. Buc the Emperor, who was am excellent horseman, kept his seat until his attendants seized the brid ‘When the Emperor alighted from bis horse, he walked round me on all sides, admiring my great size. But he ‘kept outside the length of my chains. He was almost an inch taller than the rest of his people, and this made him an imposing figure. In order to see him better I lay om iy sid, facing him, while he stood some three yards off. He had on his head a light helmet of gold, adorned with jewels. In his hand he held a drawa sword in case 1 should break ioose, The sword was almost three inches long. ‘The Emperor spoke to me several times, and I an- swered him, but neither of'us could understand what the other said. ‘After a time the Emperor went away. But he left a strong guard to protect me from the people, who were im- patient to inspect memoreclosely. Some of them even that some arrows at me a3 I sat in the deorway of my house ‘The colocel of the guard at once seized six of the lie men who had shor the arrows, He ordered them to be bound and handed over to me for punishmeat. The soldiers did this and pushed the bound men into my reach with the ends of theit spears T picked up all the siz mea and put five of them into my pocket. The sixth I pretended to be about 10 ext alive, ‘The poor man squealed in terror, and che soldiers were frightened too when T took out my kaifé, But I soon calmed their fears. L cut the little soan's bonds and put him gendly on the ground, Then, one by ane, I set free the other five, - T could plainly sce that the soldiers and the crowd were delighted with what I had done, ‘That day the Emperor seat out an order telling all the villages rotind about to bring to me each morning six bullocks and go sheep, together with great quantities of bread and wine. Six hundred people were appointed to be my servants. ‘Three hundred tailors were to make me clothes like those ‘worn in Lilliput. Six of the most learned scholars im the ‘Kingdom were to teach me to speak the language. All this was carried aut, The Emperor himself helped my teachers, and I [earned the Innguage quickly. "The first words I learned were to beg the Emperor to sgive me my liberty. He said that this would take time. "Then he asked me if ] would allow his soldiers to search me. He was affaid I might have dangerous weapons hid- den somewhere. When the officers came [ picked them up and put them into my coat pockets, and then into all my other pockets, ‘They had brought with them pen and ink with which 10 swrite down all that they found, ‘When the list had been read out to him, the Emperor fed me to hand over all the things in my pockets. He asked me to draw my sword first. And when I did this the soldiers gave cries of terror and surprise, The King ordered me to thtow it carefully om the ground. ‘Next the king demanded one of my pistols, which he ‘called “hollow iron pillars”, I took it out and showed hhim how to we it. Then I warmed the Emperor net 10 the aftaid, and fired ic off. At this, hundreds of the crowd fell ro the ground, But the Emperor recovered quickly and I handed my two pistols over to him. alto gave him my watch, in which he showed interest, He was amazed by the constant ticking noise it made, ‘Two of his tallest guards carried it away ona pole, J then gave up my silver and copper money, my comb, iy knife and razor, my handkerchief and my diary. My sword, my pistols, my poorder and shot, were all carried away, Bur the rest of my things were returned to me. Ta be continued. From Gulliver's Travels by onathan Stcift. BEOR in eanswe ‘Winn vou have been out om a clear night have you ever noticed a faint hazy glow of light stretching across part of the sky? You will only see it properly if there is no Reon. When the mooa is shining, the moonlight is +0 bright that it blinds us to the faincer light behind. This fans band of light in the sky is called the Milky Way. ‘The Milly Way is made up of millioas and millions af stars. Its the main part of what scientists call the Galaxy. All the stars we can see with the naked eye are really in the Galaxy, There are so many stars in the Galaxy you could not possibly count them. Most of them are sa far away from the earth that they seem very faint and look very close together, They are not really le this, though. All the stats of the Galaxy are just like our own sun— hhuge balls of hot, glowing gas. When you look at a Gack of sheep on a hillside, fram a long way off, you sce the flock as a large white patch. ‘You can’t pick out each sheep separately, because you aretoo far away. The Galaxy is like this. Prom a distance it looks like 2 fine glowing band of light. Ic is only ‘through 2 powerful telescope thot you can see ic is made “up of lats and Lots of stars. [SeEnCE oT sr: Our own sun and the solar system of planets, comers and metcors is part of the Galaxy, If we could look at the Galaxy from the outside in ‘Space, scientists think it would look like a long, flat ‘bun. The shape has even been described as. a large fried pg! The drawing shows yoo that this is quite a good description, ‘The arrow in the drawing also shows you where the sun is inthe Galaxy. You can see it is nowhere near the centre. It is quite near one end, The Galaxy is much wider at the centre than towards the ends. It's easy te understand, therefore, why, when we are Joking: towards the centre of the Galaxy, we see the faint glow of the Milky Way. When we are looking away from the centre and ounards into space, we sce mostly blackness. All the stars in the Galary are going round and round the centre. It is rather like a gigantic solar system swith stars instead of planets. ‘The stn goes tound in the same way as the other stars, It takes 209 million years to go round just once, even though it tavele 150 miles every second! ‘The largest telescopes in the world have shown scien= tists that our Galaxy is not che only one in space, Galaxies are huge collections of stars which are like islands of stars. in space ‘These far-distant islands of sears are so far away that they can only ‘be seen properly through the largest telescopes, such as the world’s biggest telescope ar Mount Palomar in California, ‘Questions 1, What isthe Milky Way made of? Witch port of the Galaxy isthe Mike Way? + Where sé he tum in tke Clary? 4. Are the stars in the Galaxy mowing? Alwsers on page 475. ‘The pleture on the fet shozn the MiThy. Wa aur Galany. Abors és the world's largest elecope at Sowt Palomar, USA. (The anon shone dhe sive of a man.) » + QUIZ PAGE. Why is Mount Vesuvies well knows? (a) Ieisthe highest moun~ tain in Europe (b) Te has never been climbed (© Wis 2 volcano which destroyed Pompeii (@) Te was the scene of a famous battle. , Whereis the Vatican City? G@) France (b) Tealy (©) Spain (d) Sweden, With which country do you associate General de Gaulle? (a) France ©) Burma (©) Thailand (8) Indonesia Where is Liberia? (@) China (b) South America (o) Australia (@) Aftiea. ‘What is a eanyon? (a) A barge gun (b) A mountain range {) A deep narrow valley {@) A waterfall What is the Koran? (a) The sacred book of the Moslems (©) A pe of camel (6) Am Arab horseman (4) A water-hole, 1. What is a ballad? (a) A dance (B} A. simple song. that tells a story (6) Adish (d) Heavy material put in a ship with the object of keeping it steady. |. Which is the capital of Switaerland? (a) Zurich (b) Berne de} Geneva (d) Montreux 9. Which of these animals is a vegetarian, and does oot eat meat? (3) Jockal (b) Hyena (e) Giraffe (a) Jaguar. Th which year did the Seend World War start? Ge) ag (b) 1939 ©) 3930 (a) 1535. 1, What the cause of malecia? {s) Driaking impure (}) Faring unclean food (@) Neglecting 2 cold (2) Bice of a mosquito. 12, What is a piebald horse? (a) A race horse (b) A black horse {e) A black and white horse @) A shabby horse. 1. Who are these mide fiom? (a) Steet (b) Rum {6} Chocolate (@) Honey. 14, What are these called? (@) The southern tip of Arica (&) The southern tip of Southern America (¢) The southern Gp of England, 15, Horses live in. stables— Where do these Live? (2) Dogs (0) Nuns (©) Bees (d) Soldiers (e) Pigs. Answers om page 475 A glass of milk CLEOPATRA, that remarkable Queen of Eaypt, liked to bath in milk, She wos a rather vain woman and no doubt she ‘hough it good for her skin. Novradays, though there is more milkthan ever before, few peopleuse itso wastefully. ‘Mast people use milk a5 a food, and so put it (9 much berer use than did Cleopama, | ~ Tncountries where there is pastureland for care, most of the milk comes from cows, Enough milk is preduced in Bricain each year to fill 20,000,000,000 one-pint bortles —just abour ane pint each day for every person in the Jand. In countries where it is difficult to keep cows, the milk of other animals is often used, Goats, sheep, and reindeer can all give milk, and in many parts of the world these animals are used instead. Of course, the milk from cows other animals is not really intended for human beings to drink. Its purpose is to feed the animals’ yeung ones. Animals which pro- duce milk for their young are éalled manunals, They are all warm-blooded animals, and they vary in size from. the tiny shrew to the fully grown elephant, Some, like whales and porpoises, live in the sea, There arc even some mammals, like bats, which ean fly. Humans, too, ae mammals, ‘Their intelligence has taught them that the mill of other mammals can be used 10 feed their babies. They have also learnt that milk is a wonderful food for elder children and adults, Tf you are doubéful about milk as a food, just watch the speed at which a Litter of kittens grows, When they are young: these attractive little animals live on milk alone, and within eighe days of their birch theic weight is doubled. Cows’ milk is a livde less strong than that a4 [Science oF ure] ‘of a mother cat. Even so, cach glassful of cows" milk has about one-third of an ounce of good protein for bodys ‘building. It alse has almost a whole ounce of energy- giving stgac and fat. Besides these there is lots of calcium and vitamin D for new bones. ‘Unfortunately, cows, like humans, are sametimes ill. ‘The germs which cause their dlnesses may be passed 10 humans who driak the milk. Farmers and veterinary surgeons try hard 10 prevent accidents like this. Buc in many councrics, just to make guite sure, all the milk is heated before it is sold. Heatiog milk like this is called pasteurisation, after the famous French scientist Louis Pasteur, Ix Kill all che dangerous germs and makes the mill quite safe. There are a few people who do not like milk, Such people often say that they mever drink it, and when they say this they are quite truthful, But most of them have some milk in their diet cach day, Many feods contain large amounts of it, especially foods like custard, and rice padding. We must remember, too, that there is a lot of sulk in most sorts of chocolate, ‘There ate not many people who dislike that. : ‘Questions 1h lhot tf dhe ame given tv simals which feed their Stem al? 3 Can yeu think of five besides thane mntiouted? am thir arte 5. Why it amg posteuried a Ansar on page 475. On the right posturing machine The nls hese temperate etary nyt dnd eo" Fabenhes Thr tary al th agro gr Hava Vou ever dug up someclay? Often you can find clay in the bank of a river. Clay is good for making models. If you leave clay in the air it will dry and harden. To make clay hard and streng it is usually baked in a very hor furnace called a "kiln. Tf you take a ball of soft clay you can make it into all sorts of shapes with your fingers. One day, two friends took some clay and each made a model. One made a crocodile. The other made am elephant, Then they talked about the sizes of the models. ‘They wanted. to know which was bigger. Above you can see the models they made, ‘What do you think? Iris not easy to say which model is bigger, How do we decide? If we measure the ength of each, the crocodile is Jonger. But the elephant is taller! Measuring the distance ‘berween any reo points docs tot help us. We measure distance in lengths such as inches or ceatmewres. We ‘often use a ruler or tape-measure for this. Sometimes the distances are straight and sometimes curved. Se ‘Above are two drawings. One is made of straight lines, and the other af curved lines. Can youfind which coloured fine is Jongest in cach drawing? TE lengihs do not help us, what else can we measure? ‘We can measure the outsides of the models. We con see hhow much surface each bas, This means measuring the ‘area, Arca i8 measured in square units such as square ‘inches. It is mat easy to measure the area of these models! "Anyway, this will net decide which is bigger. ‘To answer {the question we must say which model took the mest clay ‘to make, [atnewaTies) How can we do this? One way is to change each model back into a ball of clay, Bor this spoils all our work, the models are ruined. Is there another way? You know that we live ia the deep layer of air that sur- rounds the earth, The air is everywhere. We say thor diese bores are ‘empty. ur they are full of a ‘When we fill this bottle with ‘water the air has to come out. Now this is very useful. Sup- ppose ve fil a big can with water. ‘The water has pushed out the air, If we put anything else into ‘the can, this will push out some ‘of the water, Con you see how ‘we could use this idea to find the amounts of chy used far our models? We would put them, ‘one ata time, into the can full of ‘of water and sec which pushed ‘out more ater. The water that spilled over the top would have' to be collected. So we would let this run inte a bowl or some- thing Uke that, ‘When we measured the amount of water pushed our bby the elephant and the crocodile, we found thot the elephant pushed our more, So the elephant is bigger. Of course, this idea is not very good for clay. ‘The water sixes with che clay very quickly unless the models have been “fred” ina kiln. You can use the idea yourself with other things. Find some stones of different shapes. Guess which {5 the biggest. Then find out by using water in an old ean, ‘Wuareven youread, you thould always try to understand it. One way of testing whether you understand what you hhave read is to see if you cam explain it in your cum wordt. Do this with a friend or a member of your family. ‘Try to explain orally, that is, by word of mouth, the point of the following amusing verse. Why exactly ix it 80 clever? To be able to explain this, you must know about a Barometer, and you must also know an important fact about mercury, ‘Wille’s Epitaph Little Wille frame the mirror Liehed the mercury right off Thinking, in his childish error, T ewould cure his schooping cough, (Alt the funeral bis mother ‘Smartly said ta Mrs, Brown: “Twat a chilly day for Willie When the mercury wend down!" Be sure 109, before you begin your ral explanation that you know what epitaph and error both mean, Perhaps you would like to try to write a story based. ‘on the pocin? Make it much longer, of course, and have as much fun writing i as the author did in writing the ‘original verse, You could begin by inventing an incident to show thie Willie was always trying to satisfy his curiosity by doing things he shouldn't. Your next paragraph could then start: One day Willie unterewed the big misror from the ‘wall of the bathroom, ‘The back af the mirror was covered! sn something that looked Whe silver, How would it taste? ‘he wondered. ‘You could perfectly well give the title, “Peas”, wo + Text humorous verse, but we have entitled it Mannery ‘Cam you explain why? 466 A pun ‘words which sowrd the sams but have diferent micaings. Leat ony peat with honey, Pree dene so all my life. Te maker the peas taste fury, ‘But it keeps thenn om the doifet ‘The bustour of many verses lies in the puns they use. 4 special kind of joke which depends upon exo ‘One of the most famous puns in poetry is. this—it would be good practice to explain it clearly both orally and in writing: (Ben Bartle war a soldier bold And used to war's alarms, But a camasrball took off hie legs, So he laid dew is arms. To understand all the puns in the net verse, you should keow the meanings of both flue and flaw. If you don't, look them up in your dictionary before you read the verse. ‘The verse should be chanted aloud —you will soon see Why. Fleet Fight "I AA flea meta flyin «fe, ‘Said the flea, ** Bet us fly?™ Seid she fly, "Let us fled” So they flew through a flaws in the fue, ‘You will need to be able to answer these questions if you are to enjoy the next verse to the full: Whar does “hale” mean? Whoe is “soul”? What ita bier? What is “hitter”? What are hops used for? Epitaph on a Brewer There lies poor Bierton, He was both hele and wiout, Death taid hin on his biter Bier, ‘Noto in another sorid fe hops about, We hope that you will like some of these verses well cnough to copy them into yeur book ef humorous verse. ENGUSH| -twisters, They are good fun to say alowd, and they give you valuable practice io geting your tongue around diffielt sounds. ‘We hope the tongue-tvisce that Zllows is new to you. What the nine noblemse are xing, by the way, isa kind of apple, Unlike British children, mang of you will not need to look up wht & fomarind is. Perhaps you know some tongue One ald ox opening eviters, Tico toads iofaily tired, Trying fo trot ta Timbubt, Three tame tigers taking 122, Four fat friar fing for frogs ~ Fine fairies finding fireflies, ‘Sie soldiers shooting ee, ‘Scoen salmen swimoming in the 12d, eC Eight elegant engincers eating axeetTont gas ‘Nine nimble noblenten nibbling nompares, Ten tal! tailars tasting tamarind, Elecen elephante eating eloneated elt, Trocloe tremendous tale-bearers telling tract. How quickly can you learn this and the other verses? To be able to memorise things easily is very useful, Tt can be improved by practice: wy it and see. Why not also make a collection of tongue-twisters and pur them, illustrations, in your book of humorous verse? with your own 46 Sy Last week you read about ects and how they leave the rivers to go-to the Sargusse Sea to breed. Some fish do just the opposite. They lay their eggs in rivers but spend ‘quite a Large part of their lives in the sea, Salmon are fish like these, The female salmon 1 hher cegs in a shallow trough which she scoops out ia stream bed. The eggs are cavered over with left. Later they hatch inco tiny fish, the fry, which feed tnd grow for two ycars in the river. They are now known % parr, The parr may reach the sea ag about this time and run back up the river again the next year, then down again to the sea. So they travel back and forth fer four years or 50, Then at about their fifth year they renicn to breed. ‘They do not feed at all oo. their way upstream, Some have been known to swimn a hundred miles ins do After the long joursey and laying the eggs, they are exhausted and starved, ‘The current helps to carry them down-river to the sea again. ‘These Aells, as they are called, will even eat the Young parr which they meet on theit way. Many of them die but many reach the sea where they feed and regain their strength ready for the next rum, ‘Now the amazing thing is that the salmoa always return to the sircam in which they spent their first two years, Ve know this because we can mirk the young parr with metal tags attached to ther gill cavers, Or we ean clip out part of afin, Marking also: shows us that salman go miles from the rivers in which the other day, one marked in Ireland was found, a month lates, 1,000 miles away off the coust of Sweden! ‘Why don't they go up another rive they stem to be able to recognise their own river. And how do they recognise it? Probably they can recognise the scent of the water, You would not be abl todo that because your sense of amell is not good enough, Bor fish ean tell the differeace bers erent streams. ‘Togerto the right river mouth from mules away must be much more dificult, We know it how this #3 done and we will not know any more until th salmon ean actually be followed in their k Scc if you can answer these questions: Wi Te pared cary no coyM dquo amnsean 2m Yea OS nox ‘oq soqpOTE at pou Yop waicaE aay aq HOT) wamL ay in wo proN oy ee Formesm, sures a soy UIA Hof ypryss acer 2 vo spiosl 3G JO 200. 3s00) 193 sy) 00 ON ue yp] om wo. pus 200 uy [ls nox x09 Yor UT [Dap PLOAK Vy Owe oF the cheapest and simplest ways of making a picr ture is to use coloured wat crayons, They can be bought cither as sticks wrapped in paper, or a5 wax pencils. ‘Wax erayons ean be used on any kind of paper, smooth or rough, ‘There is enly one trouble with them ance the picture i finished, there is no- way of fixing the calor, and so it is very likely to smudge. ‘Much better results and clearer colours eam be got by using pdilelz. These alsa come in sticks wrapped in paper, but instead of the colour being held together with wax, only a trace of weak glue of some sort is used. In the very finest pastels, even this is nat used. The stick is formed just by pressure. ‘Like etayons, pastels may be used on almost any kind of paper. Bur coloured rough surfaces suit it best. Whether you are working in wax crayon or pastel, you ‘will work ia much the same way. Try'ta think of exch crayon or pastel as a brush full of paint, noc just as a pencil far drawing a line 490 ‘Try out different steoke effects, Hold the pastels or crayons in various ways, Try small shore strokes und ong curving strokes. Hold the stick flat and drag it saeross the paper. ‘You can also smudge two colours together with your finger tip. If you want te soften a stroke, this can be done with your flat brush, ‘Probably the best way to make a start is to draw in your picture lightly with a pencil, Only the outlines need be put in. Grey sugar paper is.a good type to use, and it will do very well for a still life, In the drawing above there are many diffecear surdaces and things: glast, ‘china, shiny fish, lemons, boards and a rough straw mit. All these will give you practice. : ‘To start with, you netd to indicate the rough boards fat the back of the picrure, ‘This must be done quite gently. You do not want to make them stand our 10 ouch, or they will upset the balance of your drawing, Use a light brown stick. Hold it lengehwise and drag it down the paper. Then, sith a darker brawn, very softly indicate the grain on the waod. ‘Next put in the wooden table top. This is a fairly dark brown, and again the stick should be usee length vise ‘The light here és coming in from the right-hand side, Remeniber this as.you draw in each piece, "You can use a variety of greens when you do the bottle. * The lights aod darks will need. looking for with care. ‘The highlights will be to the right, and they can be put ‘in with firm crisp strokes from the white stick, On the ‘ther side, reflected light will come crecping round, ‘This ‘cm be indicated gently with a light green or yellow, smmdged in with the finger or a brush. ‘Try and pick - ut ather Fre highlights round the neck and top. Do this carefully and you will get the hard shine of the glass. ‘The jug can be treated roughly in the same way. But this tice you will not have to make it look transparent. There will be shadow not only om the left-hand side but also fnaide the neck of the jug, on the right-hand side at the top. AS you work’at'the rest of the ebjects, try to imitate the way they arc formed. For example, for the picces of Yemon, tiny strokes of pale yellow, green and white should go out from the centre to give the impression of rerrure, : The skin of the lemons cam be indicated by small downward stipple strokes. With the ocions, first of all pur in their main colour with a warm yellow brown. ‘Then smudge this fat with the finger. Lastly show the veins with a warm brown, ‘This should be done by holding the pastel of crayon so that its edge just touches the paper. ‘Then ic ean be rolled on, to make a chin line, Be careful with the shadows and highlights on the white plate. The fish gives you lots of room to look for coloite, Pur a flick of bright yellow and black in the eye, Across its body thece could be 2 muss of small shore strokes of greens, blues, pale yellows and whites, Last of all put in the straw mat under the plate, Here you can use long strokes following the direction in the mut, You could vary between pale yellows, browns and dull reds, ‘When you are working in crayon or pastel, it is im- Portant 10 ty to keep your hands from actually touch- ing the picture, I will easily smudge and spoil. Also bbe careful of your sleeves! A pastel painting should be ‘'fixed” as soon a3 possible after it is finished, “Fixing” means spraying it with some kind of liquid that will hold the colour down. You can use either Fisatif or a kind of cellulose. These ate Pur on by a small spray thtough which you blow. The pray should be held cbout 12 inches from the picture. ‘Take care not to swamp the picrure, of the colour will Tun. Tt is better to give your picture tor of three light sats of spray, ‘When fixing is finished, the picture can be framed or ‘mounted in the ordinary way, [ARTS _ano CRAFTS] Textures eith pastel or crayon, Wax pencil and crayon, Three kinds of pastel, 7 4 Have vou ever thought what it would be like at night- time if we had no lights? We would have to use freight ‘or moonlight to see, It would be very dark-and dismal. ‘The electric lamps we switeh an at home or at school, when it is dark, are part of out everyday Ife. It is diffi- cult to imagine whac it would be like withour them. But the electric lamp was only invented eighty years 2g0. Tt is one of the most useful inventions thar there has been, “Have you ever looked at an electric lamp to ste how it works? It is often interesting to find out about things in this way. See if you can find an electric lamp with a clear bulb. Look at it closely. Inside the glass bulb you wil see-a coil of very fine wire. his is called the filament. Teis made of a metal ealled rungsten, ‘The filament lights up when clectriity passes thraugh it. Electrieiyy makes it so hat that it glows white and sends out light. The filament is fixed so metal rods so that it i in the centre of the glass bul. If you lock at the filament more closely, you will see exactly how it is made, Use 2 magnifying glass to help ‘you, if you have one. You will sce the filament is made bp of lots of loops of tungsten wire very close together. You can make a cail like the one in a filament quite easily, Wind some wire round the end of a pencil. Pull ‘the pencil out afterwards and you will have a coll, It wil be bigger than the filament of course, but just ike it in shape. If you then wind the whofe coil you ‘have made round the pencil again you will get 2 coiled coil] Elements like this ace sometimes used in electric ‘lamps. ‘To make a coil as sroall as the filament, very fine wire has to be used, Tungsten rods are pulled through a number of small holes to make this wire. Each hole is smaller than the one before so that the rad comes out thinner and thinner as it is deawn through the holes. When an elecuic lamp is made, all the air ig pumped out of the bulb, ‘The bulb is then filled with siteogen and another gas called argon. These gases help the rungstea ro give out a good light, Blecirie lamps often have to kang upside down in room, Do you know how to put one into its holder so that it won't fall out? Some electric lamps just serew in, but others have 1 be put in in a special way. The amp ia the deawing at the top is like this. These is a trick to putting it fn its holder which everyone should know, But first, before you try, make certain that the electric light switch #8 off Remember that electricity is dangerous. When you HOW THINGS Wom shave checked that the switch is off, hold the lamp in one ‘hand and the holder in the other, Have the-pias on the lamp opposite'the holes in the holder. Press the lamp up so that the pins go into the holes, Then just twist the lamp round a little and it will stay in the holder when you take your hands away. Now you can put the dlectric light switch qm, Electricity goes through the filament and light shines out. Some lamps have clear glass im the bulbs, others have frosted glass. These arc sometimes called opal limps. ‘They cut out some of the glare of the lamp. Electric lamps ean be all sorts of shapes and sizes, ‘The ones used in torches are very small because they only run off a bamery. A car lamp is a lide bigger because it runs off a bigger battery. Look at the drawing now, and see if you recognise any other differcat types you know. Believe it or mot, the very first electric lamps had a filsment made out of a bamboo splint, This was burat black and glowed red when clectricity was passed uhraugh it, Ike is wonderful to think that from this simple lamp ‘has groom the electric lamp of today. Perhaps at school you have electric lamps called fluorescent lamps. ‘These give out 2 very good and even light. They are different from the tungsten lamps. Do you know how they work? The long glass rubes that are used are coated om the inside with a special white powder. When the lamp is switched om, a gas inside the tube makes this coating glow very brightly, ‘This glow is called flvoretcence and this is why this type of electric lamp is called a fluorescent lamp. Fluorescent lamps are used for lighting heries, schools and factories in modern cities all over the world, ‘Yer another sort of electric lamp is used to light streets and roads in big towns. These are sedium lamps. ‘They give out a yellow light. Whenever you see a street Jamp which gives out a yellow light, itis certain to be a sodium lamp. ‘This works quite differently to the fluor escent of tungstea lamp. In 2 sodium lamp, electricity is passed through a gas called sodium vapour. This gas then glows a bright yellow and gives out light that spreads a‘long way around. ie the world today, we dopend upon our elerrc lamp. ‘Without this invention, a lot of work and play would stop as soon as it became dark. A letter from LONDON Dear Readers, ‘A lot of you will remember that in our very first issue weasked three questions, and said that we wauld offer'a prize af £2 10 the reader Who gave us the Best answers to these three questions, 1 wonder how many of you remember what the questions actually ‘were? Jost to remind you, here they aze again: ‘Whac makes the sky blac? ‘Why is the sea salty? ‘How do acroplancs stay in the sky? ‘Well, we have bad hundreds and hundreds ‘of replies. AIL these Ihave been collected. (art Eater: Richard Hook Groahtaie zones 73h Chaeli, MCA, "Norman Fisher, Bt. Contributors E. Thonpion, BSc, ARGS. Ae Workens, Me. Suincriptions Yu cv ign Hsu OO abun Jom jour fol newsgenr oy 1 care “RSs fom the pe The pre of 0 ck eps of MODIS ovr Lo 3 (including pastage and i ha pie af 96 est epi af moose oor i cng. tochalngponage and Pepeptin shld be et 2 Fiadhe Guts Ga Howe, 3 Peroman Foe (er ‘Back munbers can alo be cbtaiul from the sloce addres ar 16 each. Bimior are Suslelle ar sien tg Aad poneage and packing 414 nto special Biles, and we are now busy sgolng through them all ta find the best spies, As you can imagine, it is 1 very sdifcalt jab indeed, but atlast we ace nearly a the end of it ‘So next week we shall be announcing the prize-winner and publishing the winning Tener. No mone replies from noir on, lease they moold get here far too late! Cover Purale In Issoe No, 7 Ltatked nbowt all the diferent things on the FINDING OUT carer and explained what some of them meant, ‘Them [sid dhe one of twa very observant readers fad aatced something ie about all the covers. This was something that we have never mentioned, but which appears in every single epver. Hare yoo gussied what it is by oow? ‘Yer, tie a penal. And the aries, Angus McBride, uses it as his own personal trade- mark cach week, He his great fao thinking up new ways of placing iti his pitare each ‘rar enrror Your letters Deae Editor, like mspcus our very much, At prseat ‘Lam living in Cambridge, Massachusetts, cwhere oy father Ba dosic, He it Gong redical Work for & year in the U.S.A, We ‘came to New York from Southampton on ‘he Quer Mary. “London ‘we Live néar the 200 and in the early marting we sometimes hear the sealions bake See Tam iy vititta the U.S.A. vezy rmuch, My new school very modem tnd the tachefsare very nice. Tammin the fourth gyade. Chaldsea, donot start schoo! here hal they are sx, but they start lear tome subjects cadier than an England. T have sured French and science Istoas and I find the sections on science in INmING tor especially interesting, Painting competition rules 1, The wort aimsted mut be your om, ample within he fat thre rst, Fe ry We ny msi cep Poper_siceonor mailer thon 1s dnches by 13 ichecana nat bigger than 4 eh By 20 che. four age, name and’ schoo! address art Beccary marked on te back of Jae Bae. ae of the false vs ‘Journey tothe Moon Aiv Travet ‘Sports anc Games Witter Ber Anials ‘Ship aid eAr Sea Any other hubjec ‘Bniver mus bean to Mir Jat is, PO. Bor To, Baraaple, Devon, ‘Engfud. hay matt aot be fener the HNpnG ovr affce. “Enclose stamped envelope addressed {0 yecrielf 40 that yur competitors badge am Be sont fo som. Overseas ct shovid send it Tarcrnational RSS” veo ‘el of puting 2 emp on thelr enlopes pening dates Jamuory 7, ¥963 CClanny dates Ady 31, 196) Enrut camat be tetumed, The Judge? decison ir fnsl ond conser Fornce caanos be catered int ell fhe pictures wall remain the property and copyright of the publishers of PENDING our, ‘The winter in New England is very cold but most af the hoses ore kept warre by eal heiting, The rivee Charcs fs ocaly Sy bigs the Thames. It flows through Cambridge and Boston, It is now covered seth ice ‘Out house is very near a fire sti, ‘There seem ao be a geat nuniber of fies in houses. Many of the howses are made of timber and ifs fee sas it Burns ery ‘quickly. “The fire engines have very loud ‘I miss my cat called Monnet and my budgerigar ‘which we have lett with the pie ving incur boure in Landon. Richton Gib (age 8), 123 Garden Street, Comiridze 38, Masachwetis, OSA Answers to Questions Page 459—Stotland’s Freedom: 1. By marry- ing his son to the next Queen of Seuand, 2, The Stwcs won the Bate of Bannock burn in 1314.3. Until they had’ the same ‘King in 1603. : Page 462—The ky Way: 1. It is made of millions and millions of star, 2. The centre, 3. Neat one end, 4. Yes, roend and round the centre i ope s65—Quis Pager 2. (0); 2. (bs 3.4 4: (ds 5. (65. 6 1. (Os B. (bs 9. 430, (B)i 11, (8); #2, (05 #3. (2) Toner, () Supa, (¢) Cacar-beans, (a) Nectars 14. {@) The Cape of Good Hope, (0) Cape Hora, {@) Lands Ends 15. (=) Kennels, (b) Cone ‘vents, (¢) Hives, (4) Barracks, (e) Stes, (Page 46q—A Glass of Mth: 1. Mammals. 2, Buffaloes, camels, yaks, horses, llamas, zebus, Men drink the milk of all these animals in same part af the world. All ‘mammals suckle their young. 3. To Kill any Ihaeaafil germas which may be in it Page g88—The journeys af salmon: 1. Tn streams. 2. They are called fey, parr, and els, 3. With metal tags or by clipping pisos ut of their fins, Page 473—Blectrie lamps: 1. The Sament. 2. No, al the airs pumped out of the bulb, and. it is then fled with nitrogen and another gas called argon. 3. The coating on the inside of the tube, 4. The sodium lamp Page 479—Geploat (a) In our family, we make 15 pots of tea from a fourcunce packet. (B) Colombo is just over $400 iniles by the shorwest route from kath Lone don and Sydney. (¢)

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