Internet as Defined

The Internet is a global wide area network that connects computer systems linking
together millions of businesses, government agencies, educational institutions, and
individuals.
It includes several high-bandwidth data lines that comprise the Internet "backbone."
These lines are connected to major Internet hubs that distribute data to other locations,
such as web servers and Internet Service Provider (ISP). In order to connect to the
Internet, you must have access to an ISPs, which acts the middleman between you and
the Internet (techterms.com/definition/internet).
What is World Wide Web?
After having an understanding and knowledge of what internet is, the World Wide Web
topic will help you gain knowledge to differ these two terms.
WWW or W3 stands for World Wide Web. A technical definition of the World Wide Web
is : all the resources and users on the Internet that are using the Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (HTTP). A broader definition comes from the organization that Web inventor
Tim Berners-Lee helped found, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). The World
Wide Web is the universe of network-accessible information, an embodiment of human
knowledge. In simple terms, The World Wide Web is a way of exchanging information
between computers on the Internet, tying them together into a vast collection of
interactive multimedia resources (tutorialspoint.com)

Lesson 3: Web Browser

Source: https://pixabay.com/en/browsers-internet-web-design-1273344/
A Web browser is very important for connectivity or getting online for communication
and getting information from the Web. But what are Web browsers or Internet browsers
and what you need to know more about these?
An internet browser, also known as a web browser or simply a browser, is a software
program that you use to access the internet and view web pages on your computer. The
main purpose of an internet browser is to translate, or render, the code that websites
are designed in into the text, graphics, and other features of the web pages that we all
used today.
Most browsers are available for free download. The six most popular internet browsers
today include:
● Mozilla Firefox
● Google Chrome
● Microsoft Edge (formerly Internet Explorer)
● Apple Safari
● Opera
● AOL Explorer (Download AOL Explorer)
How Internet Browsers Work:

Here's a very quick overview of how browsers work:

1. You type a website's Uniform Resource Locator (URL) into your browser's
address bar; "http://www.thebalance.com" is an example of a URL.
2. The browser locates and requests that page's information from a web server.
3. The browser receives a file in a computer code like HTML or Javascript,
which includes instructions about how to display the information on that page.
4. The browser interprets that file and displays the page for you to read and
interact with. And it does all of this in just a few seconds, usually.

What Common Browser Error Messages Mean

PART 4 HOW THE WORLD WIDE WEB WORKS

Server Does Not Have a DNS Entry —When you type a URL in your browser to visit a
site, your computer contacts a server called a Domain Name System (DNS) server. The
DNS server translates the URL into the IP number that computers can understand—and
after it does that, your browser can go to the site. (For more information about DNS
servers, see Chapter 5, “How Internet Addresses and Domains Work.”) If you get an
error message telling you the server doesn’t have a DNS entry, it means that the server
doesn’t have a listing for the URL you typed. This usually means either you typed the
URL incorrectly or something is wrong with the DNS server. Check the URL and retype
it.

503 Service Unavailable —This is a catch-all error message for a variety of problems,
but all of them mean that the website is incapable of contact by your browser. The
problem might be the site’s server has crashed because of too much traffic or there’s
net-work congestion.

403.9 Access Forbidden. Too Many Users Are Connected —Some websites
recognize that if they get too much traffic at once, the entire site can be brought down
and no one will be able to visit. Those sites put a limit on the number of people who can
come to the site at once—that way, the site is always available, even if not everyone
who wants to visit can get in. If you get this “Too Many Users Are Connected” message,
it usually means that the website is up and run-ning, but you can’t get in because the
maximum number of people are already on the site. Keep trying—when one person
leaves, another can come in, and it might be you.
404 Not Found—When you get this message, you’ve arrived at the correct website, but
the specific page you’re looking for can’t be found. That specific page might have been
deleted from the site or moved—or you might have typed the location incorrectly.

401 Unauthorized or 403 Forbidden—If you get either of these error messages, you’re
trying to enter a website that allows only certain people in—and it’s not allowing you to
enter. Typically, these types of websites are password protected and also might allow
only visitors who are from certain domains, such as zd.com. If you’ve entered a
password, you might have entered it improperly, or you might not be in a domain that’s
allowed to enter the website.

Spinning hourglass—This isn’t an error message your browser dis-plays—instead,

your Windows cursor turns into a spinning hour- glass. The spinning hourglass tells you
that your browser is trying to make a connection to a website. If it keeps spinning and a
connection is never made, it can mean that an Internet router some place between
where you are and where you’re trying to visit has crashed and you can’t make the
connec-tion. It can also mean that you’ve lost your local Internet connection for some
reason.

Lesson 4: Uniform Resource Locator (URL)-2

A browser is software that is used to access the internet. A browser lets you visit
websites and do activities within them like login, view multimedia, link from one site to
another, visit one page from another, print, send and receive email, among many other
activities. The most common browser software titles on the market are: Microsoft
Internet Explorer, Google's Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Apple's Safari, and Opera. Browser
availability depends on the operating system your computer is using (for example:
Microsoft Windows, Linux, Ubuntu, Mac OS, among others)
(http://www.allaboutcookies.org/browsers/).
Universal Resource Locator
A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) provides a way to locate a resource on the web, the
hypertext system that operates over the internet. Generally, URL contains three parts:
protocol, domain name, and the path. The protocol to be used to access the resource
and a resource name. The second part identifies the IP address or domain name where
the resource is located. And the path that refers to a file or directory on the web server.
URL includes the following elements:
 1. Protocol

The protocol declares how your web browser should communicate with a web server
when sending or fetching a web page or document. The most common protocol is http
which stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol. If you're visiting a site where you need to
enter sensitive information, like bank details and passwords, make sure the protocol is
declared as https.
2. Subdomain
A subdomain is a sub-division of the main domain name. For example,
mail.doepud.com and calendar.doepud.com are subdomains of the domain name
doepud.com.
3. Domain name
A domain name is a unique reference that identifies a web site on the internet, for
example doepud.co.uk. A domain name always includes the top-level domain (TLD),
which in Doepud's case is uk. The co part is shorthand for commercial and combined
.co.uk is called a second-level domain (SLD).
4. Port
The port number is rarely visible in URLs but always required. When declared in a URL
it comes right after the TLD, separated by a colon. When it's not declared and in most
cases where the protocol is http, port 80 is used. For https (secure) requests port 443 is
used.
5. Path
The path typically refers to a file or directory on the web server, e.g. /directory/file.php.
Sometimes the file name won't be specified, e.g. https://doepud.co.uk/blog/ so a web
browser will automatically look inside the /blog/ folder for a file called index or default. If
neither can be found, a 404 Not Found error will usually be returned by the server.

Lesson 1: Creating Basic Marketing Materials

Printed marketing materials are a highly effective way to promote your business
to customers, clients, business partners and potential investors.
Marketing materials are printed materials that business owners use to promote their
companies and services. We have identified four main types of marketing materials:
○ Paper Marketing Materials
Examples: brochures, flyers, postcards, business cards, menus, sales sheets, etc.
○ Promotional Marketing Materials
Examples: t-shirts, mugs, calendars, pens, gift certificates, event
tickets, key-chains, etc.
○ Stationery
Examples: letterhead, greeting cards, invitations, envelopes,
address labels, rubber stamps, etc.
○ Signs & Banners
Examples: banners, lawn signs, posters, bumper stickers, window
decals, etc.

Different Types of Promotional Materials

There are a wide variety of different promotional materials providing companies and
organizations effective ways to reach out to their customers.
● Brochures
Brochures are used to introduce a company’s products or services to their
targeted audience and potential customers. They can be designed to fit on
one folded sheet or as a small booklet. Brochures can help with getting
customers to follow a specific call to action and aid in generating new
business.
● Flyers
Flyers are a relatively inexpensive form of advertising and are intended for
mass distribution. They are produced on a single sheet of paper and tend to
inform or promote more specific information such as a sale, special promotion
or new service/product.
● Posters
Posters are beautifully designed pieces promoting a specific product, service
or event. They can vary greatly in size, shape and style; providing as much or
little information desired.
 ● T-Shirts
T-Shirts are a unique way of advertising a specific product, service, event or
just your company in general.
● Custom Packaging
Package design conveys the most important aspects of your product to
customers and allows it to standout from the rest.
● Direct Mail/Email Campaign
Direct mail campaigns are a form of advertising providing customers with a
wide variety of information on your company, products and services offered.
Mailings can be sent out monthly, bi-weekly or even weekly.
● Custom Postcards
Using an interesting image on one side to spark interest, postcards can easily
be mailed to provide customers with a quick bit of information promoting a
specific product, service or event.

Lesson 2: Purpose and Requirement in Creating Marketing materials

Creating marketing materials have their own purpose and requirements.

● Inform customers about your business
● Actively get more customers in your local area
● Put together a marketing package for potential investors
● Promote an upcoming event or product/store launch
● Promote your business at conferences, conventions or job fairs
● Create positive customer service experiences and build customer/client
relationships
Requirement before create marketing materials, you should:

Assemble the information you want to appear on your marketing materials.

○ Business Name
○ Company Logo / Custom Image
○ Business Phone Number
○ Business Fax Number
○ Business Email Address
○ Business Address
○ Business Website URL/ Domain
Promotional products can drive consumers to your business in a cost-effective way.
These giveaways bring instant brand recognition. You can expand the reach of your
products or services among a larger audience. These items are also excellent for
building a solid customer base and driving customer loyalty.

Lesson 3: Developing Promotional Posters and Flyer Design Considerations

Customer communication is a critical part of an effective marketing strategy. Posters
and flyers can be useful tools to communicate with prospect or existing customers. They
are printed sheets meant to be distributed in a public place. They are most often used to
support a promotion such as a new product or service, special sale or an upcoming
event. Their function is the same as many other marketing materials, as they should
grab a reader’s attention, make an offer which focuses on benefits affecting the reader
and then motivate them to take action.
Posters tend to be fairly large and professionally printed and almost always feature an
illustration. Flyers (also known as mini-posters) are usually 8 ½” x 11” and are typically
photocopied or e-mailed. Flyers often rely more heavily on text, as opposed to graphics
to get their point across. Posters and flyers can be displayed almost anywhere,
however, places where you have a captive audience are best.
Use posters:
○ As a hanging display to reach a large audience on the move
○ When you need long term advertising
○ To get attention of the general public
Use flyers: a mailer
○ As a hand out
○ For short term advertising, right before the event
○ As the final campaign before the event
○ To reinforce poster advertising
Developing a Communication Strategy
Before designing a poster or flyer, consider the following to develop a communication
strategy:
1. Primary Purpose
What is the primary purpose of your promotional piece?
2. Primary Benefit
What unique benefit can you offer customers?
3. Secondary Benefit
What other key benefits will customers receive from your products or services?
4. Target Audience
At whom (what target market) are you aiming this promotion?

Lesson 4: Components of a Poster or Flyer

Because space is limited, a communication tool such as a poster or flyer generally
consists of a few components such as a headline, copy and signature. Let’s take a
closer look at each component:
Headline
A headline is the most important element of a communication tool. If it fails to grab the
reader’s attention then the entire effort will likely go unnoticed. Headlines should be
short containing only 5 to 15 words which promote consumer benefits and affect the
reader emotionally.
Body
Copy Make your case for the communication objective in the copy. Build compelling
arguments and state strong facts. It is better to have one or two very strong statements
than to try to rattle off a long list and risk diluting the message. The copy should
persuade the reader to take action.
The use of subheadings and numbered or bulleted lists can break up a sea of type,
highlighting a number of ideas quickly. However, overuse of this technique will reduce
contrast and balance therefore losing its effectiveness.
Grammar and spelling are important. Run the spelling and grammar check functions on
your software. It is also advisable to have several other people read over your materials
to find mistakes that might have been missed.
Signature
An effective communication should always include a signature. The signature is where
the business name, logo and contact information such as an address, phone number
and web site address are located in the advertisement. Placement of the signature is
most often located at the bottom of the design or in the lower right hand corner.

Lesson 5: Layout and Design Considerations

Before developing a poster or flyer consider the following design principles:

1. Follow the KISS principle
That is, keep the design sweet and simple with a headline, offer and call to action.
Determine a single purpose for using a poster or flyer, and ensure that every element
on the page supports that idea. These communication tools should convey a short
motivating message that requires only minimum reading. It is best to have fewer than 50
words on the entire marketing piece.
2. Size Matters
While it's tempting to order the biggest poster you can afford, sometimes smaller
posters are better. Consider where your audience will be relative to your poster. If they'll
be in close quarters, an 11” x 17” poster can be more effective than an 18” x 24” poster.
 3. Type
Use big, clear fonts that are easily read and simple to understand from up close and
afar. Test your communications readability by hanging it up and taking 4-5 steps back.
You should be able to comfortably read the headline from this distance. Additional rules
for using type include:
○ The typeface or font used in a communication piece can make a
big difference to the results you achieve. Limit designs to no more
than three types of font.
○ Use no more than three different font sizes. Keep in mind heading
text should be twice as large as copy text and the subheading text
should be half-way between. For example a poster might set the
headline font size to 48 points, subheadings at 36 points and copy
text at 24 points. Remember, the size of poster or flyer will dictate
the size of the font. However, the goal is to make the
communication readable from a good distance away.
○ Upper and lower case typeface has been shown to make headlines
more readable.
○ Do not mix too many type styles such as words in all capital letters,
italics, bold-face, or underlined. Over use of these styles will de-
emphasize the message.
4. Grab Attention with Color
Your communication should be easy to read from a distance. Colors that can be easily
read from a distance include white on red, black on yellow, dark blue on white, green on
white and black on white.
Use a brightly colored paper. Neon colors will grab attention on its own, but can
overpower the text or pictures. It is best to use a color that is bright but still soft enough
to create contrast with dark ink. If you must use a neon color paper, then only use a
dark color for the text and images.
5. Illustrations
Carefully chosen images can effectively communicate a message to readers, rather
than using words. A single visual element can create a centerpiece which draws the eye
into the communication. Graphic images are better suited for poster and flyer
communications as they generally provide a high contract and saturation which will pop
off the page to quickly attract attention.
6. White Space
White space is the area on a page without words or that is left blank. This term applies
even if the background has color. Crowding a communication piece with too many
visual elements or information will make it look cluttered and difficult to read, therefore
reducing its overall effectiveness.
Summary Posters and flyers are useful communication tools to spread
information quickly and build awareness. They are often a highly versatile and
inexpensive form of advertising when compared to other marketing materials.
While methods of distribution are relatively easy, consideration should be give to
placement locations to ensure communication messages reach your target
audience.

Lesson 6: How to Make Your Own Advertising Posters

Part 1
1. Decide what information you'll put on the poster.
2. Decide what demographic you're advertising to.
3. Decide where you will place your posters.
4. Decide what message you want to convey with the poster.
Part 2
1. Learn the essential parts of an advertising poster.
2. Find a computer program to help design your poster.
3. Design a logo.
4. Choose an effective size for your poster.
5. Choose a few effective images.
6. Use colors that will stand out.
7. Use text that is readable from several steps away.
8. Make several drafts before picking a final choice.
9. Print your poster.
Lesson 7: Brochure Development
Brochures can be a vital communication tool should a business decide to use it in their
marketing plan. They can be a highly effective device for attracting attention, providing
information or promoting a product or service to a larger target audience while
motivating them to take action.
Brochures generally have a longer shelf-life than other marketing materials and are
often designed to last one or more years.
While brochures commonly illustrate a product, product line or service they can serve
many functions:
Functional Strategy
Similar to Poster and Flyers, before designing a brochure, consider the following to
develop its functional strategy:
1. Primary Purpose
What is the primary purpose of your brochure?
2. Primary Benefit
What unique benefit can you offer customers? What
 primary customer value or need can your enterprise
meet?
3. Secondary Benefit
What other key benefits will customers receive from your
products or services?
4. Target Audience
At whom (what target market) are you aiming this
brochure?
5. Audience Reaction
What response do you want from your audience (come
to the operation, visit a website, call an information line)
6. Company Personality
What image do you want to convey in your brochure?

Lesson 8: Components of a Brochure

Common components such as headlines, copy and signature information can be

found in most brochures.
Headline
Headlines should promote consumer benefits. The headline located on the top
third of the front panel of a
brochure is the most important element. Headlines may be presented as a statement,
question, warning, or as a news alert
Subheading
The subheading is an answer or support to the question or curiosity that the main
headline evokes and is designed to further draw the reader in. It can act as a break
between the headline and the body copy and makes it easier for the reader to skim the
brochure for pertinent information.
Body Copy
The body copy contains descriptive text that should create a visual image of your
product or service. Create excitement by using action words. The copy should persuade
the reader to take action. Highlight product features, key benefits and include supporting
facts. Keep paragraphs as short as possible.
Signature
The signature is where the business name, logo and contact information such as
an address, phone number and website address are located in the brochure. Placement
of the signature is most often located in the back panel of the brochure.
Disclosures, Terms or Conditions
 When offers contain special stipulations to the sale; all disclosures, terms or
conditions should be included in your brochure. This is often referred to as the fine print.
Additional offerings such as warranties, options, incentives or financing
Illustrations
Though visual elements are not required, incorporating them will help draw
attention to your brochure. There are various types of visual elements used in brochures
such as photographs, hand-drawn illustrations and graphic designed imagery. When
possible, visual elements should show action or a product in use rather than static

Lesson 9: Design Considerations and Layout

Design Considerations
● The Rule of Thirds

When laying out your brochure use the rule of thirds. Divide the page into thirds both
vertically and horizontally. Areas where the lines cross are excellent points on your
page for important visual elements such as a headline or image. Use the other lines to
line up body copy, graphics or other page elements as needed.
White Space

Similar with poster and flyers, white space is the area on a page without words or that is
left blank. Crowding a brochure with too many visual elements or information will make
it look cluttered and difficult to read, therefore reducing its overall effectiveness.

Lesson 10: Brochure Layout

While a basic tri-fold design with six panels is the most common layout used, brochures
come in many shapes and sizes. Other typical layouts include the bi-fold layout with four
panels, z-fold layout with eight panels, or rack cards with only a front and back panel.
Examples used throughout the remainder of this publication will focus on a standard tri-
fold design; however the information can be adapted and applied for use with other
layout designs as well.

1. Outside Front Cover

○ Attention getting headline should be placed on the top one-third of
the page
○ Business name, logo and other key information should be placed
lower on the page
○ Visual elements such as photographs or illustrations are
encouraged but should not overshadow your message.
2. Inside Front Cover
■ Include a brief synopsis of information about business,
product or service
■ Focus on customer benefits
■ Use bulleted lists
3. Inside Middle Panel and (4) Inside Back Flap
■ Expand on customer benefits,
products and services you
summarized on inside front cover
■ Include detailed information
■ Contact information
■ Website address
■ Special events
■ Map
■ Use brief statements and bulleted
lists
■ Include visual elements
5. Outside Back Flap
● Generally the second panel viewed by the reader
○ Summarize most important information for a quick reference
○ Days and hours of operation
○ Pricing
○ Phone number
○ Website address
● Favorable location for a promotional coupon or event registration
6. Outside Middle Panel
● Business logo
 ● Website address
● If using as a direct mailer
○ Space for customer address
○ Return address
● If using as a direct hand-out
○ Map or directions

Lesson 11 : Using Canva to Design Poster and Flyers

How To Use Canva For BEGINNERS! (Canva Tutorial 2020)

Canva is a graphic design platform that allows users to create social media graphics,
presentations, posters and other visual content. It is available on web and mobile, and
integrates millions of images, fonts, templates and illustrations.
Users can choose from many professional designed templates, and edit the designs
and upload their own photos through a drag and drop interface. The platform is free to
use, and paid subscriptions like Canva Pro and Canva for Enterprise offer additional
functionality. Users can also pay for physical products to be printed and shipped.
The following are the sequence in accessing the Canva...
1. Log in Window
2. What to use….
3. Starting the design/Select the type
4. s of Promotional Materials
5. The Next Window
6. Selecting the Template

Lesson 1: The MS Excel Environment

MS Excel is a powerful tool developed by Microsoft which can be used to organize,

analyze, and store data. There are different versions of MS Excel in use today. For this
module, we will be using MS Excel 2016.
The MS Excel 2016 Screen

Ribbon - replaced the menus and toolbars and was first introduced with Excel
2007.
Formula bar - displays the entry made on the active cell
Row - horizontal divisions on the spreadsheet; uses numbers as labels
Column - vertical divisions on the spreadsheet; uses letters as labels
Cells - the intersection of rows and columns which may hold labels, values, and
functions
Active cell - the active cell holds the data being entered by the user
Name box - displays the cell reference or the address of the active cell
Sheet tab - shows the name of the sheet
I guess everyone have used or seen the Microsoft Excel Window or interface. Just
similar with Microsoft Words, both have parts in common like the Title Bars, Menu Bars,
Ribbon, etc. What only differ that is obvious is the work area where you enter data.
Before we experience how powerful MS Excel is, let us familiarize ourselves more with
its interface. Please watch this video.
● Introduction to Microsoft Excel: Structure of a Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet
● Before we experience how powerful MS Excel is, let us familiarize ourselves
more with its interface. Please watch this video.

Lesson 2: Entering Different Types of Data

In Excel, the worksheet consists of a grid of columns and rows that form cells. You enter
three types of data in cells: labels, values, and formulas.
○ Labels(text) are descriptive pieces of information, such as names,
months, or other identifying statistics, and they usually include
alphabetic characters.
○ Values(numbers) are generally raw numbers or dates.
○ Formulas are instructions for Excel to perform calculations.
To enter data in a cell in Excel, you select the cell, type the data, and press Enter. Excel
moves the cell cursor down one cell. You also can click the Enter button (the check
mark) in the Formula bar to enter data. The check mark appears only when you are in
the process of entering (or editing) data.
If you want to move the cell cursor one cell to the right after data entry, press Tab or the
right arrow key (instead of Enter) to complete the entry.
○ Label: Excel aligns text to the left side of the cell. If the text is too
wide to fit, Excel extends that data past the cell width if the next cell
is blank. If the next cell is not blank, Excel displays only enough
text to fit the display width. Widening the column displays additional
text.
To enter a numerical value or formula as a label, type an apostrophe before it.
○ Whole value: If the data is a whole value, such as 34 or 5763,
Excel aligns the data to the right side of the cell.
 ○ Value with a decimal: If the data is a decimal value, Excel aligns
the data to the right side of the cell, including the decimal point,
with the exception of a trailing 0. For example, if you enter 246.75,
then 246.75 is displayed; if you enter 246.70, however, 246.7
appears.
○ Date: If you enter a date, such 12/16, Dec 16, or 16 Dec, Excel
automatically returns the value in your default date format (16-Dec
if you haven’t changed it) in the cell, but the Formula bar displays
12/16/2010.
Excel recognizes dates when you enter them in a familiar format.
If a value displays as scientific notation (such as 1.23E+11) or number signs (######), it
means the value is too long to fit into the cell. You need to widen the column.

Lesson 3: Calculate with Functions

A function is a predefined formula that performs calculations using values indicated in a

particular order. To use functions correctly, you’ll need to be aware of the different parts
of a function.
The specific way in which a function is written is referred to as syntax. The syntax for a
function is: An equals sign (=), the function name (SUM, for instance) and one or more
arguments. Let’s look at these three parts individually.
Equals (=) – A formula in Excel always starts with an equal sign (=). It informs Excel
that the succeeding characters represent a formula. Everything placed after the equals
sign will be used to calculate the final value displayed in the cell.
Function name – This is the name denoting a particular mathematical, logical or
statistical function. For instance, SUM is the function name for addition, MAX and MIN
are function names for the largest and smallest results from a range of numbers, and IF
is used to determine whether a statement is True or False.
Argument – Arguments supply the information for the function to calculate, such as a
range of cell references. You can include a maximum of 1024 arguments in a function
provided that the not even a single string of characters in the function statement exceed
255 characters.
Arguments must be enclosed within parentheses. The individual values or cell
references inside the parentheses are separated by commas or colons.
● Examples:
○ =AVERAGE(E4:E9)
○ =SUM(D4,D9)
○ =COUNT(C4:C9,C17:C21)
Colons – Colons apply the formula to the indicated range of cells. For instance, the first
formula above will calculate the average of contents of the cell ranging from E4 through
E9.
Commas – Use commas when you want to apply a function to specific cells, but not
over a range of cells. You can separate the required cell references with commas. For
instance, for the formula =SUM(C4,E4), the contents of cells C4 and E4 will be added
together. If you were to use a colon instead, i.e =SUM(C4:E4)”, the contents of cells
C4, D4 and E4 would be added.
The third example above will count the three cells in the three arguments included
within the parentheses.

Lesson 4: Formatting a Worksheet-3

Formatting a worksheet in MS Excel is as easy as 123! Everything you need to style

your worksheet is in the Home Tab.

The Font Group

The Font Group contains the buttons that are used to change the font style, size, and
color of the contents of a cell. It also holds the buttons to boldface, italicize, and
underline cell contents, as well as the button to apply/remove the border and fill color to
cells.
The Alignment Group
The Alignment Group contains the buttons used to format the vertical and horizontal
alignment, text direction, and indentions of the contents of selected cells. Wrap Text
button is also included in the group, it is used to fully display very long cell contents in
multiple lines. Merge & Center button is used to combine a group of cells and
automatically set the alignment of the data at the center.
The Number Group Then Number Group contains buttons that are used to format cell
contents as currency, date, time, percentage, or into other number formats.
The Styles Group
The Styles Group contain buttons that are used to format cells with the default settings
in MS Excel. Conditional formatting can help you present your data with trends and
patterns using different colors, bars, and shapes. Format as Table can help you convert
a group of cells into a table and you may select the style to apply on your table from
various templates available. Cell Styles can easily help you format selected cells to
make them stand out on your worksheet.
Now, to Apply Formatting in MS Excel, follow these simple steps:
1. Select the cell or cells you want to format.
2. On the Home Tab, choose the group you will use.
3. Click on the button you want to use.
Before you proceed to Data Analysis, the following page is a short ungraded
assessment followed by a graded hands-on.
Please Click this link: Getting Started with Excel

Lesson 5: Creating Chart in Excel

In Microsoft Excel, a chart is often called a graph. It is a visual representation of data

from a worksheet that can bring more understanding to the data than just looking at the
numbers.
A chart is a powerful tool that allows you to visually display data in a variety of different
chart formats such as Bar, Column, Pie, Line, Area, Doughnut, Scatter, Surface, or
Radar charts. With Excel, it is easy to create a chart.

Main Parts of a Chart

● Chart area: Everything inside the chart window, including all parts of the
chart (labels, axes, data markers, tick marks, and other elements listed here).
● Data marker:A symbol on the chart that represents a single value in the
worksheet. A data marker (or data point) may be a bar in a bar chart, a pie in
a pie chart, or a line on a line chart. Data markers with the same shape or
pattern represent a single data series in the chart.
● Data series:A group of related values, such as all the values in a single row
in the chart. A chart can have just one data series (shown in a single bar or
line), but it usually has several.
● Axis:A line that serves as a major reference for plotting data in a chart. In
two-dimensional charts there are two axes — the x-axis (horizontal/category)
and the y-axis (vertical/value). In most two-dimensional charts (except bar
charts), Excel plots categories (labels) along the x-axis and values (numbers)
along the y-axis. Bar charts reverse the scheme, plotting values along the x-
axis. Pie charts have no axes. Three-dimensional charts have an x-axis, a y-
axis, and a z-axis. The x- and y-axes delineate the horizontal surface of the
chart. The z-axis is the vertical axis, showing the depth of the third dimension
in the chart.
● Tick mark:A small line intersecting an axis. A tick mark indicates a category,
scale, or chart data series. A tick mark can have a label attached.
● Plot area:The area where Excel plots your data, including the axes and all
markers that represent data points.
● Gridlines:Optional lines extending from the tick marks across the plot area,
thus making it easier to view the data values represented by the tick marks.
● Chart text:A label or title that you add to the chart. Attached text is a title or
label linked to an axis such as the Chart Title, Vertical Axis Title, and
 Horizontal Axis Title that you can’t move independently of the chart.
Unattached text is text that you add with the Text Box command button on the
Insert tab of the Ribbon.
● Legend:A key that identifies patterns, colors, or symbols associated with the
markers of a chart data series. The legend shows the data series name
corresponding to each data marker (such as the name of the blue columns in
a column chart).

Lesson 6: Types of Chart

Chart is a visual representation of numeric values. Charts (also known as graphs) have
been an integral part of spreadsheets. Charts generated by early spreadsheet products
were quite crude, but they have improved significantly over the years. Excel provides
you with the tools to create a wide variety of highly customizable charts. Displaying data
in a well-conceived chart can make your numbers more understandable. Because a
chart presents a picture, charts are particularly useful for summarizing a series of
numbers and their interrelationships.
Types of Chart According to Purpose

● Embedded Chart – is ideal for report or other documents in which you want to
show a chart within the context of the worksheet data.

● Chart Sheet – is suitable for presentation and training purposes, such as

overhead slides and handouts, or for enhancing printed materials.

MOST POPULAR CHART

The four most popular chart types in Excel are described below, along with the best use
of each chart type.
Lesson 9: Data Analysis

Data analysis is one of the proven ways for organizations and enterprises to gain the
information they need to make better decisions, serve their customers and increase
productivity and revenue. The benefits of data analysis are too numerous to count and
some of the most rewarding benefits include getting the right information for the
business, getting more value out of IT department, creating more effective marketing
campaigns, gaining a better understanding of customers etc.
Analyzing Data in Excel
Excel is extensively used for Data Analysis tool, primarily for following reasons:
1. Cost
2. Ease of Use
3. Learning
MS Excel is installed and accessible on almost all the Windows-based computers so
one need not put in or invest in any other software for their basic Data analysis
requirements. With minimum or almost negligible learning period, a novice in Data
analysis can utilize MS excel for analytical purpose as easily as any other Windows-
based program.
There are several methods that may be applied to analyze data and Microsoft Excel is
one of the statistical packages available, it is free and can often be used for simple,
efficient analysis.
Some of the basic tools in data analysis present in MS Excel are Sort, What-if Analysis,
and Pivot table. The sort function is best used for relatively small databases, while the
Pivot Table is helpful for analyzing larger datasets and quickly grouping items.
For far advanced data analysis tools, you may use the Data Analysis command in the
Data ribbon.
REQUIRED:
● If it is not available in your Excel, you need to load it from the Analysis
ToolPak
● (Links to an external site.)
● add-in program. Follow these simple steps, these may be applied in Excel
2010, Excel 2013 and Excel 2016.
1. Click the File tab, click Options, and then click the Add-Ins category.
2. In the Manage box, select Excel Add-ins and then click Go.
3. In the Add-Ins available box, select the Analysis ToolPak check box, and then click
OK.
Tip: If Analysis ToolPak is not listed in the Add-Ins available box, click Browse to
locate it.
If you are prompted that the Analysis ToolPak is not currently installed on your
computer, click Yes to install it. Once the add-in has been successfully installed, the
data analysis button will appear on the far right of the ribbon.

Lesson 10: Descriptive Statistics vs Inferential Statistics

Note: BEFORE YOU PROCEED, make it sure you perform the above Analysis
ToolPak
Before we perform statistical analysis in Excel, let us first review the difference between
Descriptive Statistics and Inferential Statistics.
Descriptive Statistics
In descriptive statistics, data are summarized to give a representation of the entire
sample. There are two ways to present data in descriptive statistics: measures of
central tendency and measures of spread.
Measures of central tendency include the mode, median, and mean, while Measures of
spread include the range, quartiles, absolute deviation, variance and standard deviation.
Inferential Statistics
In inferential statistics, inferences may be drawn from the sample of the population
being assessed. It is used in estimating and testing hypotheses using the given data.

Lesson 1: Learning the Foundation of Website design

Web design is a process of conceptualizing, planning, and building a collection of
electronic files that determine the layout, colors, contrast, text styles, structure,
graphics, images, and use of interactive features that deliver pages to your site visitors
● Website design also involves information architecture, website structure, user
interface, navigation ergonomics, and imagery (photography) as well as icons
design that helps find information faster.
There are a number of other options for creating your Web design:
1. Hire a professional website design expert to create and build a
unique Web site.
2. Create your own website design using off-the-shelf software such
as FrontPage® or Dreamweaver®. (These software packages do
require technical expertise.)
3. Use online website design tools with pre-set and/or customizable
Web design templates to customize with your company colors,
graphics and text. (Example: Wix)
● The degree of customization included in your website design will determine
the speed and cost of getting your site up and running.
Best Design Software for Website Creation
1. Wix (free and paid) s a big-name website builder which offers a
free plan, enabling you to have the run of this service without
having to put your hand in your pocket.
2. Constant Contact (free and paid) provides an intelligent website
builder and ecommerce store platform, both of which are free to
use.
3. Weebly offers you two ways to build your website. Both involve
creating it online, and both are as quick and painless as possible.
4. WordPress (free and paid) ideal for static sites, portfolios, online
stores and blogs
5. Joomla Another free website builder with online and offline
versions

Lesson 2: Characteristics of an effective web design

Usability is the ease of use and learnability of a human-made object such as a tool or
device.
○ Usability is critical for the success of any website and should never
be overlooked.
○ Good website usability is about making it easy for visitors to find
the information they need quickly and easily.
There are many ways to improve the usability of your website.
 1. Mobile Compatibility: More and more people use their mobile
phones to access the Internet, creating a mobile optimized website has become a
necessity.
○ Create a mobile version of your website for free with the help of
web-based mobile website builders.
2. Accessible to All Users: User-friendly website should also be accessible to
everyone including blind, disabled or the elderly.
○ These users typically use screen-readers to access the Internet.
3. Well Planned Information Architecture: Plan your website sections and
categories carefully and present information in a way that it is easy for users
to find.
○ Always think from the perspective of your users. This is particularly
important if you offer a lot of content on your company's website.
4. Well-Formatted Content That Is Easy to Scan: The average Internet user
skims through the content on a web page instead of reading each and every
word from top to down.
○ Correct use of headings, sub-headings, paragraphs, bullets or lists
help to break up text, making it easy for readers to scan.
5. Fast Load Times: Slow speed is one of the main reasons why visitors leave
a website. Making sure your website loads within 4 to 6 seconds is important
for good usability.
○ You can use free tool such as Pingdom to test the speed of your
website and to get suggestion on what you can do to improve your
speed.
6. Browser Consistency: It is important to ensure your website appears and
behaves consistently across all major browsers such as Chrome, Internet
Explorer, Firefox, Safari and Opera.
○ Simple things like this set a professionally designed website apart
from the rest.
7. Effective Navigation: It is equally important for the navigation to be clutter-
free.
○ Try to limit the number of menu items as far as possible. A drop-
down menu or sub-navigation may work better on large site with
many sections and pages.
8. Good Error Handling: Good error handling and description on-screen
messages are very important for good usability. However it is often
overlooked.
○ Correct handling of errors at a code level ensures the website is
robust and free from bugs. Displaying the right error message
improves the user experience and overall usability.
9. Valid Mark-Up & Clean Code: A website that adheres to the relevant web
design best practices and standards is often more robust and dependable.
○ Ensures the website will load faster and appear consistent across
browsers and devices. It also makes it easier to locate problems
and troubleshoot if the need arises.
 10. Contrasting Colour Scheme: The right contrast between the background of
the website and content is one of the most basic yet most important web
design principles that should never be overlooked.
○ Good contrast between background and text e.g. black text on a
white background makes your content legible and easy to read.
Lack of contrast, on the other hand, makes it very difficult for
visitors to read your content.
11. Usable Forms: Forms are a very important element on business websites.
They allow users to interact with the site. Forms are also very useful for
generating leads for a business.
○ To get the most out of your site, it is important to ensure the forms
are easy to use and accessible to everyone.
Here are some tips:
○ Use correct labels for all fields
○ Follow good form design principles
○ Try to keep the number of fields to a minimum
○ Offer tooltips and suggestions
○ Display on-screen message on completion
○ Use correct validation

Lesson 3: Web Design Principles to Know

Published: April 17, 2019 | Last updated: May 10, 2019

1. Visual Hierarchy
○ Visual hierarchy is one of the most important principles behind
good web design. It’s the order in which the human eye perceives
what it sees.
Exercise. Please rank the circles in the order of importance:
○ Without knowing anything about these circles, you were able to
rank them easily. That’s a visual hierarchy.
○ Certain parts of your website are more important than others
(forms, calls to action, value proposition, etc.), and you want those
to get more attention than the less important parts.
If your website menu has 10 items, are all of them equally important?
Where do you want the user to click? Make important links more
prominent.
Start with the business objective
You should rank elements on your website based on your business
objective. If you don’t have a specific goal, you won’t know what to
prioritize.
Here’s an example. It’s a screenshot taken from the Williams-Sonoma
website. They want to sell outdoor cookware.
 ● The biggest eye-catcher is the huge piece of meat (make me want it),
followed by the headline (say what it is), and a call to action (get it). Fourth
place goes to a paragraph of text under the headline; the fifth is the free
shipping banner, and the top navigation is last.
● This is visual hierarchy—a timeless principle of web design—well done.

Lesson 4: Web Design Principles - Rule of Third

2. Rule of Thirds: The best images follow the rule of thirds: An image should be
divided into nine equal parts by two equally spaced horizontal lines and two
equally spaced vertical lines.
● Important compositional elements should be placed along these lines or at
their intersection
The rule of thirds is a simple design principle to follow for images.the
Using beautiful, big images contributes to good web design. If your images are more
interesting, your website will be more appealing.

Lesson 5: . Web Design Principle -Divine Proportions

3. Divine Proportions
The lower-case Greek letter phi is used for the Golden Ratio.
The Golden Ratio is the magical number 1.618 (f). Designs that use proportions defined
by the golden ratio are, it’s
believed, aesthetically pleasing.
Then, there’s the Fibonacci sequence.
(Links to an external site.)
Each term is the sum of the two previous terms: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, and so on.
The interesting thing is the two seemingly unrelated topics produce the same exact
number
Here’s what the Golden Ratio looks like:
Many artists and architects use proportions to approximate the Golden Ratio. A famous
example is the Parthenon, built in Ancient Greece:
Can the Golden Ratio work for web design? You bet. Here’s Twitter:

So, if your layout width is 960px, divide it by 1.618 (=593px). You know that the width of
the content area should be 593px and the sidebar 367px. If the website height is 760px
tall, you can split it into 470px and 290px chunks (760/1.618=~470).
Lesson 6: Web Design Principles - White Space

4. White space and clean design: White space (also called “negative space”) is
the portion of a web page that remains “empty.”

○ It’s the space between graphics, margins, gutters, space between

columns, space between lines of type, or visuals.
○ The right amount of white space makes a website look “clean.”
While a clean design is crucial to communicate a clear message, it
doesn’t just mean less
○ The fine use of white space makes it easy to focus on the main
message and visuals, and the body copy is easy to read.
In general, white space promotes elegance and sophistication, improves legibility and
drives focus

Lesson 7: Web Design Principle - Hick’s Law

5. Hick’s Law: Hick’s Law says that with every additional choice increases the
time required to take a decision.
This is similar to the Paradox of Choice—the more choices you give, the easier it is to
choose nothing. Both principles come into play with web design.

The more options a user has on your website, the more difficult it is to use (if it’s used at
all). We need to eliminate choices. To make a better web design, focus on eliminating
distracting options throughout the design process.
In an era of infinite choice, people need better filters! If you sell a huge number of
products, add better filters for easier decision-making. Wine Library sells a huge amount
of wine.

Lesson 8: Web Design Principle - Gestalt Design Laws

6. Gestalt Design Laws: Gestalt psychology is a theory of the mind and brain. Its
principle is that the human eye sees objects in their entirety before perceiving
their individual parts.
● Notice how you could see the dog without focusing on each black spot that
the dog consists of?
○ A founder of gestaltism, Kurt
○ (Links to an external site.)
○ Koffka
○ (Links to an external site.)
○ ,
 ○ (Links to an external site.)
○ explained it this way: “the whole exists independently from the
parts.”

● As it relates to web design, people see the whole of your website first—before
they distinguish the header, menu, footer, and so on.
Notice how you could see the dog without focusing on each black spot that the dog
consists of? A founder of gestaltism, Kurt Koffka,
(Links to an external site.)
explained it this way: “the whole exists independently from the parts.”
Conclusion
● Effective web design and art are not the same. But many psychological and
design principles apply to websites. You can design a great website by
applying the relevant aspects of those laws to your layout, typography, and
images.
● Design for the user and your business objectives. Good web design can
deliver aesthetically pleasing and financially rewarding results.
● There other more principles with this topic like Divine Proportion, Fitt’s Law,
Hick’s Law, and Occam’s Razor, For more detail on these, you may visit the
link below: