[nisTony) FINDING OUT HISTORY: Edward and the Welsh MATHEMATICS: More about arca SCIENCE OF MATTER: What cau QUIZ PAGE, PUZZLE PAGE, ‘TOWNS AND CITIES: Moscow ENGLISH: G REEK MYTHS: The Judgment of Pari SCHINCE OF LIFE: Fish travellers WORLD AFFAIRS: The United Nations ‘THINGS ‘TO DO GEOGRAPHY: Ethiopia © 004 Purnell ant Sonn, Ld Pustied ty Puryell and Sint, Lid, Gulf Howse, 3 Portman ‘Sect Lanny Wen. (Tide Mapai) Printed tn Great Britain Beaumaris Castle 4s it looks today. Edward and the Welsh “They had com farms, and the bare hills So-in King Offa's ti marked a boundary by di the earth into a great bank on the English ditch. Offa's Dyke was seventy miles long. of William the Conqueror also did né Wales. But he wanted to make sure ul tribes did not upset the peace of his kingdom. So he made three nobles responsible for keeping peace on the frontier ‘Marches 2s th jorman Lords of the Marches had strong castles at Chester, Shrewsbury, and Hereford. They were Norman earls of English ‘counties and they beca After a time these Norman lords began to grab some of the fertile valleys in Wales. One of them would seize an attractive valley, build a castle mound there and settle a few farmers in a village close to the castle. Some of the Welsh worked for their new masters, while others kept to the hills above and around the valleys. Like the Anglo-Saxons, the Normans did not mind how the Welsh lived on their hills, as long as they did not interfere with the new villages in the valleys. By the time of Edward I, who became King of England in 1272, most of the valleys in Wales had been occupied by English nobles. But 2 Welsh chief named Llewelyn ruled the mountain country in the north-west of Wales round Snowdon. Edward had allowed Llewelyn to take the title of Prince of Wales. But the King expected Llewelyn to come to his coronation and show publicly that he accepted the King of England as his over-lord. Llewelyn, however, refused to do this. He said he would not fee! safe in England! So Edward, who was not willing to allow anyone to be so independent, decided to conquer all North Wales. Llewelyn was in a strong position. His people knew all the tracks of the mountains round Snowdon, They also had a safe food supply, for the Prince of Wales ruled Anglesey too. ‘This flatish and fertile island could all the corn his people needed. King Edward gathered an army together. He hired many of the soldiers from among Welshmen who lived in the south of the country. He also hired many small ships. “Then his army landed in Anglesey from the sea, just at the time when the harvest was nearly ripe in the fields. In this way Edward cut Llewelyn off from his chief source of food.Soon after, Llewelyn was killed in a fight. Edward knew that many Welsh had believed in a prophecy that Llewelyn would be crowned in London. So he sent Llewelyn’s head to London and ordered it to be stuck on a pole on London Bridge, with a crown of ivy. Everybody should know that this man at any rate would never be a real king! ‘Then Edward went on with his plans, in case some other Welshman tried to rule the mountains. Edward’s plans were to build several castles on the sea coast in a great circle round the mountains. ‘The building of these castles took a great deal of work and a long time. Edward sent to Switzerland for an expert to plan them, ‘They were to be so strong that no Welshman would dare to attack them. ‘The castles were all to have towers in the walls, in the way that had been learnt during the Crusades (FINDING ‘our No. 17). There would be only one way into each castle, and this would be guarded by an immensely strong gateway, Inside the gateway, soldiers would be able to raise the drawbridge over the moat outside, pulling it up with chains flush against the stout timber doors. “They would also be able to lower behind the doors a great portcullis, or grille, made of heavy wooden beams with theit joints protected with iron. Can you find Edward’s great Welsh castles on the map? Conway Castle-near the modern holiday town of Llandudno — with its cight towers was protected by a bridge across the river Dee. Beaumaris Castle watched over one end of the narrow straits that separate Anglesey from the mainland. Caernarvon Castle guarded the other end. Harlech Castle watched any approach from the south. ‘The castles were built by English diggers and carpenters and stone masons. They also built small towns for English settlers at one side of the castle, protected of course by another wall. English shopkeepers (bakers and butchers and brewers) and English craftsmen (making shoes and clothes) came to live in these new English towns in the heart of Wales. No Welshman was allowed to live in these ‘towns, though the Welsh farmers around soon found it, ‘worth their while to go there on market day to sell mutton and wool and cattle skins. ‘The biggest tower of Caernarvon Castle— the Eagle ‘Tower - was not finished in Edward I's lifetime. But his Queen gave birth to a baby while om a visit to the castle. ‘When this child became 17, his father gave him the tide of Prince of Wales. This tite, which Llewelyn had once held, has been ever since the title of the eldest son of the King or Queen of England, Questions 1. Who was Prince of Wales when Edward I became King of England? 2, Who was Prince of Wales before Edteard I died? 3. Whois Prince of Wales today? ‘Answers on page 451. The porteullis was opened to Welsh farmers on market day,‘You KNOW quite a lot about area already. You know that area is the amount of surface. Tn earlier issues of HmNDING out we talked about the units with which we measure area, One of these units is the square inch. Here is one drawn for you. Here is another. This time our artist has used several colours. Although the square inches are coloured differently, they are still the same size. They both have the same area, Do the areas Jook the same? Well, colour makes some difference, but the areas do look the same. But let us see what happens if we cut up the many- coloured square inch. We cut it up into the separate coloured shapes. Now these can be put together to make a shape that Jooks quite different, Here are two of the different shapes that we could make. La You could make many others. Each one has the same area, They are each one square inch. Of course, you know this, because we started with a square inch and cut, it up. But other people may not think the shapes are the same area. Try this yourself. Draw a square inch on some coloured, sticky paper. Now cut it out carefully. ‘Then cut up the square inch into several parts and stick them readers should send Reple Couron ‘aves Stamp. on thes ene from any 8. Opening date: "Pama 7 1963. Closing dates May’ 33, 1983 9. Eneres cannot he vetirnad, Ti Gudger’ decision is inal aa Pondence carve be enero vn the pictures ell remin te and” copyright of the pudlihers of FINDING OUT.Answers to Questions Page 435—Edard and the Welsh: 1. Llew- lyn. 2. Edward's son Edward, who later ‘became Edward II. 3. Prince Charles, Page 437—More about arca: (@) 28 square units. (b) 21 square inches. (6) 42 square inches. (€) 39 square yards. (e) 84 square Page 439—Quiz Page: 1. (6); 2. (6); 3. (O)s 4. Ds 5. 5 6. (05 7. Ws 8. Os 9. (@s 10. (@)5 11. Os 12 (a5 13. © 14, D5 15 (a) The Stars and Stripes; (6) The Popes (© The White House; (4) The New Testa- rent; 16, (b); 17. (8) Seine; (b) Tigris; (©) Tiber (d) Rhine; 18. (a) Sow; (b) Mares (©) Vixen; 19. (a) Pakistan; (b) Australias (© Exypts (4) Jordan. 20. (@) Red; (6) Green; (c) Black; (4) Blue. Page 440—Pussle Page: Idioms: 1. (@)3 2. (1); 3. ©5 4. 5 5-05 6. D5 7- 58. Os 9. (0)3 10. (€). Missing Figures: (b) 9. (©) 6. (@) 3. Picture Puzzle: 1. Top of easel. 2, Eye of bottom fish. 3. Fin of bottom fish. 4. Edge of standing picture. 5. Flowers in picture, 6, Top of beret. 7. Artist's beard. 8. Crosses on smock. 9. Shape of brush. 10, Palerte, 11. Artist's shoes. 12. Plant in window. Page 441—Morcow: 1. Kiev, St. Petersburg (Leningrad), Moscow. 2. Old buildings round the Kremlin have been pulled down, ‘They have been replaced by straight wide streets, spacious squares, and many’ tall stone buildings. Moscow has also become great industrial city. 3. Because of the ‘Moscow-Volga Canal which joins the river ‘Moscow with the great Volga. Page 447—Fish travellers: 1. Plankton, 2. To give them warmth. 3. Leptocephali, glass eels, elvers and adults. 4. In the Sar- gasso Sea. Page 449—United Nations: 1. To keep the nations of the world at peace. 2. 24th October. 3. 110. 4. U Thant. 5.No. The League of Nations, which was formed in Clues Across 1920, failed because not enough nations belonged to it. Poge 455—Ethiopia: 1. Because most of Ethiopia is surrounded by high mountain walls, 2, The Negus. 3. So that heavy rains can run off easily. Signs of the Zodi nthe Scales, 237d Sep Crossword Puzzle 1. Red precious stone. 4. Side of a room. 7. . plane. 8, That is (Latin it 12 I it is le 7] abbreviation), 9. Negative word. 10. Postscript (abbreviation). 11. Buy and sell goods. 14. A sort of beer. "15. See is to eye as hear is t0 «+ 17. Receives for work done. 19. He, she and .. 21. Black substance used in the building of roads, 22. Opposite of “yes”. 23. Comfort. 235, Pull apart by fore. 26. You could carry cups and saucers on one of Clues Down 1, Usually worn on a finger. 2. Fight between two armies. 3. Old- fashioned way of printing “the”. 4. Made of wood, 5, Part of mouth, 6, For fear that. 12. One who reads. 13, Christian festival in March or April. 16. There are eight of these in a gallon. 18, The Grecks besieged this city for many years. 20, Part of foot. 24. Strcet (abbreviation). a 20. aE Answers to last week’s crossword Across: 1. Hopes. 3. Yes. 6. Mesh. 7. Rose, 10, So, 11. Trot. 12. An. 13. Ah. ‘15, Ye. 16. R. A. 22, Tame, 24. Arms. 26. S.S.E. 27. Cases. ae Down: "1. Hot. 2. Port, 3. Ye. 4. Essay. 5. Shone. 6. Met. 8, Or. 9. So. 13, Areas. 14, Hears. 17. A.T.S. 18, GA. 19, R.M. 20. Eels. 23, Ass. 25. Me. astHm antes of ROO ort ees wB0 rie Clot, 34 West Sues, Aatbunon, §. lien ibis, fo Orerenor Se Seuhe Laima tm ern who Ge Cate, ig ae Get BS eat you wife adeny we De Ait seu nin eine CH Sen ee Wide rk sgh pony Nona’ Nate hs Eonde Meaas, cat nc, Rents Golder faoe"Rcns "dower Rep Stas, Aer isc eiaa ROO yang SE len, Led NA ABE UNE, Bef, atvige tide (2, AD To serrata Gud oye cM calles BEEP arise Pe Mae, Fane ene? Beason Rae, Bi en-friend. Here is the code for these letersi Yo. Reading, dancing, foreign dolls, (NZ, Th, Indoor Eames, history. (NZ). Ronald To vamp, Malays Hg. Baca Ste Satine Roa, ecm, San Hest Roa, als Lape, Nab (AL) = Afvica (Mal) = Matta sige Age’ 13. Maing scroplancs, cjcang, 16. Stamps, records, games i (Ab) = Atyetnere {R= Nsurios May. ee Soon Se Henrys College, PO. Box 64, Mas Gy? = Auket’ (N2)= New'Zealand one Witizmon, Overdon, Kintore, Aberdeen Ky Usanda, Age 17. Footpall stamps, pho {tik = Hong Kong (Ts) = Thailand ‘ite, Scoland: Age's: Guides, stamps dancing. phY., (UK): | Merck Sule at, Egerton (Uk) = United Kingdom Maly Bariore Neil, 4 The Coppice, view Ladysmith, Natal South Afric. has 13, Gusce Si, Madsen Age. Sewing knitting 2 Pater Headlond, Manoe Farm Cottage, Homhil, ‘cing. (A). dan askin, 31 Brick’ Kin Lane, Cradock Avenue, Rosebank, Johannesbure, oxi een a eae CER) Garay Wythaii, Ne, Birmingham, Age 10. Piano, pets, Africa. Age 8. Stamps, model-making. (A) ener (A). Gaara ing, WZ). Lincs Voge, 93 Waters Lyndioy Mead, 36 Elmfeld Way, Sarterstead, Morgan, Ty" Yoeol, Clttes, Caerows, Mont: Scr S\ona-Vale, ‘New South Walee, Aus Suuey. Age 1. Dogs, R.S.P.CA. Children pomeryshire, Age 14: Reading, pang, (guning. (isin Age 20, Gcoeral (UK). Hanz-Iiheln (HIE) Chive O'Donnel 15 Manor Riad, Hyes, $B tndren, Martin 6 The Fark, St Albany Haine, 7) Barham Roady. Westie, Durban, Middlesex Age 1. ‘Camping, photography, South Atvce, Age 18: Stamps, photography, reading. (NZ). Linda Walker, Beacon Drive ‘June Armitarey 30 King Joho Stret, Heaton, languages (AW) John, Eormcay 125 Wrase Newark Green, Wythenshawe, “Manchester 23. itech Bye Age Oo Resin, Road Woe, fjord 2 Aas 13 1a. Animals, cookery, reading. (A), Jones Morgan, ‘Tyr Yagol, Ch = secrete records (AW). ‘Baulne Allecrd:€6 winning; médel-matiog (NZ) "lon'Sircr,108 Griggs, 13 New Kings Read, Fulham, London, Wsskingon Grove, Wan End. Doncaster Ape, Catoline Suexr, Hilbrow, Jobannesburg, South SW, Age to.” Stampsy geogrophys animal Dress designing, deawing, reading. (A). Katha: Afsien. Age 12. Stampsy cricket, soccer” (AW). research. (A). Hurry! Hurry! Hurry! Time is almost up for Australian and New Zealand readers who want to enter the fNONG OUT INTERNATIONAL ART com: rermion with Its 1,400 worthwhile prizes. Entries from New Zealand and Australia should be posted this week to reach us before the closing date of the com- petition May 31st, 1963. So don’t delay; send in your pictures at once. (Readers in the Far East and India should hurry, too!)A rew years ago if you had asked anyone what mobi were, they would not have known, It was an American, Alexander Calder, who first thought it would be a good {dea to hang balanced objects as a kind of sculpture. Mobiles are great fun to make, And once they are finished they can give great pleasure, especially if you hhang them where there is some movernent in the air which will make them swing about. Often the chalk bor in the class-room becomes full of small pieces of coloured chalk about three-quarters of an” inch long. What use can these be? They are much too short to use on the blackboard as one would be stubbing one’s fingers all the time. ‘Ask if you can have them, for they still have a use. You ‘can use them to build up a kind of mocaie picture. First of all they must be squared off at the ends and cut to the same length, (about half an inch will do very well). [Next get hold of a piece of stiff cardboard which will act as the base. It must be quite thick or it will not be strong ‘enough. ‘You ate now ready to build up your mosaic. Brush some glue on to one end of the bits of chalk and stick them on to the cardboard. Slowly you can build up your picture, Besides blackboard chalk, this same idea can be ‘used with bits of wax crayon.Ennroria 15 not like any other country in Africa, The Arabs found it different from anywhere else they knew, so that they called it Abyssinia ~ which was their Arabic word for “the mix-up”, But people today do not like this name, they prefer to call it Ethiopia, It is a very old Kingdom, and its King - who is called “the Negus” xis said to be descended from King Solomon and the beautiful Queen of Sheba, Sheba was a land in southern Arabia, Ethiopia is very near Arabia. The map shows you that Part of the country ~ called Eritrea ~ has a coast of about 500 miles along the Red Sea. At its narrowest point this, sea is only 20 miles wide. Those 20 miles are all that separates Asia from Africa. The African side of the Red ‘Sea is just like the Asian side. But the Arabs could find no easy way inland from the coast. For everywhere the ‘mountains of Ethiopia barred the way. ‘They rise almost straight up from the plains in a towering wall 7,000 feet high. Everything is different up in the mountains compared with down on the Red Sea plain. The plain is nearly desert and in summer it is scorched by blistering heat. ‘The temperature often rises to 120°F., and there is not even a shower of rain, Yet at this hottest and driest part of the year on the plains, it is the rainiest time in the mountains a few miles away. In fact, during therainy months from June to October the mountains of Ethiopia seem almost to become a huge tank of water, This tank spills over wherever it can into the deserts that surround the country. Most of the rain that falls in Ethiopia finds its way north, It runs down the great mountain wall that towers over the Sudan as much as it does over the Red Sea coast. The most important river is the Blue Nile, which rises in the beautiful blue Lake Tana, From the lake the waters tumble down the mountain wall, and over the desert lands below, until they reach the town of Khar- toum, 1,000 miles avy. ‘There the Blue Nile joins the White Nile, The White Nile starts in Lake Victoria in Uganda (emprso our No. 10). When they join together, the two Niles now rake one river that travels another 1,400 miles before it reaches the Mediterrancan Sea in the Nile delta, This delta in Egypt has in fact been made out of the soil of Ethiopia. In the rainy season there is such a rush of water down the mountain sides that thousands of tons of Ethiopian sol are carried right down the river to the sca. Every year in July the river Nile in Egypt begins to rise fast_as the first flood waters from the Blue Nile arrive. For thousands of years the prosperity of Egypt has come from the water and the fresh supply of fertile soil brought by the river from the faraway land of Ethiopia ‘The country of Ethiopia itself has always been rather like a castle. It is a very large castle indeed, because it is four times the size of Britain. Its mountain walls have been like a castle wall stopping other peoples from moving into it or moving across it. Inside this castle the people became Christian before Augustine brought Christianity to Britain. Then the people of Ethiopia were cut off from all other Christians by the great con- quests of Islam afier the death of the prophet Mubam- mad (FiNpING our, Nos. 11 and 12). The castle was held by the Christian Ethiopians and never caprured by the ‘Moslems who surrounded it on all sides. In more recent years, too, the castle wall was strong enough to stop Europeans from conquering the country in the way they did in every other land in Africa. For avery few years before the Second World War, Ethiop lost its independence. It was invaded by Mussolini's Italy. ‘$0 the castle wall of mountains has given Ethiopia the advantages of independence from both Moslems and Europeans, But living in a castle has its disadvantages too. It has meant that the country has always been very ‘cut off from the rest of the world. It has never earned any real prosperity by trading with other countries. So lifes still very simple and rather poor for most Ethiopians living in their highlands. Compared with the deserts outside the castle, Ethio- pians live in a green and fertile country. ‘There is plenty An early Ethiopian Christian church, (Geoaearay) of grass to keep plenty of sheep and cattle, ‘There are immense numbers of rather small hens that lay rather smal eggs. But the people have to live simply as they produce litte to sell, They live mostly in huts built of wooden logs with straw pushed into the cracks and a coat of plaster on top, ‘The huts are usually round in shape, with a thatched roof supported by a pole. ‘The round shape and steep roof keep the heavy rains off better than any other style. Inside most Ethiopian huts you would find few of the things you would expect to find in a house. There is just one door-and no windows! The furniture is n0 more than two low stools. There will be a large stone in the hut to serve as a table. Beds are made by piling blankets and skins on low bunks of earth heaped up against the walls. Since there are no cupboards or drawers or wardrobes, everything is hung from one of the many hooks in the walls. Questions 1, Why was Ethiopia cut off from the rest of the ‘world for so long? 2, What is another name for the King of Ethiopia? 3. Why do Ethiopian huts have round, steep roofs? Answers on page 451:The People of Ethiopia