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!
E DIN EN ISO 6892-1: 2014-06 ² (QWZXUI ²

National Foreword

This international document ISO / DIS 6892-1: 2014 was prepared in the Technical Committee ISO / TC 164 "Mechanical
testing of metals", Subcommittee 1 "Uniaxial Testing" in cooperation with the Technical Committee ECISS / TC 101 "Test
methods for steel (other than chemical Analyzes) ”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR (France), and adopted as
prEN ISO 6892-1: 2014 as part of the parallel vote.

Working committee NA 062-01-42 AA "Tensile and ductility testing for metals" of the Materials Testing Standards
Committee (NMP) is responsible for German cooperation and provides the following information for the application of
this standard:

In the previous version of DIN EN ISO 6892-1: 2009-12, the expansion speed (including the crosshead speed) was
introduced as the test speed (method A). With this edition, the recommendation to use method A has been moved from
the national foreword to the introduction of the main part of the standard. More detailed explanations of procedures A
and B are given in the newly inserted section 10.3. In method B, the setting and use of the test speed for determining the
yield strengths is described more clearly in this revision and in accordance with practice.

Appendix F has been supplemented with additional information. In addition, a method for determining the machine
stiffness is now presented in this appendix.

The new (inserted) Annex G describes the determination of the modulus of elasticity under uniaxial tensile loading. Was it
only pointed out in the previous version that the gradient of the elastic straight line of stress / extensometer strain
determined in the standard tensile test
Curve mE. an auxiliary variable for determining characteristic values, e.g. B. the yield strength, and only under certain
conditions (e.g. high-resolution, double-sided measuring, averaging
Strain transducer, perfect alignment of the specimen, etc.) comes very close to the material characteristic value of the
modulus of elasticity, the necessary test equipment, the test execution and evaluation as well as the estimation of the
uncertainty are specified or described in Appendix G.

For the international standards cited in this document, reference is made in the following to the corresponding German
standards:

ISO 377 please refer DIN EN ISO 377

ISO 2566-1 please refer DIN EN ISO 2566-1
ISO 2566-2 please refer DIN EN ISO 2566-2
ISO 3183 please refer DIN EN ISO 3183
ISO 7500-1 please refer DIN EN ISO 7500-1
ISO 9513 please refer DIN EN ISO 9513
ISO 11960 please refer DIN EN ISO 11960

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 ² (QWZXUI ² E DIN EN ISO 6892-1: 2014-06

Changes

The following changes have been made with respect to DIN EN ISO 6892-1: 2009-12:

a) the urgent recommendation to use method A from the national foreword of DIN EN ISO 6892-1: 2009-12 has been
incorporated into the main part of the standard and supplemented;

b) more detailed description of the setting of the test speed for determining the yield strength in method B;

c) Revision of Figures 8a) and 9 for better understanding;

d) Revision and addition of Appendix F;

e) Addition of the normative Annex G for the determination of the modulus of elasticity of metallic materials under
uniaxial tensile load and revision of the main part of the standard in order to add aspects for the determination of
the modulus of elasticity and make minor technical adjustments

f) Restructuring or numbering through the newly inserted section 10.3 and Appendix G;

G) Supplementing the literature, especially with current publications;

H) editorial adaptation.

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National Annex NA
(informative)

Notes on indexing the elongation at break

Basically, a distinction is made between proportional and non-proportional specimens with regard to the measuring
length and the elongation at break. For proportional specimens, the gauge length isL.O proportional to the
Square root of any geometrically arbitrary initial cross-section S.o (round, oval, square, rectangular, ring-shaped ...).

L.o! k S.O

The proportionality factor is used to ensure comparability with previously obtained data for elongation at break k! 5.65
internationally. The elongation at break, which is calculated over a measuring length with this proportionality factor, is not
given an index. If another proportionality factor is selected, this is to be used as an index to the formula symbolA. to
attach for the elongation at break, z. B.
Proportionality factor k! 11.3: elongation at break A.11.3. (The factors 5.65 and 11.3 come from the conversion of the
measuring length L.O for circular cross-sections on any cross-sectional geometries.)

For the non-proportional samples, a distinction is made between three different sample geometries in accordance with
Appendix B:

" The measuring length L.o! 50 mm

at a sample width bo! 12.5 mm

" the measuring length L.o! 80 mm

at a sample width bo! 20 mm

- The measuring length L.o! 50 mm

at a sample width bo! 25 mm (JIS Z 2205 sample)

The measuring length is including the unit mm for indexing on the formula symbol A. attached: A.50 mm,
A.80 mm. The unit mm in the elongation at break ensures that it is Nota proportionality factor k acts.

Table NA.1 - Comparison of the elongation at break index with old standards

Elongation at break Measuring length Simplified formula Equals to

to L.O For L.O with a round Elongation at break according to
DIN EN ISO 6892 specimen cross-section the withdrawn norms

A. L.o! 5.65 S.O L.o! 5 dO DIN 50145: 1975-04: A.5

A.11.3 L.o! 11.3 S.O L.o! 10 dO DIN 50145: 1975-04: A.10

A.50 mm L.o! 50 mm DIN 50114: 1981-08: A.L! 50

A.80 mm L.o! 80 mm DIN 50114: 1981-08: A.L! 80

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National annex NB
(informative)

Comparison of international symbols used in the tensile test

find application

Table NB.1 - Comparison of international symbols used in tensile tests

In this
standard Anglo
German
use English French German american unit
symbol
detes symbol
symbol

Engineering Allongement
e strain ! e %
strain conventionnel

tension
Engineering Contrainte
R. or nominal "! S. MPa
stress conventionnelle
tension

Real
True strain
Deformation strain
! (logarithmic #! ! -
vraie or
strain)
Degree of deformation

Real kf
"! True stress Contrainte vraie " or R. MPa
tension

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National annex NC
(informative)

Bibliography

DIN EN ISO 377, Steel and steel products - Location and preparation of specimens and specimens for mechanical tests

DIN EN ISO 2566-1, Steel - Conversion of elongation at break values - Part 1: Unalloyed and low-alloy steels

DIN EN ISO 2566-2, Steel - Conversion of elongation at break - Part 2: Austenitic steels

DIN EN ISO 3183, Petroleum and natural gas industry - steel pipes for pipeline transportation systems

DIN EN ISO 7500-1, Metallic materials - Testing of static uniaxial testing machines - Part 1: Tensile and compression
testing machines - Testing and calibration of the force measuring device

DIN EN ISO 9513, Metallic materials - calibration of extension measuring devices for testing with uniaxial loading

DIN EN ISO 11960, Petroleum and natural gas industries - steel pipes for use as liners or risers for wells

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ECISS / TC 101

Date: 2014-04

prEN ISO 6892-1: 2014

ECISS / TC 101

Secretariat: AFNOR

Metallic materials - Tensile test - Part 1: Test method at room

temperature (ISO / DIS 6892-1: 2014)
Matériaux métalliques - Essai de traction - Partie 1: Méthode d'essai à température ambiante (ISO / DIS
6892-1: 2014)

Metallic materials - Tensile testing - Part 1: Method of test at room temperature (ISO / DIS 6892-1: 2014)

ICS:

Descriptors:

Document type: European Standard

Document sub-type:
Document level:
Document language: D
STD version 2.5a
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content

page

Foreword ................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ........... 5

Introduction................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ........ 6

1 Scope of application ................................................. .................................................. .......................... 7

2 Normative references................................................ .................................................. .................... 7

3 Terms ................................................. .................................................. ................................................ 7

4th Formula symbols and terms ............................................... .................................................. ... 12

5 Brief description ................................................. .................................................. ........................... 14

6th Rehearse................................................. .................................................. ............................................... 14

6.1 Shape and dimensions ............................................... .................................................. .................................. 14
6.1.1 General ................................................. .................................................. ...................................... 14
6.1.2 Processed samples ................................................ .................................................. ........................... 15
6.1.3 Unprocessed samples ................................................ .................................................. ...................... 15
6.2 Species................................................. .................................................. .................................................. 15th
6.3 Preparation of the samples ............................................... .................................................. ..................... 15

7th Determination of the initial cross-section ............................................... ............................................. 16

8th Marking of the initial measuring length ............................................... ........................................... 16

9 Accuracy of the test equipment ............................................... .................................................. .. 16

10 Test conditions ................................................. .................................................. ............................. 16

10.1 Adjustment of the force zero point ............................................... .................................................. ..... 16
10.2 Clamping method ................................................. .................................................. .......................... 17
10.3 General ................................................. .................................................. ...................................... 17
10.4 Test speed based on strain rate control (method A) ................... 17
10.4.1 General .............................................. .................................................. ......................................... 17
10.4.2 Strain rate to determine the upper yield point, R.eH or the elastic limit, R.p and R.
t ................................................. .................................................. ................. 18
10.4.3 strain rate to determine the lower yield point, R.eL, and the yield strength extensometer strain, A.
e ................................................. .................................... 19
10.4.4 rate of strain to determine tensile strength, R.m, the elongation at break, A, the
total extensometer elongation at maximum force, A.gt, the plastic extensometer
Elongation at maximum force, A.g, and the necking of the fracture, Z ................................................. .... 19th
10.5 Test speed based on tension speed (method B) ........................ 19
10.5.1 General .............................................. .................................................. ......................................... 19
10.5.2 Yield and elongation limits ........................................... .................................................. ..................... 19
10.6 Selection of the procedure and the test speeds ............................................ ................. 21
10.7 Documentation of the selected test conditions .............................................. ............................. 21

11 Determination of the upper yield point .............................................. ............................................... 21

12th Determination of the lower yield point .............................................. .............................................. 21

13 Determination of the yield strength in the case of plastic extensometer elongation ........................................ 21

14th Determination of the yield strength for the total extensometer elongation .......................................... 22

15th Method for the detection of the limit value of the voltage for a given
permanent elongation ................................................ .................................................. ........................... 22

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16 Determination of the yield point extensometer strain ........................................... ................... 23

17th Determination of the plastic extensometer strain at maximum force ........................................ 23

18th Determination of the total extensometer elongation at maximum force .......................................... .23

19th Total extensometer elongation at break ............................................ ..................................... 24

20th Elongation at break ................................................. .................................................. .................................. 24

21 Determination of the fracture necking ............................................... ................................................ 25

22nd Report ................................................. .................................................. ........................................ 25

23 Measurement uncertainty ................................................. .................................................. ............................. 26

23.1 General ................................................. .................................................. ...................................... 26
23.2 Test conditions ................................................. .................................................. .............................. 26
23.3 Test results ................................................. .................................................. ................................. 26

Appendix A (informative) Recommendations for the use of computerized tensile testing machines ......... 39
A.1 General ................................................. .................................................. ...................................... 39
A.2 Terms ................................................. .................................................. .............................................. 39
A.3 Tensile testing machine ................................................. .................................................. ............................. 39
A.3.1 Equipment ................................................. .................................................. ....................................... 39
A.3.2 Measurement acquisition frequency ................................................. .................................................. ......... 40
A.4 Determination of the mechanical properties .............................................. ................................ 41
A.4.1 General ................................................. .................................................. ...................................... 41
A.4.2 Upper yield point ................................................ .................................................. ........................... 41
A.4.3 Yield strength with plastic extensometer elongation and yield strength with total extensometer
elongation ..................................... .................................................. ............................... 41
A.4.4 Total extensometer elongation at maximum force ............................................ .............................. 41
A.4.5 Plastic extensometer elongation at maximum force ............................................ ............................ 42
A.4.6 Total elongation at break .............................................. .................................................. .......... 42
A.4.7 Measurement of the slope of the curve in the elastic range ............................................ ....................... 43
A.5 Checking the software for the determination of tensile test parameters ........................................ 44
A.6 Computer-compatible representation of the standards ............................................ ................................... 45

Appendix B (normative) Specimen types for flat products with a thickness between 0.1 mm and
3 mm: sheets, strips and flat rolled products ......................................... .................................... 46
B.1 Sample shape ................................................. .................................................. ....................................... 46
B.2 Sample dimensions ................................................. .................................................. ...................................... 46
B.3 Sample preparation ................................................. .................................................. ............................ 47
B.4 Determination of the initial cross-section ............................................... ............................................. 48

Appendix C (normative) Specimen types for wire, rods and profiles with a diameter or one
Thickness less than 4 mm .............................................. .................................................. ................................. 49
C.1 Sample shape ................................................. .................................................. ....................................... 49
C.2 Sample dimensions ................................................. .................................................. ...................................... 49
C.3 Sample preparation ................................................. .................................................. ............................ 49
C.4 Determination of the initial cross-section ............................................... ............................................. 49

Appendix D (normative) Specimen types for flat products with a thickness equal to or
larger than 3 mm and wire, rods and profiles with a diameter or
a thickness equal to or greater than 4 mm .......................................... ................................................ 50
D.1 Sample shape ................................................. .................................................. ....................................... 50
D.2 Sample dimensions ................................................. .................................................. ...................................... 50
D.2.1 Test length of processed samples ............................................... .................................................. .50
D.2.2 Length of unprocessed samples ............................................... .................................................. ........... 50
D.2.3 Initial gauge length ................................................. .................................................. ........................... 51
D.3 Sample preparation ................................................. .................................................. ............................ 52
D.3.1 General ................................................. .................................................. ...................................... 52
D.3.2 Limiting dimensions ................................................. .................................................. .................................... 52
D.3.3 Shape tolerances ................................................. .................................................. ................................. 52
D.4 Determination of the initial cross-section ............................................... ........................................... 53

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Attachments (normative) Sample types for pipes ............................................... ............................................... 54

E.1 Sample shape ................................................. .................................................. ....................................... 54
E.2 Sample dimensions ................................................. .................................................. ..................................... 54
E.2.1 Length of pipe section ............................................... .................................................. ................ 54
E.2.2 Longitudinal or transverse strip samples .............................................. .................................................. ....... 54
E.2.3 Machined samples with a circular cross-section from the pipe wall ....................................... 54
E.3 Determination of the initial cross-section ............................................... ............................................. 54

Appendix F (informative) Estimation of the crosshead speed taking into account the
Rigidity (or flexibility) of the test setup .......................................... ............................... 56

Appendix G (normative) Determination of the modulus of elasticity of metals and uniaxial ones
Tensile load ................................................. .................................................. ................................... 58
G.1 Introduction................................................. .................................................. .......................................... 58
G.2 General ................................................. .................................................. ...................................... 58
G.3 Terms ................................................. .................................................. ............................................. 58
G.4 Test facilities ................................................. .................................................. ............................ 59
G.4.1 Accuracy of the test equipment ............................................... .................................................. .. 59
G.4.2 Clamping method and alignment ............................................... ................................................ 60
G.5 Rehearse................................................. .................................................. ............................................... 60
G.5.1 General ................................................. .................................................. ...................................... 60
G.5.2 Determination of the initial cross-section ............................................... ........................................... 60
G.6 Procedure ................................................. .................................................. .......................................... 60
G.6.1 General ................................................. .................................................. ...................................... 60
G.6.2 Adjustment of the force zero point ............................................... .................................................. ..... 60
G.6.3 Test conditions ................................................. .................................................. ............................. 60
G.7 Evaluation ................................................. .................................................. ...................................... 61
G.7.1 Averaging of the strain measurement signals ............................................... .................................. 61
G.7.2 Calculation of the modulus of elasticity ............................................. .................................................. ................. 61
G.8 Measurement uncertainty ................................................. .................................................. ............................. 62
G.8.1 General ................................................. .................................................. ...................................... 62
G.8.2 Estimation of the measurement uncertainty according to CWA 15261-2 .......................................... ...................... 63
G.8.3 Estimation of the measurement uncertainty according to Appendix K ............................................ .......................... 64
G.8.4 Qualifying Examination................................................. .................................................. ............................. 65
G.9 Report................................................. .................................................. ........................................ 66
G.10 More information ................................................ .................................................. .............................. 66
G.11 Other methods for determining the modulus of elasticity .......................................... ................................ 66
G.12 Uncertainty and comparability ............................................... .................................................. .. 66

Appendix H (informative) Measurement of elongation at break, if the prescribed value

less than 5% is ............................................. .................................................. ................................. 68

Appendix I (informative) Determination of elongation at break when subdividing the initial gauge length .......... 69

Appendix J (informative) Determination of the plastic elongation without constriction

(Uniform expansion), A.wn for long products such as rods, wires and bars ............................. 71

Appendix K (informative) Estimation of the measurement uncertainty ............................................... ......................... 72

K.1 Introduction................................................. .................................................. .......................................... 72
K.2 Estimation of the measurement uncertainty ............................................... .................................................. 72
K.2.1 General ................................................. .................................................. ...................................... 72
K.2.2 Type A— through repeated measurements ............................................ .............................................. 72
K.2.3 Type B - from other sources, e.g. B. Calibration certificates or specified tolerances ............... 73
K.3 Influence of the test device on the uncertainty of the characteristic values .......................................... ..... 73
K.4 Material and / or parameters dependent on the test sequence ......................................... ................. 75

Appendix L (informative) Precision of tensile tests - results of proficiency tests ........................ 77

L.1 Comparability of the measurement results from different test laboratories ............................... 77

References ................................................. .................................................. .......................................... 82

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Preface

This document (prEN ISO 6892-1: 2014) has been prepared by the Technical Committee ISO / TC 164 “Mechanical testing
of metals "in cooperation with the Technical Committee ECISS / TC 101" Test methods for steel (other than chemical
analyzes) ", the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.

This document is currently submitted for the parallel survey.

This document will replace EN ISO 6892-1: 2009.

ISO 6892 exists under the main title Metallic materials - Tensile testing from the following parts:

Part 1: Method of test at room temperature

Part 2: Method of test at elevated temperature

Part 3: Method of test at low temperature

Part 4: Method of test in liquid helium

Acknowledgment note

The text of ISO / DIS 6892-1: 2014 has been approved by CEN as prEN ISO 6892-1: 2014 without any modification.

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introduction

In discussions about the test speeds during the preparation of ISO 6892: 1998, it was decided to recommend carrying out
strain rate-controlled tests in future editions.

In this part of ISO 6892, two methods of test speed can be used. The first, Method A, is based on the strain rates
(including the crosshead speed) and the second, Method B, is based on the tension rates. Method A is - if characteristic
values dependent on strain rate are determined - suitable for minimizing the dependence on test speeds and for
minimizing the measurement uncertainty of the test results. Due to this - and due to the fact that the strain rate sensitivity
of the material is often not known - the application of method A is strongly recommended.

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1 Scope

This part of ISO 6892 specifies the tensile test for metallic materials. The mechanical property values that can be
determined with the experiment at room temperature are defined.

ANNOTATION Appendix A contains additional recommendations for the use of computerized tensile testing machines.

2 Normative references

The following documents, which are cited in whole or in part, are required for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document
(including any amendments) applies.

ISO 377, Steel and steel products - Location and preparation of samples and test pieces for mechanical testing

ISO 2566-1, Steel - Conversion of elongation values - Part 1: Carbon and low alloy steels

ISO 2566-2, Steel - Conversion of elongation values - Part 2: Austenitic steels

ISO 7500-1, Metallic materials - Verification of static uniaxial testing machines - Part 1: Tension / compression testing
machines - Verification and calibration of the force-measuring system

ISO 9513, Metallic materials - Calibration of extensometer systems used in uniaxial testing

ISO / TR 25679, Mechanical testing of metals - Symbols an definitions in published standards

3 terms

For the purposes of this document, the following terms apply.

ANNOTATION In the following, the terms "force" and "tension" or "extension (the extenso
meter measurement length) ”and“ extensometer strain ”are used in different places (see axis designations in pictures or
explanations for determining various characteristic values). For the basic description or definition of a certain point in a
curve, the terms “force” and “tension” or “extension (of the extensometer measuring length)” and “extensometer
elongation” are interchangeable.

3.1
Measuring length

L.
Length of the parallel part of the sample on which the elongation is measured at any point in the experiment

3.1.1
Initial gauge length
L.O
Length between the marks to identify the Measuring length (3.1) on the sample, which is measured at room temperature
before the test

3.1.2
Measuring length after the break
L.u
Length between the marks to identify the Measuring length (3.1) on the sample, which is measured after the break at
room temperature after the two sample fragments have been carefully joined together so that their axes lie in a straight
line

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3.2
Trial length
L.c
Length of the parallel, reduced cross-section of the sample

Note 1 to entry: restraints. In the case of unprocessed samples, the test length is replaced by the distance between the

3.3
renewal
Increase in Initial gauge length (3.1.1), at any point during the experiment

3.4
strain
Extension, given in percent, based on the Initial gauge length, L.o (3.1.1)

3.4.1
permanent elongation
Increase in Initial gauge length (3.1.1) of a specimen after removal of a specified tensile stress, given in percent, based
on the initial measuring length, L.O

3.4.2
Elongation at break
A.
permanent extension of the measuring length after breakage (L.u L.O), given in percent, based on the
Initial gauge length, L.O

Note 1 to entry: For a proportional specimen, if the initial gauge length is not equal to 5.65 S. 1),
O where S.O
the initial cross-section is within the test length should be the symbol A. be supplemented by an index,
which indicates the underlying proportionality factor, where z. B.A.11.3 the elongation of the initial gauge length L.O
indicates:

A.11.3! 11.3S.O

For non-proportional samples (see Appendix B) the symbol A. be supplemented by an index that contains the
indicates the basic measuring length in millimeters, where z. B.A.80 mm the elongation of an initial gauge length L.O
of 80 mm.

3.5
Extensometer measuring length
L.e
Initial gauge length of a Length measuring device (extensometer) used to measure the extension
becomes

Note 1 to entry: To measure the yield and yield strength parameters, the extensometer should
Measuring length L.e cover most of the trial length. Ideally shouldL.e greater than the minimum value 0.50 L.O,
but not greater than about 0.9 L.c be. This should ensure that the extensometer is all in the sample
occurring flow effects recorded. Furthermore shouldL.e about the same L.O if characteristic values are determined “at” or
“after reaching” the maximum force.

3.6
Extension (of the extensometer measuring length)
Increase in Extensometer measuring length, L.e (3.5) at any point during the experiment

1) 5.65 S.o! 5 4S.o "

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3.6.1
Extensometer elongation
e
Extension of the specified in percent Extensometer measuring length, L.e (3.5)

3.6.2
permanent extensometer elongation
Enlargement of the extensometer measuring length after removal of a fixed tensile stress applied to the sample,
indicated in percent, based on the Extensometer measuring length, (L.e) (3.5)

3.6.3
Yield strength extensometer elongation
A.e
for materials showing discontinuous flow, the extension of the extensometer measuring length between the start of local
flow and the onset of uniform solidification, given in
Percent based on the Extensometer measuring length, L.e (3.5)

See picture 7.

3.6.4
total extensometer elongation at maximum force
A.gt
total extension (elastic extension plus plastic extension) of the extensometer measuring length at maximum force, given
in percent, based on the Extensometer measuring length, L.e (3.5)

See picture 1.

3.6.5
plastic extensometer strain at maximum force
A.G
plastic extension of the extensometer measuring length at maximum force, given in percent, based on
the Extensometer measuring length, L.e (3.5)

See picture 1.

3.6.6
total extensometer elongation at break
A.t
total extension (elastic plus plastic extension) of the extensometer measuring length at break, given in percent, based on
the Extensometer measuring length, L.e (3.5)

See picture 1.

3.7
Test speed

3.7.1
Stretching speed
eL.e
Increase in with an extensometer in the Extensometer measuring length, L.e (3.5) measured elongation per unit of time

Note 1 to entry: See 3.5.

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3.7.2
Estimated strain rate over the test length
eL.c
Increase in elongation over the Trial length L.c (3.2) of the sample per unit of time, based on the
Crosshead speed (3.7.3) and the test length of the sample

3.7.3
Crosshead speed
vc
Traverse path per time unit

3.7.4
Tension speed
R.
Increase in voltage per unit of time

Note 1 to entry: (Method B) can

The tension speed should only be in the elastic range of the experiment
be used.

3.8
Constriction of the fracture
Z
largest change in cross-section that occurred during the test (S.O S.u), given in percent, based on the initial cross-section S.
O:

S.O S.u
Z" !100
S.O

3.9 Maximum force

Note 1 to entry: For materials that show discontinuous flow, but none of them
Solidification is observed is F.m not defined in this part of ISO 6892 [see footnote in Figure 8 c)].

3.9.1
Maximum force
F.m
(for materials that do not show discontinuous flow) greatest force that the sample can withstand during the test

3.9.2
Maximum force
F.m
(for materials that show discontinuous flow) greatest force that the sample withstands during the test after the start of
solidification

Note 1 to entry: See pictures 8 a) and 8 b).

3.10
tension
R.
Force at any point during the test divided by the initial cross-section (S.O) the
sample

Note 1 to the term: In this standard, the term voltage refers to engineer voltage (technical
voltage).

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3.10.1
tensile strenght
R.m
Tension that the Maximum force, F.m (3.9)

3.10.2
Stretch limit
if the metallic material has a yield point, plastic deformation occurs at a certain point in time during the test without
increasing the force

3.10.2.1
upper yield point
R.eH
highest Tension (3.10) before the first significant drop in force occurs

See picture 2.

3.10.2.2
lower yield point
R.eL
smallest Tension (3.10) during plastic flow, whereby transient effects are not taken into account

See picture 2.

3.10.3
Yield strength in the case of plastic extensometer elongation
R.p
Stress at which the plastic extensometer strain is a given percentage of the Extenso-
meter measuring length, L.e (3.5)
Note 1 to entry: "Yield strength with non-proportional extensometer elongation" according to ISO / TR 25679: 2005.

Note 2 to entry: The index is supplemented by the numerical value that corresponds to the specified numerical value of the
indicates plastic extensometer elongation in percent, e.g. B.R.p0.2.

See picture 3.

3.10.4
Yield strength at total extensometer elongation
R.t
Stress at which the total extensometer strain (elastic and plastic extensometer strain) is a given percentage of the
Extensometer measuring length L.e (3.5)

Note 1 to entry: The index is supplemented by the numerical value that corresponds to the specified numerical value of the
indicates total extensometer elongation in percent, e.g. B.R.t0.5.

See picture 4.

3.10.5
Limit value of the stress for a given permanent elongation
R.r
Tension at which, after the force has been removed, a predetermined permanent elongation or extensometer elongation,
specified in each case as a percentage of the Initial gauge length L.o (3.1.1) or the Extensometer measuring length L.e (
3.5) was not exceeded

See picture 5.
Note 1 to entry: initial gauge length L.O,isorsupplemented
The index the extensometer value L.
gauge length
by the numerical that
e represents the specified percentage of the
indicates e.g. B.R.r0.2.

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3.11
fracture
State when the sample is completely divided

Note 1 to entry: can, are shown

Criteria
in for the break, which are used for the computer-controlled test
Figure A.2. shown.

4 symbols and terms

The symbols and their terms used in this part of ISO 6892 are in
Table 1 listed.

Table 1 - Formula symbols and terms

Formula-
unit designation
character

sample

aO, T a mm Initial thickness of a flat specimen or wall thickness of a pipe

Width of a flat specimen in the test length or the mean width of a pipe strip
bO mm
specimen or a profile wire

Sample diameter in the test length of a round sample or the diameter of a wire with a
dO mm
circular cross-section or the inner diameter of a pipe

D.O mm Outside diameter of a pipe initial

L.O mm gauge length

L. O mm Initial gauge length to determine A.wn (see Appendix J) Test length

L.c mm

L.e mm Extensometer measuring length

L.t mm Total length of the sample

L.u mm Measuring length after the break

L. u mm Measuring length after the break to determine A.wn (see Appendix J) Initial

S.O mm2 cross-section within the test length

S.u mm2 Smallest sample cross-section after the break

k - proportionality factor (see 6.1.1)

Z % Constriction of the fracture

strain

A. % Elongation at break (see 3.4.2)

Percentage plastic elongation without constriction (uniform elongation) (see Appendix J)

A.wn %

Extensometer elongation

e % Extensometer elongation

A.e % Yield strength extensometer elongation

A.G % Plastic extensometer elongation at maximum force, F.m

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Formula-
unit designation
character

A.gt % Total extensometer elongation at maximum force, F.m

A.t % Total extensometer elongation at break

L.m mm (Total) extension (of the extensometer gauge length) at maximum force. (Total)

L.f mm extension (of the extensometer gauge length) at break

Speeds

eL.e s!1 Stretching speed

eL.c s!1 Estimated strain rate over the length of the test

R. MPa "s!1 Tension speed truss speed

vc mm "s!1

force

F.m N Maximum force

Yield strength - yield strength - tensile strength

E. MPa b Modulus of elasticity (modulus of elasticity)c

Slope of the stress / extensometer-strain curve at a certain point in the experiment

m MPa

mE. MPa Slope of the elastic part of the stress / extensometer-strain curve d

R. MPa tension

R.eH MPa Upper yield point

R.eL MPa Lower yield point

R.m MPa tensile strenght

R.p MPa Yield strength in the case of plastic extensometer elongation

R.r MPa Limit value of the stress for a given permanent elongation

R.t MPa Yield strength at total extensometer elongation

a This symbol is also used in product standards for steel pipes. 1 MPa # 1 Nmm!2.
b

c The calculation of the modulus of elasticity is described in Appendix G. It is not necessary to use Appendix G to determine the slope
of the elastic part of the stress / extensometer-elongation curve for determining the yield strength.
d The value of the slope of the elastic part of the stress / extensometer-strain curve does not necessarily have to coincide with the
value of the modulus of elasticity. However, if the test conditions are optimal (see Appendix G), this value can come very close to
that of the modulus of elasticity.
ATTENTION - When using values in percent, the factor 100 is required.

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5 Brief description

The test consists in elongating a specimen by means of a tensile load, generally until it breaks, in order to determine one
or more of the mechanical property values defined in Section 3.

Unless otherwise specified, the test is carried out at room temperature between 10 ° C and 35 ° C. In laboratory
environments outside of the specified conditions, it is the responsibility of the testing laboratory to evaluate the effects of
these environmental conditions on the test and / or calibration data generated with and for the testing machines used in
these environments. If the test and calibration are performed outside the recommended temperature limits of 10 ° C to
35 ° C, the temperature should be recorded and reported. If there are significant temperature gradients during the test
and / or calibration, the measurement uncertainty can increase. In addition, other test conditions can be outside the
tolerances.

Experiments under controlled conditions must be carried out at a temperature of (23 5) ° C.

6 samples

6.1 Shape and dimensions

6.1.1 General

The shape and dimensions of the samples depend on the shape and dimensions of the products made of metallic
materials from which the samples are taken.

The sample is usually machined from the product or a pressed or cast blank. Products with a constant cross-section
(profiles, rods, wires, etc.) as well as cast test pieces (e.g. cast iron, non-ferrous alloys) may be tested without processing.

The cross-section of the specimen may be circular, square, rectangular or ring-shaped or, in special cases, also have a
different shape.

The samples to be preferred have a ratio of the initial gauge length L.O to the initial cross-section, S.O,

which by the equation L.o! k SO is expressed, where k is a proportionality factor. These samples are called proportional
samples. The internationally established value fork is 5.65. The initial measuring length must not be less than 15 mm. If
the sample cross-section is too small to meet this conditionk! 5.65 may be a larger factor (preferably k! 11.3) or a non-
proportional sample applied.

ANNOTATION When using smaller initial measuring lengths than 20 mm, the uncertainty of the increases
“Elongation at break” characteristic.

When using non-proportional specimens, the initial gauge length, L.O regardless of the initial cross-section, S.O elected.

The dimensions and tolerances of the samples must correspond to the information in Annexes B to E (see
6.2).

Other samples, such as those specified in the relevant product standards or national standards, can be used in
consultation with the contractual partner, e.g. B. ISO 3183 [1] (API 5L), ISO 11960 [2] (API 5CT), ASTM A370 [6], ASTM E8M
[7], DIN 50125 [10], IACS W2 [13] and JIS Z2241 [14 ].

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6.1.2 Processed samples

Processed samples must have a constant transition radius between the probe heads and the test length if their cross-
sections are different. The size of the associated transition radius is important. It is therefore recommended, if it is not
listed in the relevant annex (see 6.2), to specify it in the material specification.

The shape of the probes can be any shape and must be adapted to the tensioning device of the tensile testing machine
accordingly. The longitudinal axis of the specimen must coincide with the line of action of the force.

The trial length L.c or, in the case of tensile specimens without a transition area, the free length between the fixtures must
always be greater than the initial measuring length L.O.

6.1.3 Unprocessed samples

If the specimen consists of an unprocessed product section or an unprocessed test piece, the free length between the
fixtures must be large enough that all measuring marks can be placed at a sufficient distance from these fixtures (see
Appendices B to E).

Cast samples must have a transition radius between the probe heads and the test length. The dimensions of this
transition radius are very important. It is therefore recommended that they be specified in the product standard. The
shape of the specimen heads can be any and is to be adapted to the tensioning device of the tensile testing machine,
provided that the center line of the specimen and
the line of action coincide. The trial length,L.c, must always be greater than the initial measuring length,
L.O, be.

6.2 species

The most common types of samples are described in Annexes B to E for the various product forms according to Table 2.
Other types of samples may be specified in product standards.

Table 2 - Sample types and product forms

Dimensions in millimeters

More appropriate
Product forms
attachment

Sheet metal - Wire - Rods - Profiles

Heavy plate -
Flat bars

thickness Diameter or side length

a

0.1 a! 3 - B.

- ! 4th C.

a"3 " 4th D.

Tube# E.

6.3 Preparation of the samples

The samples are taken and manufactured in accordance with the requirements of the international standards for the
different materials (e.g. ISO 377).

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7 Determination of the initial cross-section

The relevant dimensions of the sample should be measured on several cross-sectional planes, at right angles to the
longitudinal axis in the middle area of the test length of the sample.

Measurements on at least three cross-sectional planes are recommended.

As an initial cross-section, S.O, the middle cross-section is used. It is to be calculated from the measured values of the
corresponding dimensions.

The accuracy of this determination depends on the nature and the type of sample. In Annexes B
to E are methods for determining S.O for different types of samples and contain specifications about the measurement
accuracy.

All measuring devices used to determine the initial cross-section must be calibrated with appropriate standards that can
be traced back to national standards.

8 Identification of the initial gauge length

The initial gauge length L.O is identified by fine measuring marks, colored lines or embossing, whereby these marks must
not lead to premature breakage. The initial gauge length is with a
Indicate uncertainty of a maximum of 1%.

In the case of proportional specimens, the calculated value of the initial gauge length may be rounded to the nearest
multiple of 5 mm, provided the difference between the calculated and the marked
Initial gauge length less than 10% of L.O amounts to.

Exceeds the length of the trial L.c the initial gauge length is considerable, e.g. B. in the case of unprocessed samples, a
number of overlapping initial measurement lengths may be marked.

In some cases it can be advantageous to draw a line parallel to the longitudinal axis of the sample on which the
measurement marks are applied.

9 Accuracy of the test equipment

The force measuring device of the tensile testing machine must be calibrated according to ISO 7500-1 and meet at least
the conditions of class 1.

To determine the elongation limits (plastic or total extensometer elongation), the elongation measuring device must
correspond to at least class 1 according to ISO 9513 in the relevant area. For the determination of other characteristic
values (with extensometer strains greater than 5%), a class 2 extension measuring device according to ISO 9513 may be
used in the relevant area.

10 test conditions

10.1 Setting the force zero point

After completing the force train but before clamping the specimen at both ends, the force measuring system must be set
to zero. After the force has been set to zero, the force measuring system must not be changed in any way during the test.

ANNOTATION Using this procedure ensures that on the one hand the mass of the clamping
systems is compensated in the force measurement and, on the other hand, a force caused by the clamping of the sample does not affect
the measurement.

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10.2 Clamping method

The samples must be carried out using suitable equipment, e.g. B. Wedge grips, Threaded pieces, parallel clamping
testify or shoulder brackets are clamped.

Every effort should be made to clamp the specimens in such a way that the force acts as axially as possible in order to
minimize the influence of bending (for further information see e.g. ASTM E 1012 [8]). This is particularly important for
tensile tests on brittle materials or when determining the yield point for plastic extensometer elongation or the yield point
for total extensometer elongation or when determining the yield point.

In order to align the specimen in the clamping device, a pre-force may be applied that does not exceed 5% of the specified
or expected yield strength value. A correction of the elongation should be made taking into account the pre-force.

10.3 General
NOTE 1 The difference between method A and method B is that the necessary
Test speed in method A at the point of interest at which the characteristic value, e.g. B.R.p0.2 should be determined, is
defined, whereas in method B the necessary test speed in the elastic range, ie before the
Characteristic value (e.g. R.p0.2) is to be determined.

NOTE 2 When using method B, under certain conditions (e.g. for some steels at
a stress rate of about 30 MPa / s, when using a testing machine and a clamping system with high rigidity and a specimen
geometry according to Annex B, Table B.1, specimen shape 2) a strain rate close to range 2 of method A can be observed.

10.4 Test speed based on strain rate control (method A)

10.4.1 General

This method A is suitable for reducing the differences in the test speeds in the areas where characteristic values that are
dependent on strain rate are determined. It is suitable for minimizing the resulting measurement uncertainties of the test
results.

Two different types of strain speed control are described in this section. The first is the regulation of the stretch speed,eL,
which is based on the signal from the extensometer (closed
e loop). The second is the regulation of the estimated strain
rate over the test length,eL, by using a crosshead speed

c
is realized according to the product of the desired expansion rate and the test length (see equation (1)). A more precise
method is available and is described in Appendix F. If that
Material deformed homogeneously and the force is almost constant, are the expansion speed, eL, and the
e
estimated strain rate over the test length, eL, almost the same. There are differences
c
if the material shows inhomogeneous or "jagged" flow (e.g. as with some steels and Al-Mg alloys in the area of the yield
point elongation or materials that show "jagged flow" due to the Portevin-Le Chatelier effect) or if the sample constricts. If
the force increases, the estimated strain rate can be significantly lower than the desired strain rate due to the flexibility of
the testing machine.

The test speeds must meet the following requirements:

a) In the area up to and including the determination of R.eH, R.p or R.t is the specified expansion
speed, eL. (see 3.7.1). To the influence of the compliance of the
e
To eliminate the tensile testing machine and to ensure precise control of the strain rate in this area, it is necessary to
use a strain transducer on the specimen. (In the case of testing machines that cannot regulate the expansion rate,
the open loop method using the estimated expansion rate may be used over the

Trial length, eL, can be applied.)

c

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b) In the area of inhomogeneous flow, the estimated strain rate should be over the test length, eL (see 3.7.2). In this area
a regulation of the strain rate is
c
This is not possible with a strain transducer attached to the specimen, as local flow can take place outside the
extensometer measuring length. The recommended estimated stretching speed over the length of the test can be
achieved with sufficient accuracy in this range by adding a
constant crosshead speed, vc (see 3.7.3) (open loop), the following is used:

vc L.c eL.c (1)

It is

eL.c the estimated rate of elongation over the length of the test;

L.c the trial length.

c) In the area after R.p or R.t or after the flow has ended (see 3.7.2) eL. or eL. stay nd
e c
become. The usage ofeL. is recommended to prevent control problems that can occur due to local constrictions
c
outside the extensometer measuring length.

The expansion speeds specified in 10.3.2 to 10.3.4 must be observed during the determination of the relevant
characteristic values (see also Figure 9).

When switching to a different stretching speed or to another regulation, there should be no discontinuities in the stress /
extensometer-stretching curve which corresponds to the values for R.m, A.G
or A.gt (see Fig. 10). This discontinuity can be reduced by gently switching between the speeds.

The shape of the stress / extensometer-strain curve in the solidification area can also be influenced by the strain rate. The
stretching speed used should therefore be documented (see 10.6).

10.4.2 Strain rate to determine the upper yield point, R.eH or the elastic limit, R.p and R.t

The stretching speed, eL, is as constant as possible up to and during the determination of R.eH or
e
R.p or R.t to keep. During the determination of these parameters, the expansion rateeL. lie in one of the following two
e
specified areas (see also Figure 9):

Area 1: eL.e 0.000 07 s!1 with a relative tolerance of "20%

Area 2: eL.e 0,000 25 # s!1 with a relative tolerance of "20% (recommended unless otherwise
fixed)

If the testing machine cannot control the strain rate directly, the estimated strain rate over the test length is eL, ie to use
the constant crosshead speed (open loop). This speed
c must be calculated according to equation (1).

The resulting strain rate on the specimen is lower than the specified strain rate because the flexibility of the testing
machine is not taken into account. An explanation is given in Appendix F.

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10.4.3 strain rate to determine the lower yield point, R.eL, and the yield strength
extensometer elongation, A.e

After determining the upper yield point (see A.4.2), the estimated strain rate over the test length, eL, to hold in one of the
following two specified areas
c until the discontinuous flow ends (see Figure 9).

Area 2: eL.c 0.000 25 s!1 with a relative tolerance of "20% (recommended if R.eL to determine
is)
Area 3: eL.c 0.002 s!1 with a relative tolerance of "20%

10.4.4 rate of strain to determine tensile strength, R.m, the elongation at break, A, the total extensometer
elongation at maximum force, A.gt, the plastic extensometer strain at maximum force, A.G, and the
constriction of the fracture, Z

After determining the required yield / elongation limits, the estimated elongation speed must be calculated over the test
length, e, can be changed
L.c to one of the following specified areas (see Figure 9).

Area 2: eL.c 0.000 25 s!1 with a relative tolerance of "20%

Area 3: eL.c 0.002 s!1 with a relative tolerance of "20%

Area 4: eL.c 0.006 7 s!1 with a relative tolerance of "20% (corresponds to 0.4 min!1 with a

relative tolerance of "20%) (recommended unless otherwise specified)

If only the tensile strength is determined, the estimated rate of strain over the length of the test according to area 3 or 4
may be used throughout the test.

10.5 Test speed based on tension speed (method B)

10.5.1 General

The test speeds must correspond to the following specifications, which depend on the material. Unless otherwise
specified, any suitable test speed may be used up to a stress equal to half the specified yield strength. The test speeds
above this point are specified below.

10.5.2 Yield and elongation limits

10.5.2.1 Upper yield point, R.eH

The crosshead speed must be kept as constant as possible and within the limits corresponding to the tension speeds
given in Table 3.

ANNOTATION For information: Typical materials with a modulus of elasticity less than 150,000 MPa are
Magnesium, aluminum alloys, brass and titanium. Typical materials with a modulus of elasticity greater than 150,000 MPa
are wrought iron, steel, tungsten and nickel-based alloys.

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Table 3 - Voltage Rate

Modulus of elasticity of the material Tension speed

E. R.
MPa MPa s 1
min. Max.

! 150,000 2 20th

" 150,000 6th 60

10.5.2.2 Lower yield point, R.eL

If only the lower yield point is to be determined, the strain rate must be in the range of
Test length during flow between 0.000 25 s 1 and 0.002 5 s 1 lie. The expansion speed in the area of the test length must
be kept as constant as possible. If this expansion rate cannot be set directly, the corresponding tension rate must be set
shortly before the start of flow. This setting must not be changed until the flow has ended.

Under no circumstances should the tension speed in the elastic range exceed the maximum values given in Table 3.

10.5.2.3 Upper and lower yield point, R.eH and R.eL

If the upper and lower yield point are determined in the same test, the conditions for determining the lower yield point
apply (see 10.4.2.2).

10.5.2.4 Yield strength for plastic extensometer strain and yield strength for total
Extensometer elongation, R.p and R.t

Within the elastic range, the crosshead speed must be kept as constant as possible and within the limits that correspond
to the tension speeds given in Table 3. This crosshead speed must be maintained up to the yield point (plastic or total
extensometer elongation). Under no circumstances should the expansion speed be greater than

0.002 5 s 1.

10.5.2.5 Crosshead speed

If the testing machine is not able to measure or control the strain rate, a crosshead speed that corresponds to the tension
rate given in Table 3 must be used until the flow has ceased.

10.5.2.6 tensile strength, R.m, the elongation at break, A, the total extensometer elongation
Maximum force, A.gt, the plastic extensometer strain at maximum force, A.G, and the
constriction of the fracture, Z

After determining the required elongation and elongation limit values, the test speed may up to an elongation speed (or
corresponding crosshead speed) of a maximum of 0.008 s 1 increase.

If only the tensile strength of the material is determined, the rate of expansion may be 0.008 s during the entire test 1 do
not exceed.

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10.6 Selection of the method and the test speeds

If if not otherwise specified, the choice of method (A or B) and test speeds is subject to
the manufacturer or the test laboratory commissioned by him, provided that the stipulations of this part of ISO 6892 are
observed.

10.7 Documentation of the selected test conditions

The following system of abbreviations can be used to document the type of test speed control and the test speed in a
shortened form:

ISO 6892 Annn, or ISO 6892 Bn

where “A” symbolizes the method A used (strain rate control) and “B” the method B used (tension speed). The symbols
“nnn” represent a series of up to 3 characters that relate to the speeds during each phase of the test as shown in Figure 9.
"N" can be used to document the stress velocity (in MPa s1) be attached in the elastic area.

EXAMPLE 1 ISO 6892-1: 2009 A224 describes a strain rate-controlled test using the
Areas 2, 2 and 4.

EXAMPLE 2 ISO 6892-1: 2009 B30 describes a test based on the rate of tension, which is carried out with a
nominal stress speed of 30 MPa s 1 was / is carried out.

EXAMPLE 3 ISO 6892-1: 2009 B describes a test based on the rate of tension, which is performed with a
nominal tension speed according to Table 3 was / is carried out.

11 Determination of the upper yield point

R.eH may be determined from the force / extensometer elongation curve or a drag pointer force display and is defined as
the tension at the moment before the first significant drop in force occurs. The characteristic value
is obtained by dividing this force by the initial cross-section of the specimen, S.O, calculated (see picture 2).

12 Determination of the lower yield point

R.eL is determined from the force / extensometer-strain curve and is defined as the lowest value of the stress during
plastic flow, with transient effects not being taken into account. The
The characteristic value is determined by dividing this force by the initial cross-section of the specimen, S.O, calculated (see
picture 2).

To shorten the duration of the experiment R.eL as the lowest stress within an extensometer elongation of 0.25% R.eH are
assumed, with transient effects being disregarded
stay. After determiningR.eL according to this procedure, the test speed may be increased according to 10.3.4. The
application of this (temporally) shorter procedure should be stated in the test report.

ANNOTATION This section is only applicable to materials with a pronounced flow behavior if A.e
is not determined.

13 Determination of the yield strength in the case of plastic extensometer elongation

13.1 R.p is determined from the force / extensometer strain curve by drawing a line parallel to the straight part of the
curve at a distance equal to the prescribed plastic strain, e.g. B.
0.2%. The ordinate of the intersection of these parallels with the curve gives the force corresponding to the desired yield
strength in the case of plastic extensometer elongation. The yield strength is through
Dividing this force by the initial cross-section of the sample, S.O, calculated (see Figure 3).

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If the straight section of the force / extensometer-strain curve is not sufficiently pronounced and consequently the
parallel cannot be drawn with sufficient accuracy, the following procedure is recommended (see Figure 6).

If the expected yield strength is exceeded, the force is reduced to around 10% of the previous value. The force is then
increased again until the original value is exceeded. To determine the yield point sought, the center line is drawn through
the hysteresis loop. Then a parallel is drawn to this straight line at the distance from the corrected curve origin (measured
on the abscissa), which corresponds to the specified value of the plastic extensometer strain. The ordinate of the
intersection of these parallels with the force / extensometer strain curve gives the force corresponding to the yield
strength.
The yield strength is calculated by dividing this force by the initial cross-section of the specimen, S.O, calculated (see
Figure 6).

NOTE 1 To determine the corrected zero point of the force / extensometer-strain curve,
different procedures can be used. One technique that can be used is to draw a line parallel to the line defined by the
hysteresis loop as a tangent to the force / extensometer-strain curve. The intersection of this straight line with the
abscissa results in the actual zero point of the force / extensometer strain curve (see Figure 6).

NOTE 2 The plastic extensometer strain at the top dead center is only slightly higher than that
specified plastic extensometer strain for R.p. Reversal points with significantly larger values for the plastic extensometer
strain lead to a reduction in the slope of the straight line through the hysteresis loop. Care should also be taken to ensure
that the hysteresis is only started after the last yield point has been reached, but with the smallest possible extensometer
elongation, as otherwise disadvantageous effects on the gradient can be observed.

NOTE 3 It is uncommon to determine yield strengths during or after local flow, if not in the
Specified product standard or agreed between the contractual partners.

13.2 With automatic evaluation systems (e.g. microprocessor, etc.), this parameter can also be determined without
drawing the force / extensometer-strain curve, see Appendix A.

ANNOTATION Another possible method is described in GB / T 228 [12].

14 Determination of the yield strength for the total extensometer elongation

14.1 The yield point for the total extensometer elongation R.t is determined from the force / extensometer elongation
curve, taking into account 10.2, by drawing a line parallel to the ordinate axis (force axis) at the distance that corresponds
to the specified total extensometer elongation. The ordinate of the intersection of this straight line with the curve gives
the force corresponding to the desired yield strength for the total extensometer elongation. The yield strength is
obtained by dividing this force
by the initial cross-section of the sample, S.O, calculated (see Figure 4).

14.2 With automatic evaluation systems, this parameter can also be determined without drawing the force /
extensometer-strain curve, see Appendix A.

15 Procedure for verifying the limit value of the voltage for

a given permanent elongation
The tensile specimen is subjected to a force for 10 s to 12 s that corresponds to the specified tension. These
Force is calculated by multiplying the given voltage with the initial cross-section of the specimen, S.O,
receive. After the force has been removed, it is verified that the permanent elongation or extensometer elongation is not
greater than the value specified for the initial measuring length, see Figure 5.

ANNOTATION This attempt is a "met / not met" attempt and is usually not included as part of the
Tensile test carried out. The stress acting on the specimen and the permissible permanent elongation or extensometer
elongation are to be specified either by the product specification or by the customer. Example:
The result "R.r 0.5 750 MPa Met ”means that a stress of 750 MPa was applied to the specimen and the resulting permanent
set elongation (or extensometer elongation) was less than or equal to 0.5%.

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16 Determination of the yield point extensometer elongation

For materials that show discontinuous flow, A.e from the force / extensometer strain curve
by subtracting the extensometer elongation R.eH calculated from the extensometer elongation at the start of
solidification. The extensometer elongation at the start of consolidation is defined by the intersection of a horizontal line
through the last local minimum or a regression line in the area of flow before the start of consolidation and one
corresponding to the greatest slope of the curve
Straight line at the beginning of solidification (see Fig. 7). The yield strength extensometer elongation,L.e, is given in
percent.

The method used [see Figure 7 a) or 7 b)] should be specified in the test report.

17 Determination of the plastic extensometer strain at maximum force

The method consists in determining the extension of the extensometer gauge length at maximum force from the force /
extensometer strain curve measured with a strain transducer and subtracting the elastic strain.

The plastic extensometer strain at maximum force, A.G, is calculated according to equation (2):

& (L.m R.m #

A.g)$$ ' !! 100 (2)
% L.e mE "

It is

L.e the extension (of the extensometer gauge length);

mE. the slope in the elastic part of the stress / extensometer-strain curve;

R.m the tensile strength;

(L.m the extension (of the extensometer gauge length) at maximum force.

ANNOTATION For materials that show a plateau in the area of maximum force, the plastic extensometer
Elongation determined at the center of this plateau, see Figure 1.

18 Determination of the total extensometer elongation at maximum force

The procedure consists of determining the extension of the extensometer gauge length at maximum force
from the force / extensometer strain curve measured with a strain transducer.

The total extensometer elongation at maximum force, A.gt, is calculated according to equation (3):

(L.m 100
A.gt) (3)
L.e

It is

L.e the extension (of the extensometer gauge length);

(L.m the extension (of the extensometer gauge length) at maximum force.

ANNOTATION For materials that show a plateau in the area of maximum force, the plastic extensometer
Elongation determined at the center of this plateau, see Figure 1.

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19 Total extensometer elongation at break

The procedure consists of determining the extension of the extensometer gauge length at break
the force / extensometer strain curve measured with a strain transducer.

The total extensometer elongation at break, A.t, is calculated according to equation (4):

!L.f 100
A.t " (4)
L.e

It is

L.e the extension (of the extensometer gauge length);

!L.f the extension (of the extensometer gauge length) at break.

20 elongation at break

20.1 The elongation at break must be determined according to the definition given in 3.4.2.

For this purpose, the two fragments of the sample are carefully placed together so that their axes form a straight line.

It is particularly important to ensure that the fracture surfaces of the two fragments of the sample fit into one another as
well as possible when measuring the measuring length after the fracture. This is especially true with samples
with a small specimen cross-section and for specimens with low elongation at break.

The elongation at break, A, is calculated according to equation (5):

Lu# LO 100
A" (5)
L.O

It is

L.O the initial gauge length;

L.u the measuring length after the break.

The extension after the break, L.u # L.O, must be determined with an accuracy of at least 0.25 mm using a measuring
device with sufficient resolution.

If the required minimum elongation at break is below 5%, it is recommended to take special precautions when
determining the elongation at break (see Appendix H). The result of the determination of the elongation at break is only
valid if the distance between the point of break and the next measuring mark
at least L.O/3 is. However, it is valid regardless of the location of the break if the elongation at break reaches at least the
required value.

To avoid specimens where the distance between the break point and the next
Measurement mark smaller than L.O/3 must be discarded, the procedure described in Appendix I can be used by
agreement.

20.2 When using extensometers to measure the elongation at break, measuring marks are not required. Since the
elongation measured is the total elongation, to obtain the elongation at break, the elastic elongation must be subtracted.
In order to obtain values comparable with the manual method, additional measures may be necessary (e.g. sufficient
dynamics and frequency bandwidth of the extensometer, see A.3.2).

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Basically, the result of the measurement is only valid if the break and the neck elongation
within the extensometer measuring length, L.e, occur. However, it is also valid regardless of the location of the break if
the elongation at break reaches at least the required value.

If a product standard stipulates the determination of the elongation at break at a certain initial gauge length, then the
extensometer gauge length should be equal to this initial gauge length.

20.3 The extension can be measured on a fixed measuring length and converted to the proportional measuring length
using formulas or tables if this has been agreed before the start of the test (e.g. according to ISO 2566-1 and ISO 2566-2).

ANNOTATION Comparisons of the elongation at break are only possible if the measuring length or the extensometer measuring length
and the shape and area of the cross-section are the same or the proportionality factor, k, is equal to.

21 Determination of the fracture necking

The necking of the fracture must be determined according to the definition in 3.8.

If necessary, the two broken pieces of the sample are carefully joined together so that their axes form a straight line.

In the case of round specimens, the measurements in the necking area should be carried out in 2 planes rotated by 90 °
and the mean value for the calculation of Z be used.

It should also be ensured that the fracture surfaces do not shift during the measurement.

The constriction of the fracture, Z, is calculated according to equation (6):

S!OS.u 100
Z" (6)
S.O

It is

S.O the initial cross-section in the test length;

S.u the smallest cross-section after the break.

It is recommended S.u to be measured with an accuracy of # 2% (see Figure 13).

ANNOTATION The determination of S.u with an accuracy of # 2% is on round specimens with a small diameter
or on samples with other geometries often not possible.

22 Test report

Unless otherwise agreed between the partners involved, the test report must contain at least the following information:

a) Reference to this part of ISO 6892, expanded with the test conditions specified in 10.6: e.g. B. ISO 6892-1: 2009 A224;

b) identification of the sample;

c) material, if known;

d) type of sample;

e) sample position and direction, if known;

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f) Control type (s) of the test and test speed (s) or test speed range (s) (see
10.6), if deviating from the recommended control types and from the values specified in 10.3 and 10.4;

G) Test results.

Unless otherwise specified in product standards, the test results should be rounded off with at least the following
precision:

Strength values in megapascals: to the nearest whole number;

Yield strength extensometer elongation values A.e to 0.1%;

all other strain and extensometer strain values to 0.5%;

Constriction of the fracture Z to 1%.

23 Measurement uncertainty

23.1 General

The consideration of the measurement uncertainty is suitable for assessing the plausibility of measured values.

Product standards and material data sheets based on this part of ISO 6892 and earlier versions of ISO 6892 already
sufficiently take into account the aspects of measurement uncertainty. Further assumptions about measurement
uncertainty are unsuitable as they can lead to the rejection of products that correspond to the agreed declarations of
conformity. For this reason, the estimation of the uncertainty using this method is only informative.

23.2 Test Conditions

It is not permitted to correct the test conditions and limits specified in this part of ISO 6892 by the value of the
measurement uncertainty.

23.3 Test Results

The estimation of the measurement uncertainty must not be combined with measurement results in order to assess
compliance with product specifications.

To consider the measurement uncertainty, appendices J and K describe instructions for determining the uncertainty
based on the measured variables and document data from interlaboratory tests on steels and aluminum alloys.

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Legend

A. Elongation at break [determined with an extensometer or directly on the specimen (see 20.1)]
A.G Plastic extensometer elongation at maximum force
A.gt total extensometer elongation at maximum force
A.t total extensometer elongation at break
e Extensometer elongation
mE. Slope of the elastic part of the stress / extensometer-strain curve
R. tension
R.m tensile strenght
e Plateau area (for the determination of A.G see Section 17, for the determination of A.gt please refer
Section 18)

Figure 1 - Definitions of the extensometer strains

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a) b)

c) d)

Legend

e Extensometer elongation
R. tension
R.eH upper yield point
R.eL lower yield point
a Transient phenomenon

Figure 2 - Examples of the upper and lower yield strength at different

Shapes of the stress / extensometer-strain curve

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Legend

e Extensometer elongation
ep specified plastic extensometer strain stress
R.
R.p Yield strength in the case of plastic extensometer elongation

Figure 3 - Yield strength with plastic extensometer strain, R.p (see 13.1)

Legend

e Extensometer elongation
et total extensometer elongation
R. tension
R.t Yield strength at total extensometer elongation

Figure 4 - Yield strength with total extensometer elongation, R.t

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Legend

e Stretch or extensometer stretch

er permanent extensometer elongation or permanent elongation
R. tension
R.r Limit value of the stress for a given permanent elongation

Figure 5 - Limit value of the stress for a given permanent strain, R.r

Legend

e Extensometer elongation
ep specified plastic extensometer strain
R. tension
R.p Yield strength in the case of plastic extensometer elongation

Figure 6 - Yield strength in the case of plastic extensometer strain, R.p, alternative procedure (see 13.1)

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a) Horizontal line method b) regression method

Legend

A.e Yield strength extensometer elongation

e Extensometer elongation
R.eH upper yield point
R. tension
a Horizontal line through the last local minimum to solidification.
b Regression line in the range from flow to solidification.
c The straight line corresponding to the greatest slope of the curve at the beginning of solidification.

Figure 7 - Different evaluation methods for determining the

Yield strength extensometer elongation, A.e

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a) R.eH R.m b) R.eH! R.m

c) Special case of tension / extensometer strain behavior a

Legend

e Extensometer elongation
R. tension
R.m tensile strenght
R.eH Upper yield point
a There is no tensile strength for materials that show this stress-strain behavior R.m defined according to this part of
ISO 6892. If necessary, separate agreements can be made between the parties involved.

Figure 8 - Different forms of stress / extensometer-strain curves

to determine the tensile strength, R.m

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a) Procedure A b) Procedure B
Legend
e Expansion speed, in s-1
R. Stress velocity, in MPa s-1
t time
1 Area 1: e! 0.000 07 s "1 with a relative tolerance of # 20% area 2: e! 0.000
2 25 s "1 with a relative tolerance of # 20% area 3: e! 0.002 s "1 with a
3 relative tolerance of # 20%
4th Area 4: e! 0.006 7 s "1 with a relative tolerance of # 20% (0.4 min "1 with a relative tolerance of # 20%)

5 Control type: expansion speed controlled (closed loop) or traverse distance controlled (open loop) Control
6th type: traverse distance controlled (open loop)
7th elastic range of the experiment
8th plastic range for the determination of R.eL, R.p, R.t, A.e
9 maximum strain rate for the determination of R.m, A.gt, A.G, A.t, A, Z

a Recommended.

b Extended range to lower test speeds if the testing machine is not able to measure or control the strain rate (see
10.4.2.5).

NOTE 1 For symbols see table 1.

NOTE 2 For method B, the rate of strain in the elastic range is calculated from the rate of tension using the modulus of
elasticity of 210 000 MPa (steel).

Figure 9 - Representation of the strain rates to be used in the tensile test,

if R.eH, R.eL, R.p, R.t, R.m, A.e, A.G, A.gt, A, At and Z are to be determined

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Legend

e Extensometer elongation
R. tension
a Incorrect parameters, caused by a sudden increase in the strain rate, stress / strain
b behavior when the strain rate suddenly increases
ANNOTATION See Table 1 for an explanation of the symbols.

Figure 10 - Representation of an impermissible discontinuity in the voltage /

Extensometer strain curve

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a) Before the attempt

b) After the attempt

Legend

aO Initial thickness of a flat specimen or wall thickness L.t Total length of the sample
of a pipe L.u Measuring length after the break Initial cross-section
bO Width of a flat specimen in the test length S.O within the test length
L.c Trial length
1 Probes
L.O Initial gauge length

ANNOTATION The drawn shape of the probe heads is to be understood as an example.

Figure 11 - Processed specimens with a rectangular cross-section (see Annexes B and D)

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Legend

L.O Initial gauge length

S.O Initial cross-section within the test length

Figure 12 - Samples consisting of an unprocessed section of the product

(see Appendix C)

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a) Before the attempt

b) After the attempt

Legend

dO Initial diameter of a circular sample L.u Measuring length after the break
in the trial length S.O Initial cross-section within the test length
L.c Trial length S.u Smallest specimen cross-section after breakage
L.O Initial gauge length
L.t Total length of the sample

ANNOTATION The drawn shape of the probe heads is to be understood as an example.

Figure 13 - Machined samples with a round cross-section (see Appendix D)

a) Before the attempt b) After the attempt

Legend

aO Initial wall thickness of a pipe Outer
D.O diameter of a pipe Initial gauge
L.O length
L.t Total length of the sample
L.u Measuring length after the break
S.O Initial cross-section within the test length Smallest
S.u sample cross-section after the break
1 Probes

Figure 14 - Sample consisting of a pipe section (see Appendix E)

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a) Before the attempt b) After the attempt

Legend

aO Initial wall thickness of a pipe L.u Measuring length after the break
bO Average initial width of a pipe strip sample, test S.O Initial cross-section within the test length Smallest
L.c length S.u sample cross-section after the break
L.0 Initial gauge length
1 Probes
L.t Total length of the sample

ANNOTATION The drawn shape of the probe heads is to be understood as an example.

Figure 15 - Longitudinal strip sample from a pipe (see Appendix E)

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Appendix A.
(informative)

Recommendations for the use of computerized tensile testing machines

A.1 General

This appendix contains recommendations for determining the mechanical properties when using a computerized tensile
testing machine, especially for the software and for the test conditions.

These recommendations relate to the equipment of the machine, the software and its testing (validation) as well as the
test conditions of the tensile test.

A.2 Terms

The following term applies to the application of this Annex.

A.2.1
computerized tensile testing machine
Testing machine with which the test control as well as the data acquisition and processing are carried out with computer
support

A.3 tensile testing machine

A.3.1 Equipment

The testing machine should be equipped with an analog output of measured values that is not influenced by the
software. If such an output is not provided, it should be possible to output digital raw data. The testing machine
manufacturer should provide information about the generation of the digital raw data and its processing by the software.
The raw data should be given in SI units and should relate to the force, the extension (of the extensometer gauge length),
the crosshead travel, the time and the specimen dimensions. An example of a suitable data format is shown in Figure A.1.

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Legend

A. Protocol header
B. Test parameters and sample dimensions
C. data

Figure A.1 - Example of a suitable data format

A.3.2 Measurement acquisition frequency

The frequency bandwidth of each measuring channel as well as the data acquisition frequency should be sufficiently high
so that the material parameters to be determined can be recorded. So z. B. at
Determination of R.eH the equation (A.1) to determine the minimum measured value given in 1 / second
detection limit, fmin, be used:

e! E.
fmin " 100 (A.1)
R.eH! q

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It is

e the strain rate, in s-1;

E. the modulus of elasticity, in MPa;

R.eH the upper yield point, in MPa;

q the relative display deviation of the force measuring device of the testing machine (according to ISO 7500-1),
in%.

The selection of R.eH for equation (A.1) was made because it is the measured value of the test that is most strongly
influenced by the read-in frequency. When testing materials that do not have a pronounced yield point
should have the value of the yield strength R.p0.2 to be used. The recommended minimum reading acquisition frequency
can be halved.

If Method B (based on tension velocity) is used, the minimum reading

detection limit can be calculated according to equation (A.2):

R.
fmin " 100 (A.2)
R.eH! q

It is

R. the stress rate, in MPa s #1.

A.4 Determination of the mechanical properties

A.4.1 General

The testing machine software should meet the following requirements.

A.4.2 Upper yield point

R.eH (see 3.10.2.1) should be regarded as the tension that corresponds to the highest force value before a force decrease
of at least 0.5%, whereby in the subsequent stretching range of at least
0.05% of the previous maximum strength should not be exceeded.

A.4.3 Yield strength with plastic extensometer elongation and yield strength with total
extensometer elongation

R.p (see 3.10.3) and R.t (see 3.10.4) can be determined by interpolation between two pairs of measured values of the
curve.

A.4.4 Total extensometer elongation at maximum force

The A.gt-Value (see 3.6.4 and Figure 1) should be considered as the total extensometer elongation, which corresponds to
the extensometer elongation at maximum force.

For some materials it is necessary to smooth the stress / extensometer-strain curve and a regression based on a
polynomial is recommended. The area over which the curve is smoothed can affect the result. The smoothed curve should
represent the important area of the original stress / extensometer-strain curve in a meaningful way.

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A.4.5 Plastic extensometer elongation at maximum force

The A.G-Value (see 3.6.5 and Figure 1) should be considered as the plastic extensometer strain, which corresponds to the
extensometer strain at maximum force.

For some materials it is necessary to smooth the stress / extensometer-strain curve and a regression based on a
polynomial is recommended. The area over which the curve is smoothed can affect the result. The smoothed curve should
represent the important area of the original stress / extensometer-strain curve in a meaningful way.

A.4.6 Total elongation at break

A.4.6.1 The determination of A.t must refer to the definition of the

Specimen break.

The point after which the force drops between two successive measuring points is assumed to be the specimen break:

a) by at least five times more than between the two previous measuring points, followed by a drop to less than 2% of the
maximum tensile force;

b) to less than 2% of the maximum tensile force (for soft materials).

ANNOTATION An increased measured value acquisition frequency and / or the filtering of the force signal can be the result
this method can influence a certain point of specimen breakage.

Another method of detecting sample breakage is to record the electrical voltage or current that is allowed to flow through
the sample. With this method, the measured values before the sudden drop in the current are defined as sample
breakage.

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Legend

F. force
F.m Maximum force

F.n 1 Force at the measuring point n 1

!F.n, n " 1 Force difference between the measuring points n and n " 1
!F.n 1,n Force difference between the measuring points n 1 and n
t time
1 fracture
Measuring points

Break criteria:

!F.n 1,n # 5!F.n, n " 1

and or
F.n $ 1 0.02 F.m

Figure A.2 - Schematic representation of the definition of specimen fracture

A.4.6.2 If the extensometer remains on the specimen until it breaks and the elongation up to the specimen break is
measured, the value at point 1 in Figure A.2 is the specimen break.

A.4.6.3 If the extensometer is used before specimen break, but after the maximum force, F.m, away
or the elongation measurement is carried out before specimen break, but after the maximum force, F.m, interrupted, then
it is permitted to use the traverse path to determine the additional change in length between the removal of the
extensometer and the break. The method used should be verifiable.

A.4.7 Measurement of the slope of the curve in the elastic range

In order to ensure general validity for samples with unknown properties, the method used should not be based on
specified voltage limits, unless this is specified in the product standard or agreed between the partners involved in the
test.

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Methods that work on the basis of the displacement of curve segments are particularly suitable. The parameters are as
follows:

a) the length of the curve segments (number of points used);

b) the equation selected to determine the slope of the curve.

ANNOTATION If the straight part of the force / extensometer-elongation curve is not sufficiently pronounced, see 13.1.

The slope of the curve in the elastic range corresponds to the mean slope in a range in which the following conditions are
met:

c) constant slope of the curve segment;

d) the selected area must be representative.

In any case, it is recommended that the user can specify slope limits in order to avoid values that do not correspond to
the slope of the curve in the elastic range.

Information on this and other suitable methods can be found in the references [5], [17], [18], [19].

A recommended method for determining the slope of the elastic straight line to determine R.p0.2,
see reference [20], is described below:

linear regression in the linear range;

lower limit: ! 10% ofR.p0.2;

upper limit: ! 40% ofR.p0.2;

to get more exact values for R.p0.2 The elastic straight line should be checked and - if necessary - recalculated with
other limits.

A.5 Testing the software for determining tensile test parameters

The efficiency of the methods that the test system uses to determine the various material properties can be checked by
comparing them with the results that have been determined in the conventional way by evaluations / calculations on the
basis of recordings (diagrams) of analog or digital data. Data that comes directly from the (D / A) converters or amplifiers
of the machine should be collected and processed using devices with a frequency bandwidth, acquisition frequency and
measurement uncertainty at least equal to those used to provide the results calculated by the machine computer deliver.

If the differences in the arithmetic mean values between computer and manually determined values on the same
sample are small, this indicates that the testing machine has powerful software. To assess such differences, five identical
samples should be tested and the mean of the difference for each corresponding characteristic should be within the limits
shown in Table A.1.

NOTE 1 This procedure only confirms that the machine meets the material parameters for the respective
Specimen shape, the respective tested material and the respective test conditions are correctly determined. It must not be
concluded from this that the tested material properties are either correct or suitable for the intended purpose.

If other methods are used, such as B. the use of a pre-checked data set from a known material with a recognized high
level of quality assurance, this should meet the requirements of the above sections and Table A.1.

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NOTE 2 As part of the EU-funded project 'TENSTAND' (GBRD-CT-2000-00412), ASCII data

Files with agreed tensile test parameters are created that can be used to validate the software. [available (2009-07-23) at:
http://www.npl.co.uk/tenstand]. Further information on the 'TENSTAND' project can be found in references [21] and [22].

Table A.1 - Maximum Allowable Differences Between From Computer

specific and manually determined values

D. a sb
parameter
Relative c Absolutely c Relative c Absolutely c

R.p0.2 0.5% 2 MPa 0.35% 2 MPa

R.p1 0.5% 2 MPa 0.35% 2 MPa

R.eH 1% 4 MPa 0.35% 2 MPa

R.eL 0.5% 2 MPa 0.35% 2 MPa

R.m 0.5% 2 MPa 0.35% 2 MPa

A. - 2% - 2%

1n
a
D." !
n i D.
"1
i

n
b 1 !#D% $2
s" i D.
n%1
i "1

It is
D.i the difference between the result of the manual evaluation, H iand the computer evaluation, R, ifor a sample (D. i Hi! R); i
n the number of similar samples from a test piece ("5).
c The highest value (relative or absolute) should be used.

A.6 Computer-compatible representation of the standards

Computer-compatible representation of standards, using computer-readable data formats as part of

the CEN / WS ELSSI-EMD developed. They are suitable to increase the interoperability of systems
overcome and enable electronic documentation in the field of engineering materials. The results of the CEN / WS ELSSI-
EMD, which are aimed at establishing the applicability of data format definitions based on documented standards of
mechanical testing, are contained in CWA 16200: 2010 [42]. The guidelines that CWA 16200: 2010 describes for the
definition of computer-readable data formats are based on a documented test standard and were used for ISO 6892 Part
1. The resulting results are available on the BSI Standards Resources Server at http://standardsresources.bsigroup.com/
cwa/16200/2010.

To demonstrate the potential benefit, CWA 16200: 2010 contains examples of the reporting options for data formats
based on a tensile test that was carried out on samples made from certified reference material for tensile testing CRM 661
(INGELBRECHT and LOVEDAY 2000 [29]) as part of the TENSTAND project (RIDES and LORD, 2005 [21]).

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Appendix B.
(normative)

Specimen types for flat products with a thickness between 0.1 mm

and 3 mm: sheets, strips and flat rolled products

ANNOTATION Special precautions may be required for products less than 0.5 mm thick.

B.1 Sample shape

In general, the probe heads are wider than the width of the sample in the range of the test length. The transition from the
trial length,L.c to the probes must have a radius of at least 20 mm. The width of these heads should be 1.2bO be, where b
O the initial width is.

Upon agreement, the sample may also consist of a strip with parallel sides (strip sample). For products with a width of! 20
mm, the width of the sample may be the same as the product width.

B.2 Sample dimensions

Three different non-proportional sample geometries are commonly used (see Table B.1).

The trial length must be at least L.o " bO/2.

In arbitration cases it should always be the same L.o " 2 bO if sufficient material is available.

In the case of strip samples with a width of less than 20 mm, the initial measuring length, L.O, be equal to 50 mm, unless
otherwise specified in the product standard. With this type of specimen, the free length between the
Restraints equal L.o " 3 bO be.

In the event that the dimensions of each sample are measured individually, the shape tolerances in Table B.2 apply.

In the event that the width of the specimen corresponds to the width of the product, the initial cross-section must be S.O,
can be calculated from the measured sample dimensions.

The nominal width of the specimen can be used if the tolerances and shape tolerances according to Table B.2 are not
exceeded. In this way, the measurement of the sample width can be omitted before the test.

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Table B.1 - Sample dimensions

Dimensions in millimeters

At first- Trial length L.c Free length between the

P.robe width
measuring length
Restraints at
shape bO Wed
L.O ndest value Recommended Strip samples

1 12.5 1 50 57 75 87.5

2 20 1 80 90 120 140

3 25 1 50 a 60 a - Not defined

a The relationship L.O/bO and L.c /bO of sample form 3 is in comparison very small compared to sample forms 1 and 2. Therefore differentiate
Characteristic values, especially the elongation at break (absolute value and range of variation), which are determined on specimens of this shape, differ from the
characteristic values, which are determined on specimens with other shapes.

Table B.2 - Limit dimensions and shape tolerances for the width of the specimens

Dimensions and tolerances in millimeters

Nominal width of the specimen Tolerances a Shape tolerance b

12.5 0.05 0.06

20th 0.10 0.12

25th 0.10 0.12

a These tolerances apply if the initial cross-section, S.O, is used as a nominal value for the calculation of characteristic values without
measuring the cross-section of each individual sample.
b Maximum deviation in width over the entire length of the test, L.c.

B.3 Sample preparation

The samples must be produced in such a way that the material properties are not influenced. All areas that have been
strain-hardened by cutting or punching during sample production must - if they affect the properties - be processed.

These samples are mainly made from sheet metal and strips. If possible, the rolling surfaces should not be machined.

ANNOTATION The production of these samples by punching can lead to significant changes in the material
properties, especially the yield strengths (due to the solidification). Materials that solidify strongly should always be
finished by milling, grinding, etc.

In the case of very thin materials, it is recommended to cut strips of the same width and put them in a bundle with
intermediate layers of paper that is resistant to cutting oil. The individual bundles must be provided with thicker cover
sheets on both sides before the samples are processed to their final dimensions.

The tolerances given in table B.2, e.g. B. 0.05 mm for a nominal width of 12.5 mm, means that no specimen may have a
width outside the values given below, if the nominal value of the
Initial cross-section S.O is used without measurement.

12.5 mm! 0.05mm "12.55mm

12.5mm # 0.05mm "12.45mm

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B.4 Determination of the initial cross-section

S.O must be calculated from the measured sample dimensions or, if the sample is well prepared, from the nominal
values (see footnote a in table B.2).

The uncertainty in determining the initial cross-section must not exceed 2%. Since most of this uncertainty generally
arises from the measurement of the sample thickness, the uncertainty may be
of the measurement of the sample width should not be greater than 0.2%.

In order to obtain the material parameters with a reduced measurement uncertainty, it is recommended to determine the
initial cross-section with an accuracy of 1% or better. Special measuring techniques may therefore be necessary for thin
products / samples.

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Appendix C.
(normative)

Specimen types for wire, rods and profiles with one

Diameter or thickness less than 4 mm

C.1 Sample shape

The sample generally consists of an unprocessed section of the product (see Figure 12).

C.2 Sample dimensions

The initial gauge length, L.O, must be either equal to (200 2) mm or equal to (100 1) mm. The distance between the
fixtures of the testing machine mustL.o! 3 bO, but at least L.o! 20 mm.

If no elongation at break needs to be determined, a distance between the fixtures of at least 50 mm may be used.

C.3 Sample preparation

If the product is in a coiled form, it must be carefully straightened.

C.4 Determination of the initial cross-section

S.O must be determined with an accuracy of 1% or better.

For products with a circular cross-section, the initial cross-section may be calculated from the arithmetic mean of two
mutually perpendicular diameters.

The initial cross-section, S.O, in square millimeters, may also consist of the mass of a product section
of known length and its density can be calculated according to equation (C.1):

1,000 " m
S.o # (C.1)
$ " L.t

It is

m the mass of the sample, in grams;

L.t the total length of the sample, in millimeters;

$ the density of the material of the sample, in grams per cubic centimeter.

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Appendix D.
(normative)

Specimen types for flat products with a thickness equal to or

greater than 3 mm and wire, rods and profiles with a diameter
or a thickness equal to or greater than 4 mm

D.1 Sample shape

Usually the samples are processed. There must be transition areas (transition radii) between the test length and the
probes. The probes must correspond to the clamping devices of the testing machine (see Fig. 13). The transition areas
must have radii of at least

a) 0.75 dO for cylindrical samples, where dO the diameter is within the trial length;

b) 12 mm for other samples.

Profiles, bars, etc. may, if necessary, also be tested in the unprocessed state.

The cross-section of the sample may be circular, square or rectangular or, in special cases, also have a different shape.

For specimens with a rectangular cross-section, the ratio between width and thickness should not be greater than 8: 1.

In general, the diameter of machined cylindrical specimens must not be less than 3 mm within the test length.

D.2 sample dimensions

D.2.1 Test length of processed specimens

The trial length, L.c must be at least:

a) L.o (dO/2) for specimens with a circular cross-section;

b) L.O 1.5 S.O for proportional specimens with cross-sections other than cylindrical;

c) L.o (bO/2) for non-proportional samples (see Table D.2).

In arbitration cases, a trial length of L.O 2 dO or L.O 2 S.O to be used if sufficient sample material is available.

D.2.2 Length of unprocessed samples

The free length between the fixtures of the testing machine must be such that the measuring marks are at least a
distance of S.O to have these restraints.

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D.2.3 Initial gauge length

D.2.3.1 Proportional samples

In general, proportional samples are used where between L.O and the initial transverse
cut S.O there is a relationship given by equation (D.1):

L.O k SO (D.1)

It is k equals 5.65.

Alternatively can k equal to 11.3 can be used.

Samples with a circular cross-section should preferably have the dimensions given in Table D.1.

Table D.1 - Specimens with a circular cross-section

diameter Initial gauge length Minimum of the trial length

Proportionality factor d L.O k SO L.c
k
mm mm mm

20th 100 110

14th 70 77
5.65
10 50 55

5 25th 28

D.2.3.2 Non-proportional samples

Non-proportional specimens may be used if this is specified in the product standard.

The trial length, L.c, should not be less than L.o! bO/2. In the event of arbitration, the length of the trial
L.c L.o! 2 bO used unless the material dimensions do not allow it.

Table D.2 gives details for some typical specimen dimensions.

Table D.2 - Typical dimensions for flat specimens

Dimensions in millimeters

Average
width Initial gauge length Minimum of the trial length
overall length

bO L.O L.c L.t

40 ± 0.7 200 220 450

25 ± 0.7 200 215 450

20 ± 0.5 80 90 300

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D.3 Sample preparation

D.3.1 General

The tolerances of the cross-sectional dimensions of machined samples are given in Table D.3.

An application example for these tolerances is given in D.3.2 and D.3.3.

D.3.2 Limit dimensions

The value given in Table D.3, e.g. B. 0.03 mm with a nominal diameter of 10 mm, means that the diameter of any sample
must not exceed the following limit values if the
Initial cross-section, S.O, is used as a nominal value for the calculation of characteristic values without measuring the
cross-section of each individual sample:

10 mm! 0.03mm "10.03mm

10mm # 0.03mm" 9.97mm

D.3.3 Shape tolerances

The value given in Table D.3 means that for a sample with a nominal diameter of 10 mm, which meets the above
conditions for machining, the deviation of 0.04 mm between the smallest and the largest measured diameter must not be
exceeded.

Consequently, the largest diameter with a smallest diameter of this sample of 9.99 mm is allowed to be the value
9.99 mm! 0.04 mm "do not exceed 10.03 mm.

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Table D.3 - Limit dimensions and shape tolerances for various specimen cross-sections

Dimensions and tolerances in mm

Nominal
designation Tolerance a Shape tolerance b
Cross-sectional dimensions

3
! 0.02 0.03
" 6th

Diameters of machined specimens with a # 6th

! 0.03 0.04
circular cross-section and cross-sectional " 10
dimensions of specimens with a rectangular
cross-section machined on all four sides # 10
! 0.05 0.04
" 18th

# 18th
! 0.10 0.05
" 30th

3
! 0.02 0.03
" 6th

# 6th
! 0.03 0.04
" 10
Cross-sectional dimensions of specimens
with a rectangular cross-section that are # 10
! 0.05 0.06
only machined on two opposite sides " 18th

# 18th
! 0.10 0.12
" 30th

# 30th
! 0.15 0.15
" 50
a These limit dimensions apply if the nominal value of the initial cross-section, S.O is used to calculate characteristic values without
measuring each individual sample. If these tolerances are not adhered to, it is imperative to measure each individual sample.

b Maximum deviation between the measurements of a certain cross-sectional dimension over the entire length of the test, L.c the
sample.

D.4 Determination of the initial cross-section

The nominal cross-sectional dimensions can be used to calculate S.O are used for specimens with a circular cross-section
and a rectangular cross-section that are machined on all four sides, provided the tolerances given in Table D.3 are
observed. For all other specimen shapes, the initial cross-section from the specimen
measure, each with an uncertainty of at most! 0.5% are to be determined.

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Attachments
(normative)

Sample types for pipes

E.1 Sample shape

The sample consists either of a pipe section or a longitudinal or transverse strip from the pipe with full wall thickness (see
Figures 14 and 15), or it is a sample with a circular cross-section that has been machined from the pipe wall.

Processed transverse specimens, longitudinal specimens and specimens with a circular cross-section are described in
Appendix B for pipes with wall thicknesses less than 3 mm and in Appendix D for wall thicknesses equal to or greater than
3 mm. Longitudinal strip samples are generally only used for pipes with a wall thickness greater than 0.5 mm.

E.2 sample dimensions

E.2.1 Length of the pipe section

The pipe section may be provided with a plug at both ends. The free length between the
Stopper and go to the nearest measuring mark D.O/Exceed 4. In arbitration cases, the value must beD.O
be used if sufficient material is available.

The plugs must not exceed the value D.O protrude from the restraints into the specimen. Its shape must be such that it
does not affect the deformation in the test length.

E.2.2 Longitudinal or transverse strip samples

The trial length, L.c the longitudinal strip samples must not be flattened. However, the probes may be pressed flat for
clamping in the testing machine.

Dimensions other than those given in Annexes B and D for transverse or longitudinal strip samples may be specified in
the product standard.

Special care must be taken when straightening transverse strip samples.

E.2.3 Machined samples with a circular cross-section from the pipe wall

The taking of these samples is specified in the product standard.

E.3 Determination of the initial cross-section

Must for the rehearsal S.O can be determined to 1% or better.

The initial cross-section, S.O, in square millimeters of the pipe section or the longitudinal or transverse strip sample may
be calculated from the mass of the sample, the measured length and the density according to equation (E.1)
become:

1,000! m
S.o " (E.1)
# ! L.t

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It is

m the mass of the sample, in grams;

L.t the total length of the sample, in mm;

the density of the material of the sample, in g cm!3.

The initial cross-section, S.O a longitudinal strip sample must be calculated according to equation (E.2):

% ! +))*D.
2
" #
2
bO 2 / 2, D.O arcsin + bo ( b 2ao ( + bO (
! O$ "D! 2a O#2 !
1/2 o!
S.O- D.O! bO2 1 )) D ' && O b2O & arcsi n))
& && (E.2)
4th 4th * O 4th 2 ' * D.o! 2ao '

It is

aO the wall thickness of the pipe;

bO the mean width of the pipe strip sample;

D.O the outside diameter of the pipe.

The following simplified equations (E.3) can be used for longitudinal strip specimens if the ratio between the specimen
width and the outside diameter is less than the specified values
are:

3 bO2 0 bO 4th 0.25

S.o - aObO 11, . if (E.3)
12th6thD."O D.o! 2ao #
./ D.O

b
S.o - aObO if O 4th 0.10
D.O

In the case of a pipe section, the initial cross-section is S.O calculated according to equation (E.4):

S.o - 5 ao (D.o! aO) (E.4)

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Appendix F.
(informative)

Estimation of the crosshead speed taking into account the

Rigidity (or flexibility) of the test setup

Equation (1) does not take into account any elastic deformation of the test setup (load frame, load cell, clamping heads,
etc.) during the application of force to the specimen. It is possible to make an estimate to compensate for the deflection of
the test setup using the stiffness of the specimen
specific moment (e.g. at R.p0.2) to undertake. When the interesting moment is behind the
elastic range (e.g. at R.p0.2) the use of the stiffness of the sample in the elastic range of the stress / extensometer-strain
curve leads to a strongly overestimated compensation. The rigidity of the test setup must also be known for the clamping
head configuration and clamping head opening used. In some configurations, the effective rigidity of the test setup can
increase significantly if the jaws bite into the specimen during the test. It is essential that the rigidity of the test setup is
determined at the time the characteristic values are determined.

If desired, the crosshead speed compensated for the compliance of the test device can be calculated using the following
procedure, taking into account the rigidity of the test setup at the moment of interest and the slope of the stress /
extensometer-strain curve at the moment of interest. It is recommended to check the resulting strain rate at the point of
interest during the test to ensure that the calculation has been performed reasonably correctly.

The estimate of the strain rate in 1 / second during the test at the moment of interest is given by equation F.1 (see
reference [39]):

% m So & L.c "

em ' vc ## (F.1)
$ C.M. !

It is

C.M. the rigidity of the test setup, in N mm (1 (on the characteristic value of interest, such as R.p0.2, if the
Stiffness is not constant, e.g. B. when wedge chucks are used);

L.c the trial length, in mm;

m the slope of the stress / extensometer-strain curve at a certain moment of the experiment (e.g. at the
characteristic value of interest, such as R.p0.2), in MPa;

S.O the initial cross-section, in mm2;

vc the crosshead speed, in mm s (1.

ANNOTATION Values for m and C.M. from the elastic range of the stress / extensometer-strain curve
cannot be used.

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Equation (1) does not take into account the flexibility of the test setup (see 10.4.1). If the experiment is controlled via the
traverse path, a better approximation of the desired expansion speed can be achieved
can be achieved by using the crosshead speed calculated according to equation (F.2) (please refer

Bibliography [40]):

%mSO "
vc ' em #
# & L.c (F.2)
$ C.M. !

To use equation (F.1) or (F.2) it is necessary to determine the rigidity C.M. to know the complete test setup (load frame,
load cell, clamping heads with which the test of the samples is carried out, etc.). The following procedure, first described
byAegerter et. al. [53] leads to correct values for
the rigidity C.M:

A sample of the same geometry and similar properties as the material to be tested later is tested with a slow constant and
known crosshead speed. Then the following parameters are determined:

( the slope from the stress / extensometer-strain curve m in the area of interest
Momentary;

( from the extensometer strain / time curve the resulting strain rate in the range of
interesting moment.

The stiffness can then be calculated using equation (F.3) (rearranging equation (F.1) or (F.2)
to C.M) be calculated.

%v "
Cm 'm So / # #c) L.c (F.3)
$ em !

ANNOTATION This method should only be used for materials with homogeneous deformation behavior,
In the case of materials that show discontinuous or jagged flow, it is not necessary to know the stiffness, as the estimated
strain rate over the test length eL. and the simplified equation (1), (see 10.4.1)
c
instead of equation (F.2) to calculate the crosshead speed vc should be used.

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Appendix G.
(normative)

Determination of the modulus of elasticity of metals and uniaxial ones

tensile load

G.1 Introduction

In ISO 6892-1 is for the determination of the yield strength R.p the parallel shift of the regression line in the elastic area
of the stress / extensometer-strain curve by a defined amount is necessary.
Many users usually assume that the slope in the linear-elastic range of the stress / extensometer-strain curve corresponds
to the modulus of elasticity (E-module) E. of the tested material according to the relationship E = Stress / strain
corresponds. In general, the class 1 extensometers required for the (standard) tensile test do not have the required
accuracy for measuring very small strains in the elastic range in order to determine E-modulus values with a still
acceptable level of uncertainty.

It is not necessary to use this Appendix G for the determination of the slope of the stress / extensometer-strain curve for
the determination of yield strengths.

A further description of the determination of the modulus of elasticity in the tensile test is given in ASTM E111 [52]. For
further information see also SEP 1235 [43].

G.2 General
This appendix contains additional requirements for determining the modulus of elasticity under uniaxial tensile loading.
This test method is limited to materials that meet the following criteria:

negligible creep effects of the material in the evaluation area;

sufficient straight line in the elastic area of the material in the evaluation area.

These requirements relate to the test facility, the sample and the evaluation of the test.

The modulus of elasticity is a characteristic material property and is used to calculate the elasticity of products and
components that are exposed to Hooke's law under uniaxial tensile stress.

ANNOTATION Due to the travel limitation of the extensometer, this experiment is typically carried out separately
Test (differentiation from tensile test) carried out.

G.3 Terms
For the purposes of this appendix, the following additional terms apply.

modulus of elasticity
E.
Quotient of the change in tension! R and the percentage change in the extensometer elongation! E in the evaluation
range, multiplied by 100%

R.
E# "100%
e

ANNOTATION It is recommended that the results in GPa be rounded to 0.1 GPa and given in accordance with ISO 80000-1.

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Preset limit values: Lower voltage value R.1, upper elongation value e1, upper Voltage value R.2, lower

elongation value e2

Values between which the calculation of the modulus of elasticity is carried out

Correlation coefficient
R.2
Additional result of the linear regression, which describes the quality of the stress / extensometer-strain curve in the
evaluation area

ANNOTATION The symbol used R.2 is a mathematical parameter of regression and should not be used as a
squared voltage value must be considered.

Standard deviation of the slope

S.m
Additional result of the linear regression, which describes the deviations of the stress values from the regression
line for given strain values in the evaluation range

relative standard deviation of the slope

S.m (rel)
S.m 100%
S.m (rel) !
E.

Quotient of the standard deviation of the slope and the slope in the evaluation range, multiplied by 100%

G.4 test facilities

G.4.1 Accuracy of the test equipment

G.4.1.1 Force measuring devices

The force measuring device of the tensile testing machine must be calibrated according to ISO 7500-1 and meet the
requirements of class 1 in the relevant area.

G.4.1.2 Extension measuring system

The extension measuring system must be calibrated according to ISO 9513 and meet the requirements of class 0.5 in the
relevant area.

The elongation must be measured on opposite sides of the specimen.

ANNOTATION The use of a large measuring length (e.g. 50 mm) is recommended.

G.4.1.3 Resolution of the test system

The test system must be able to record at least 50 independent measured values in the evaluation range.

G.4.1.4 Measuring devices for determining the relevant sample dimensions

All devices used to determine the initial cross-section must be calibrated with reference standards and traceable to
national standards. The devices must be able to guarantee an accuracy of the measured data better than ± 0.5% of the
measured value.

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G.4.2 Clamping method and alignment

The clamping method and the alignment are important for determining the modulus of elasticity. For the requirements
regarding restraint, see 10.2 and for further information see ASTM E1012. For further helpful information see also ISO
23788.

It is recommended that mechanical devices (such as specimen stops) be used to position specimens so that good
alignment is achieved.

G.5 samples

G.5.1 General

The samples must be straight.

ANNOTATION I. E. bent or twisted specimens cannot be tested according to this annex.

The sample surface must be designed so that its condition does not affect the test result.

ANNOTATION If there are internal stresses in the sample as a result of the production process or sample manufacture
are available, the results of the test cannot be representative of the material.

G.5.2 Determination of the initial cross-section

To determine the initial cross-section, see Section 7. Requirements that go beyond Section 7 are that at least three
measurements are required for each dimension.

As an initial cross-section, S.O, the middle cross-section is used. It must be calculated from the measured values of the
corresponding dimensions and determined with an accuracy of ± 0.5% or better.

G.6 Procedure

G.6.1 General

If the stress / strain curve is up R.eH or R.p0.2 is not known, a preliminary test must be carried out before the actual test to
determine the modulus of elasticity.

G.6.2 Setting the force zero point

The adjustment of the force zero point must be carried out according to 10.1.

G.6.3 Test conditions

G.6.3.1 Test speed

Compared to the other parameters that are determined in the tensile test, the modulus of elasticity is less influenced by
the test speed. The test speed must correspond to that of method A, area 1.

G.6.3.2 Measured value acquisition frequency

The measured value acquisition frequency must be selected so that at least 50 measured values in the relevant range (R.
1, R.2) can be obtained.

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The minimum data acquisition frequency can be calculated according to equation (G.1)

f "N! E! e (G.1)
(R.2 R.1)

It is

N the number of measurement data in the relevant area.

EXAMPLE For steel with R.1 = 10 MPa and R.2 = 50 MPa and a test speed of 0.000 07 s1 must the
The measured value acquisition frequency must be greater than 18 Hz.

G.6.3.3 Test procedure

If the sample is used several times to determine the modulus of elasticity, the force used must not be greater than the
value that is 50% of the expected value R.eH or R.p0.2 corresponds to be.

Otherwise, it is recommended that the test be carried out to the point where plastic deformation can be observed.

G.7 evaluation

G.7.1 Averaging of the strain measurement signals

The averaged strain value, necessary for the calculation in G.7.2, is calculated for each stress value by averaging the
strains from the opposite sides of the specimen.

ANNOTATION Elongation values for each individual side of the specimen can be displayed. Differences in the
The gradients of the two curves can be reduced by optimizing the test equipment (reducing the bend). For additional
information see ASTM E 1012. For further helpful information see also ISO 23788.

G.7.2 Calculation of the modulus of elasticity

The following interactive method is recommended to evaluate the recorded data.

The method is based on a numerical determination of the best-fit line (least squares method), including the visual
assessment of the correspondence between this best-fit line and the curve with the actual measured values, followed by a
recalculation with changed parameters, if necessary. This method essentially corresponds to the manual analysis in the XY
diagram.

The use of this method depends on the availability of suitable computer software.

A linear regression of the stress over the strain (G.2) is between a given lower stress value R.1 and a predetermined upper
voltage value R.2 (alternatively, elongation values e1
and e2 are specified) to carry out:

R = (E! E / 100%) + b (G.2)

It is

R. the stress, in MPa;

E. the modulus of elasticity (elastic modulus), in MPa;

e the percent extensometer elongation, in%; the

b stress offset in MPa

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The straight line determined in this way is drawn in the stress / extensometer-strain diagram, the first part of this diagram
having to be enlarged for this purpose. The correspondence between the straight line and the curve is assessed visually.
It can be helpful to know the correlation coefficientR.², which should be close to 1 (> 0.9995). The number of data points
taken into account should be at least 50.

Another useful tool is the calculation of the relative standard deviation. The relative standard deviation takes into account
the correlation coefficientR.² and the number of data taken into account as well as other statistical data. It should be less
than 1%.

By shifting the lower and upper default values and recalculating according to the equation, the regression line (i.e. the
modulus of elasticity) can be adapted to the curve.

The following values are recommended as starting points for the regression calculation:

Predefined lower voltage value R.1! "! # $% of R.eH or R.p0.2

Specification of the upper voltage value R.2! "!% $% of R.eH or R.p0.2

In addition, the expansion offset can be calculated according to equation (G.3):

x (y = 0) = - b / E

NOTE 1 Under optimal test conditions, the selected default values will not have a major impact on the
Result of the calculation. Example: If the material fulfills the general conditions described in G.2
and the specified default values R.1 and R.2 10% and 40% of R.eH or. R.p0.2 are recalculated using the equation and within
the specified interval (e.g. 10% to 20%, 20% to 30%, 30% to 40% of R.eH
or. R.p0.2) do not significantly affect the result.

NOTE 2 In cases where the material does not show an elastic straight line, e.g. B. cast iron, or the
If the regression line is based on insufficient data quality (R² <0.9995), the modulus of elasticity should not be determined.

It is recommended to carry out regular controls with regard to the reproducibility of the results using suitable reference
samples in the configuration used for the test.

NOTE 3 Appropriate reference samples can be produced in-house and should be the same
Have the same geometry as the specimens to be tested.

In addition, there are various mathematical approaches and computer-aided analysis methods for the E-module data
analysis.

G.8 Measurement uncertainty

G.8.1 General

The estimation of the measurement uncertainty for the determination of the modulus of elasticity can be carried out according to CWA 15261-2, A.5
[9] or according to Annex K of this standard.

ANNOTATION The estimation of the measurement uncertainty according to CWA 15261-2 is based on absolute values. this leads to
different estimates of the respective individual uncertainty budget, if z. B. the sample dimensions or the extensometer
measuring length can be changed. The estimation of the measurement uncertainty according to Annex K of the standard
is based on relative estimates. Therefore, the relative assumptions usually do not change. The relative measurement
uncertainty budget of the strain measurement is an exception. Because of the very small strains during the test in the
elastic range, the absolute uncertainty of the strain measurement is relevant for the uncertainty contribution (according
to ISO 9513).

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G.8.2 Estimation of the measurement uncertainty according to CWA 15261-2

G.8.2.1 General

ANNOTATION In CWA 15261-2 L.O as a symbol for the measuring length and mE. for the slope of the elastic part
the force / strain curve is used. To ensure conformity with this document and to avoid confusion, the following symbol (in
contrast to CWA) is usedL.e for the extensometer measuring length and S.E. for the slope of the
elastic part of the force / elongation curve.

The measurement uncertainty according to CWA 15261-2 is calculated according to equation (G.4)

2 2 ( S.E. L. %2
%
( L.e ( S.E.% 2 L.e e # " u2 S!
uc(E) + &&
# " u2 S. E. ! * &&
# ! *)&
& O (G.4)
S. S.O2 #
##"u
' O$ ' S.o $ ' $

It is

L.e the extensometer gauge length;

S.O the initial cross-section;

S.E. the slope of the force / elongation curve;

u (Le) the uncertainty of the extensometer gauge length;

u (pO) the uncertainty of the initial cross-section;

u (pE) the uncertainty of the force / elongation curve.

G.8.2.2 Example for the calculation of the measurement uncertainty

Table G.1 shows the results of an example for the measurement uncertainty according to CWA 15261-2 for the measured
modulus of elasticity of 186.7 GPa [54], based on the following data:

, L.e: 50 mm

, S.O: 78.5 mm2

, S.E: 293.07 kN / mm

, u (Le): 0.144 mm

, u (pO): 0.785 mm2

, u (pE): 0.064 kN / mm

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Table G.1 - Uncertainty contributions, example 1 according to CWA 15261-2

Influencing factor Uncertainty componenta

Le
So
0.637 1
mm

u SE! 0.064 kN
mm
S.E.
3.733 kN
S.O mm3
u le! 0.144 mm
S.E. L.e
" - 2.378 kN
S.O2 mm4th

u so! 0.785 mm2

uc E! b 1.9 kN
mm2
a Values are for information only.
b uc E! was calculated according to equation (G.5).

uc (E) # 0.637$ 2 0.0642% 3.733$ 2 0.1442% " 2,378!2 0.78 $ 5 2 # 1.9 GPa (G.5)

For a confidence interval of 95%, the combined uncertainty with the coverage factor, k = 2,
are multiplied, see equation (G.6).

UE! # k * uc E! #2 * 1.9 GPa # 3.8 GPa (G.6)

This is 2.0% based on the Young's modulus of 186.7 GPa.

The result of the E-modulus determination is: 186.7 GPa ± 3.8 GPa (k = 2, 95% confidence interval).

This means that with a confidence level of 95%, the true value of the modulus of elasticity lies in the range between 182.9
GPa and 190.5 GPa.

G.8.3 Estimation of the measurement uncertainty according to Appendix K

Table G.2 contains uncertainty components for the uncertainty analysis according to Annex K of this standard for the modulus of
elasticity.

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Table G.2 - Uncertainty components, example 2 from Appendix K.

Influencing factor Uncertainty componenta

Standard deviation of the slope

0.2
S.m (rel)

Standard deviation of the

Abscissa values (X values) of the XY 3
Chart, S. b, c X

Standard deviation of the

Ordinate values (Y values) of the XY 1
Chart, S.Y

Extensometer measuring length, L.e 0.5

Initial cross-section, S.O 1

a Values are for information only.
b S.m based on S.x and S.y, therefore should S.x and S.y must be taken into account.
c Due to the small extensions that are measured during the test, the absolute value (1.5 µm of
a class 0.5 strain transducer) should be used.
Example:

R = 200 MPa, E = 200 GPa, L.e = 50 mm results in an extension of 0.05 mm. Using the
permissible deviation of 1.5 µm (absolute value of a class 0.5 strain transducer) results in an
uncertainty contribution of 3%.

The combined uncertainty in percent of the modulus of elasticity is given by equation (G.7).

2 2 2 2 2
' $ 0.2 '3 $ '1 $ ' $ 0.5 '1 $
% " (% " (% " (% " "
uc (E)! % " % " % " % " (%% "! 1.9% (G.7)
&3# &3# &3# &3 # &3#

For a confidence interval of 95%, the combined uncertainty with the coverage factor, k = 2,
are multiplied, see equation (G.8).

U) E *! k * uc)E *! 2 * 1.9%! 3.8% (G.8)

The result of the E-modulus determination is: (186.7 ± 7.1) GPa (k = 2, 95% confidence interval).

This means that with a confidence level of 95%, the true value of the modulus of elasticity lies in the range between 179.6
GPa and 193.8 GPa.

G.8.4 Aptitude test

A “modulus of elasticity” aptitude test was carried out and the measurement uncertainty determined for all participants. The
determined measurement uncertainty for the determination of the modulus of elasticity was between 1.2% and 5% (with 95%
confidence interval) [54].

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G.9 test report

The test report must contain the information specified in Section 22 a) to f). In addition, it must contain the following
information:

a) Type of strain measuring system;

b) the specified voltage values R.1 and R.2 (in MPa) or the specified elongation values e1 and e2
(in %);

c) Number of data points in the evaluation range (between R.1 and R.2 or e1 and e2);

d) Modulus of elasticity E (in GPa), rounded to the nearest 0.1 GPa and according to ISO 80000-1.

e) Measurement uncertainty including the confidence interval (in GPa) and the method of determination (CWA 15261-2,
A.5, or Table G.2 of this annex);

f) Correlation coefficients R.2 the regression curve or the standard deviation S.m (in GPa) or the relative standard
deviation sm (rel) (in %).

G.10 Further information

In general, it is difficult to determine reliable values of the modulus of elasticity in tensile tests, unless special high-
resolution averaging strain transducer systems are used. As a rule, however, these devices cannot be used for the
complete tensile test (ie until the specimen breaks). If strain transducers measuring on one side or “clip on” systems are
used, even the smallest deviations in the alignment of the specimen can lead to large deviations in the apparent E-
modulus determination.

G.11 Other methods of determining the modulus of elasticity

The tensile test is not the best method for determining reliable values of the modulus of elasticity and other alternative
methods, e.g. B. Impulse excitation or ultrasound are to be preferred (Dean et al, 1995 [17] and Lord & Orkney, 2000 [44]).

Extensive research on the method of determining the modulus of elasticity is now also available as a PDF document that
can be downloaded free of charge from the NPL (Lord & Morrell, 2006, [45]).

A simple method for determining the modulus of elasticity using a microphone and a laptop computer has recently been
developed (Carpenter & Nunn, 2012 [46]).

Concerns are often raised about the differences between the E-modulus values from the static (isothermal) method, i.e.
from the tensile test compared with dynamic (adiabatic) methods,
ie impulse excitation or ultrasound. The difference, however, is relatively small ~ 0.5% ((Dean et al. 1995 [17], Lord &
Morrell, 2006 [45]).

G.12 Uncertainty and Comparability

Complete uncertainty budgets are not included here, but methods for estimating the uncertainty on the basis of the GUM
[4]. In connection with GUM as part of the European UNCERT project, these methods were developed for the E-modulus
determinations in tensile tests (Gabauer 2000 [47]) as well as for dynamic measurements (Bullough, 2000 [48]). Examples
are given in the documents with values of 0.82% for the tensile test and! 4.2% for dynamic methods. Unfortunately, such
methods do not necessarily contain the unknown factors that contribute significantly to the estimated uncertainties,
which is why the very low values of! 0.82% differ significantly from the documented values from tensile test round robin
tests. For example, in TENSTAND

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Project carried out over 900 tests as part of WP4 with ten laboratories, 4 sample geometries, 3 test conditions and 6
materials; the uncertainty ranged from 3% to 28% (Lord, Rides & Loveday 2005 [49]). In earlier work, the following results
for the uncertainty in determining the modulus of elasticity were reported for various measurement methods on the
Nimonic 75: a) for the tensile test
!6.2%, b) for bending resonance! 1% and c) for ultrasound! 1.7% [Dean et al, 1995 [17]).

The uncertainties of the Young's modulus determination summarized in the following table are based on twice the
standard deviation from various round robin tests for the tensile test and were used as part of
of the TENSTAND project (see Lord & Morrell, 2006).

Table G.3

year uncertainty
literature author material (± 2SD)
%

Testing Materials Unwin [50] 1910

2
of Construction

VAMAS Lord, Roebuck & 1995

SiC / Al MMC 6th
Orkney [51]

BCR Tensile Ingelbrecht & 2000

Reference Loveday [29]
material
Nimonic 75 12th

CRM 661

TENSTAND WP3 Lord, Rides & 2005

Modulus Loveday [49] Various 5 to 25
Measurement

TENSTAND WP2 Lord, Loveday, 2005

ASCII data files Rides & Various -
1 to 6
McEnteggart ASCII records
[22]

It should be noted that most of the above results are based on the criteria of ISO 6892-1: 2009 or earlier equivalent
standards which typically used class 1 single ended extensometers. If double-sided strain transducers of class 0.5, as
described in this appendix, are used, the measurement uncertainty should be lower.

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Appendix H.
(informative)

Measurement of elongation at break, if the prescribed value

is less than 5%

The measurement of elongation at break values less than 5% should be carried out with particular care.

A recommended procedure is described below:

Before starting the experiment, a very small mark should be made near both ends of the length of the experiment. With
the help of a dividing device with needle points that are at the same distance as the measuring length, an arc is struck
with the first marking as the center. After the break, the broken specimen should be placed in a jig. By applying an axial
compressive force, preferably by using a screw, the sample pieces are firmly pressed together during the measurement. A
second arc should be made with the same radius from the original center point closest to the break. The distance
between the two marks is measured with a measuring microscope or other suitable instrument. To make the fine
markings more visible,

ANNOTATION Another method is described in 20.2 (measuring the elongation when breaking with a
Strain transducer).

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Appendix I.
(informative)

Determination of elongation at break when subdividing the initial gauge length

In order to avoid having to discard samples in which the break does not meet the conditions specified in 20.1, but the
complete constriction is within the measuring length, the following procedure may be used:

a) before the test, the initial gauge length is L.O, in N equal parts divided from 5 mm (recommended) to 10 mm;

b) after the test, the measuring mark on the short fragment of the sample is marked with X referred to, while the
measuring mark on the long fragment of the sample, which is the same distance from the break as the measuring
mark X, With Y referred to as.

Is n the number of partial spaces between X and Y, then the elongation at break is determined as follows:

1) If N n results in an even number [see Figure I.1a)], the distance between X and Y, lXY and the distance from Y to the
graduation Z, lY Z, measured at (N n) /2 distances beyond Y lies.

The elongation at break, A. is then calculated according to equation (H.1):

l XY " 2l Y Z L.O
A# !100 (I.1)
L.O

2) if N n results in an odd number [see Figure I.1b)], the distance between X and Y and the distance from Y to the tick
marks Z $ and Z%, l YZ $ and l Y Z%, measured at (N n 1) / 2 and
(N n "1) / 2 distances beyond Y lie.

The elongation at break is then calculated according to the equation:

lXY " lYZ $ " lYZ $$ L.O

A# !100 (I.2)
L.O

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a) N n is an even number

b) N n is an odd number

Legend

N Number of equal parts number of intervals

n between X and Y
X Measurement mark on the shorter fragment of the sample
Y Measurement mark on the longer fragment of the sample are
Z, Z !, Z " graduation marks

ANNOTATION The drawn shape of the probe heads is to be understood as an example.

Figure I.1 - Examples for determining elongation at break

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Appendix J
(informative)

Determination of the plastic elongation without constriction

(Uniform expansion), A.wn for long products such as rods,
Wires and rods

The method is based on the measurement of the longer part of a broken sample.

Before the experiment, equidistant markings are made on the measuring length. The distance between two successive
marks corresponds to part of the original measuring length,L. O. The marking of the original measuring length, L. O,
should have a permissible measurement deviation of! 0.5 mm
respectively. The determination of the measuring length after the break,L. u, is carried out on the longer part of the
broken sample in such a way that a permissible measurement deviation of 0.5 mm should be observed.

For the measurement to be valid, the following two conditions should be met:

a) The limits of the measuring range should be at least 5 dO from the fracture zone and at least 2.5 dO of
be removed from restraint;

b) the measuring length should at least correspond to the value specified in the product standard.

The plastic strain without constriction (uniform strain) is calculated according to equation (J.1):

L.u # L.o "100

A.wn $ (J.1)
L.O

ANNOTATION With many metallic materials, the maximum force occurs in the area of the incipient constriction.
That is, the values for A.G and A.wn are almost identical for these materials. However, large differences are observed in
heavily cold-formed materials such B. doubly reduced tinplate or steel with structural radiation damage or if the tests are
carried out at elevated temperature.

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Appendix K
(informative)

Estimation of the measurement uncertainty

K.1 Introduction

This appendix gives a guide for estimating the measurement uncertainty when applying this part of ISO 6892. It should be
emphasized that an absolute statement about the measurement uncertainty of this test method is not possible, since it
does both material-dependent as well as material-independent There are influencing variables on the measurement
uncertainty. ISO / IEC Guide 98-3 [4] is a comprehensive document of over 90 pages based on strict statistical methods for
adding measurement uncertainties of various origins. Its complexity has prompted a large number of organizations to
issue simpler editions (see NIS 80 [15], NIS 303 [16] and Bibliography [23]). All of these documents provide guidance on
how to estimate the measurement uncertainty on the basis of the “uncertainty budget”. For details see EN 10291 [11] and
reference [24]. Further information on estimating the measurement uncertainty can be found in the literature references
[25] and [26]. The measurement uncertainty discussed here does not describe the scatter that results from the
inhomogeneity of the material, such as B. from one batch, from the beginning and end of a pressed profile or rolled strip
or from different positions of a casting. Rather, it describes the uncertainty based on the scatter of the data that are
obtained when an ideally homogeneous material is tested in different tests, on different testing machines or in different
laboratories. In the following subsections, various influences are described and instructions for determining the
measurement uncertainty are given.

ANNOTATION The values for the comparative precision listed in Tables K.2 to K.4 are reproduced
ISO / IEC-Guide 98-3 [4] represent half the range and should be viewed as values for the plus or minus spread ().

K.2 Estimation of the measurement uncertainty

K.2.1 General

The standard uncertainty, u, the value of a parameter can be estimated in two different ways
become:

K.2.2 Type A— through repeated measurements

s
u! (K.1)
n

It is

s the standard deviation of the measurements;

n the number of averaged individual measurements that were used to document the measurement under normal
conditions.

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K.2.3 Type B - from other sources, e.g. B. calibration certificates or specified tolerances

Here the true value lies somewhere in the defined interval, so that the distribution can be assumed to be rectangular or
uniform. The standard uncertainty is calculated according to equation (K.2):

a
u (K.2)
3

It is

a half of the range in which the parameter presumably lies.

Often the determination of a parameter y associated with the measurement of other quantities. When estimating the
measurement uncertainty ofy the contributions of all these measurements to the measurement uncertainty must be
taken into account. It is known as the combined uncertainty. When determining the easy
Addition or subtraction of a series of measurements, x1, x2, ..., xn, includes the combined
Uncertainty of y, u (y) determine according to equation (K.3):

u (y) !u (x)
12 # u (x2) 2 # ( n )"2
# ux (K.3)

It is

u (x1) the uncertainty of the parameter x1 etc.

K.3 Influence of the test device on the uncertainty of the characteristic values

The uncertainty of the results of a tensile test includes parts of the test equipment used. Different characteristic values
therefore have different contributions to the uncertainty depending on how they are determined. Table K.1 presents the
test fixture uncertainty contributions that should be considered in determining the main tensile test parameters. Some of
these parameters can be determined with less uncertainty than others. Eg is the top one

Stretch limit R.eH only from the uncertainty of the force measurement and the uncertainty of the determination of the
The initial cross-section depends on the yield strength R.p depends on the uncertainties of the force, the extension (the
extensometer measuring length), the measuring length and the initial cross-section. in the
Case of elongation at break Z the measurement uncertainties of both cross-sectional determinations - before and
after the exam - be taken into account.

Table K.1 - Proportion of different quantities on the uncertainty of parameters

Characteristic values

size
R.eH R.eL R.m R.p A. Z

force + + + + - -

renewal - - - + + -

Measuring length - - - + + -

S.O + + + + - +

S.u - - - - - +

ANNOTATION
+ relevant
- Not relevant

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The uncertainties of the characteristic values listed in table K.1 may be derived from the calibration certificates of the test
equipment used to determine the characteristic values. For example, the standard uncertainty value is for a force
measurement using a machine with the certified uncertainty of 1.4%
1.4 / 2 or 0.70%. It should be noted that a classification (on the tensile testing machine or extensometer) in class 1.0 does
not necessarily guarantee an uncertainty of 1%. The uncertainty can be significantly larger or smaller (see e.g. for the
force ISO 7500-1). Therefore, the calibration certificates of the measuring devices should be observed. Contributions to
the uncertainty that can result from the drift of the measuring device during calibration and by using the measuring
device under different environmental conditions should also be taken into account.

Continuing the example according to equation (K.3), taking into account the uncertainty of the force or extensometer-
strain measurement, results in the combined uncertainty for the characteristic values R.eH, R.eL,

R.m and A: 1.4 / 2!2 # 1/3!2 " 0.702 # 0.582 " 0.91% using the square root of the sum of
Error squares.

To estimate the uncertainty of R.p the simple addition of the standard uncertainty contributions from the classifications of
the measuring devices is not suitable. The force / extensometer strain curve must be
to be viewed as. If z. B. the determination ofR.p takes place at a point on the force / extensometer-elongation curve where
the force display does not change over a stretch range, the uncertainty of the force display due to the uncertainty of the
elongation measurement is not decisive. But if on the other hand
the determination of R.p takes place at a point on the force / extensometer-elongation curve where the force display
changes significantly compared to the elongation, the uncertainty of the particular force can be much greater than the
contribution of the uncertainty that comes from the classification of the measuring device. In addition, the determination
of the slope of the elastic part of the stress / extensometer
Elongation curve, mE, the result of R.p influence if the curve in this area is not an ideal straight line.

Table K.2 - Examples of the proportion of different measuring equipment on the uncertainty of characteristic values

Share in the uncertainty a

size %

R.eH R.eL R.m A. Z

force 1.4 1.4 1.4 - -

renewal - - - 1.4 -

Measuring length L.e, L.O - - - 1 -

S.O 1 1 1 - 1

S.u - - - - 2
a Values for information only

The combined uncertainty for Z, uZ, in%, is to be calculated according to equation (K.4):

2
) aS.o $&2 ) aS & ) 1 &
2
&
2
uZ "' #' u $ " ' $ #) '2 $ " 0.5772 #1.1552 " 0.33 # 1.33 "1.29 (K.4)
' 3 $ ' 3%$ (3 % (3 %
( % (

In Table K.3 are for some Characteristic values the combined standard uncertainties using the
using the same approach.

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Table K.3 - Examples of the combined uncertainty

Combined uncertainty for various parameters

%

R.eH R.eL R.m A. Z

0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 1.29

In accordance with ISO / IEC Guide 98-3 [4] becomes the total expanded uncertainty by multiplying the combined
standard uncertainties by a coverage factor k calculated. For one
95% confidence level k 2.

Table K.4 - Examples for a confidence interval of 95%, k = 2 (based on Table K.3)

95% confidence level, k 2 for various parameters

R.eH R.eL R.m A. Z

1.82 1.82 1.82 1.82 2.58

Only fractions of uncertainties with the same unit can be added in the calculation shown. For further and more detailed
information on the measurement uncertainty in tensile tests, see CWA 15261-2 [9] and reference [27].

It is strongly recommended to check test samples regularly and to show the standard deviations of the results in relation
to a special "material test". The representation of the resulting standard deviation of the results of the test samples over
time gives a good overview of whether the uncertainty of the characteristic values is within the expectation.

K.4 Material and / or parameters dependent on the test sequence

The precision of the tensile test results depends on influencing variables that relate to the material to be examined, the
testing machine, the test sequence and the method used to determine the specific material properties. In principle, all of
the following factors should be considered:

a) Test temperature;

b) Test speeds;

c) Sample geometry and sample preparation;

d) Clamping method and axiality of force introduction;

e) Characteristics of the testing machine (rigidity, drive and type of control);

f) Operating and software errors in connection with the determination of tensile test parameters;

G) Attachment of the extensometers and their geometry.

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The influence of the above-mentioned factors depends on the respective material behavior and cannot be given as a
defined value. If the influence is known, it can be taken into account when calculating the uncertainty as described in
Section K.3. It is also possible to include other sources of uncertainty when estimating the expanded measurement
uncertainties. This can be done according to the following approach:

1) The user must identify all other possible sources that have a direct or indirect influence on the characteristic
values to be determined.

2) Relative proportions can vary according to the material to be tested and the special test conditions. Individual
laboratories are required to compile a list of possible sources of uncertainty and to evaluate their influence on
the results. When a
significant influence is present, this uncertainty is, ui to be taken into account in the calculation. The uncertainty
ui is the uncertainty of the source i on the one to be determined
Characteristic value in%, as described in equation (K.3). Forui the distribution function of the corresponding
parameter (normal distribution, rectangular distribution, etc.) is to be determined. Then the influence on the
result is to be determined on the basis of the one-sigma level. This is then the standard uncertainty.

Round robin tests can be used to determine the total uncertainty of parameters under conditions close to those of
industrial laboratories. However, these tests do not separate effects that can be traced back to material inhomogeneities
from those that are based on the test method, see Appendix K.

If suitable certified reference materials are available, they should be used because they make a useful contribution to
determining the total measurement uncertainty for each testing machine, taking into account the influence of restraints,
bends, etc. These influences have not yet been recorded quantitatively. An example of a certified reference material is
BCR-661 (Nimonic 75), available from IRMM, see CWA 15261-2 [9].

Alternatively, it is recommended to carry out internal laboratory tests on materials with a very low scatter of the
characteristic values (non-certified reference materials) for regular quality control, see reference [28].

There are some examples for which it is very difficult to give precise values for the uncertainty without reference
material. If it is important to secure the uncertainty values, it is recommended in some cases to use certified reference
material or non-certified reference material to confirm the measurement uncertainties. If no reference material can be
used, suitable comparative tests are necessary, see references [21] and [30].

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Appendix L.
(informative)

Precision of tensile tests - results of proficiency tests

L.1 Comparability of the measurement results from different testing laboratories

Tables L.1 to L.4 provide information on the typical scatter of tensile test results for different materials from comparative
tests between different test laboratories. This includes both the material scatter and the measurement uncertainty. The
results for the comparative precision are expressed in%. They are calculated by taking the standard deviation of the

corresponding characteristic value, e.g. B.R.p, R.m, Z and A, multiplied by 2 and the result divided by the mean. These
comparative precision values apply to a confidence level of 95% and correspond to the recommendations in ISO / IEC
Guide 98-3 [4]; they are thus directly comparable with the values for the above-mentioned expanded uncertainty, which
were calculated using other methods.

Table L.1 - Yield strengths (0.2% yield strengths or upper yield strengths) - Comparative precision from
comparative tests carried out by different laboratories (graphical representation of the values, see Figure L.1)

Stretch limit Comparative precision

material code reference
MPa %
aluminum

sheet AA5754 105.7 3.2 [31]

sheet AA5182-O 126.4 1.9 [20]
sheet AA6016-T4 127.2 2.2 [20]
EC-H 19 158.4 4.1 [33]
2024-T 351 362.9 3.0 [33]
steel

sheet DX56 162.0 4.6 [31]

Low-carbon flat steel HR3 228.6 8.2 [34]
sheet ZStE 180 267.1 9.9 [31]
AISI 105 P245GH 367.4 5.0 [34]
C22 402.4 4.9 [33]
plate S355 427.6 6.1 [31]

Austenitic steel SS316L 230.7 6.9 [31]

Austenitic steel X2CrNi18-10 303.8 6.5 [34]
Austenitic steel X2CrNiMo18-10 353.3 7.8 [34]
AISI 316 X5CrNiMo17-12-2 480.1 8.1 [33]

Martensitic steel X12Cr13 967.5 3.2 [33]

High strength steel 30NiCrMo16 1,039.9 2.0 [34]
Nickel alloys

INCONEL 600 NiCr15Fe8 268.3 4.4 [33]

Nimonic 75 (BCR-661) 298.1 4.0 [29]
Nimonic 75 (BCR-661) 302.1 3.6 [31]

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Legend

R.eH Upper yield point, expressed in MPa yield

R.p strength, expressed in MPa comparative
R.pr precision, expressed in MPa

Figure L.1 - Graphical representation of the characteristic values from table L.1

Table L.2 - tensile strength, R.m - Comparative precision from comparative tests of different
Laboratories (graphical representation of the values, see Figure L.2)

tensile strenght comparability

material code reference
MPa %
aluminum
sheet AA5754 212.3 4.7 [31]
sheet AA5182-0 275.2 1.4 [20]
sheet AA6016-T4 228.3 1.8 [20]
EC-H 19 176.9 4.9 [33]
2024-T 351 491.3 2.7 [33]
steel
sheet DX56 301.1 5.0 [31]
Low-carbon flat steel HR3 335.2 5.0 [34]
sheet ZStE 180 315.3 4.2 [31]
AISI 105 Fe510C 552.4 2.0 [34]
C22 596.9 2.8 [33]
plate S355 564.9 2.4 [31]

Austenitic steel SS316L 568.7 4.1 [31]

Austenitic steel X2CrNi18-10 594.0 3.0 [34]
Austenitic steel X2CrNiMo18-10 622.5 3.0 [34]
AISI 316 X7CrNiMo17-12-2 694.6 2.4 [33]

Martensitic steel X12Cr13 1,253.0 1.3 [33]

High strength steel 30NiCrMo16 1,167.8 1.5 [34]
Nodl-Alloys
INCONEL 600 NiCr15Fe8 695.9 1.4 [33]
Nimonic 75 (BCR-661) 749.6 1.9 [29]
Nimonic 75 (BCR-661) 754.2 1.3 [31]

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Legend

R.m Tensile strength, expressed in MPa

R.pr Comparative precision, expressed in MPa

Figure L.2 - Graphical representation of the characteristic values from table L.2

Table L.3 - Elongation at break - comparative precision from comparative tests of various
Laboratories (graphical representation of the values see Figure L.3)

Elongation at break comparability

material code A. reference
% %a
aluminum
sheet AA5754 27.9 13.3 [31]
sheet AA5182-0 26.6 (A.80mm) 10.6 [20]
sheet AA6016-T4 25.9 (A.80mm) 8.4 [20]
EC-H 19 14.6 9.1 [33]
2024-T 351 18.0 18.9 a [33]
steel
sheet DX56 45.2 12.4 [31]
Low-carbon flat steel HR3 38.4 13.8 [34]
sheet ZstE 180 40.5 12.7 [31]
AISI 105 Fe510C 31.4 14.0 [34]
C22 25.6 10.1 [33]
plate S355 28.5 17.7 [31]

Austenitic steel SS316L 60.1 27.6 [31]

Austenitic steel X2CrNi18-10 52.5 12.6 [34]
Austenitic steel X2CrNiMo18-10 51.9 12.7 [34]
AISI 316 X5CrNiMo17-12-2 35.9 14.9 [33]

Martensitic steel X12Cr13 12.4 15.5 [33]

High strength steel 30NiCrMo16 16.7 13.3 [34]
Nodl-Alloys
INCONEL 600 NiCr15Fe8 41.6 7.7 [33]
Nimonic 75 (BCR-661) 41.0 3.3 [29]
Nimonic 75 (BCR-661) 41.0 5.9 [31]
a is expressed as a percentage of the corresponding mean A. specified for the specified material;
The comparative precision
consequently for 2024 - T 351 aluminum the absolute value is A (18.0 3.4)%.

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Legend

A. Elongation at break, expressed in%

R.pr Comparative precision, expressed in%

Figure L.3 - Graphical representation of the characteristic values from table L.3

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Table L.4 - Constriction of the fracture Z - Comparative precision from comparative tests of different
Laboratories (graphical representation of the values see Figure L.4)

Constriction of the fracture comparability

material code Z reference
% %a
aluminum
EC-H 19 79.1 5.1 [33]
2024-T 351 30.3 23.7 b [33]
steel
Low-carbon flat steel HR3
AISI 105 Fe510C 71.4 2.7 [34]
C22 65.6 3.8 [33]
Austenitic steel X2CrNi18-10
Austenitic steel X2CrNiMo18-10 77.9 5.6 [34]
AISI 316 X5CrNiMo17-12-2 71.5 4.5 [33]

Martensitic steel X12Cr13 50.5 15.6 b [33]

High strength steel 30NiCrMo16 65.6 3.2 [34]
Nickel alloys
INCONEL 600 NiCr15Fe8 59.3 2.4 [33]
Nimonic 75 (BCR-661) 59.0 8.8 [29]
a The comparative precision is expressed as a percentage of the specified mean value of Z of the material; that means z. B. for
aluminum 2024 - T 351 an absolute value forZ of (30.3 7.2)%.
b Some values of comparability appear to be relatively high; these values likely indicate difficulties in measuring the sample in the
necked area. For thin flat specimens, the measurement uncertainty in the direction of the thickness can be large. The measurement
of the diameter or the thickness of a sample in the constricted area is also very dependent on the skill and experience of the tester.

Legend

R.pr Comparative precision, expressed in%

Z Constriction of fracture, expressed in%

Figure L.4 - Graphical representation of the characteristic values from table L.4

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