Gender Discrimination in Accessing Healt

International Journal in Management and Social Science
Volume 09 Issue 10, October 2021 ISSN: 2321-1784 Impact Factor: 7.088
Journal Homepage: http://ijmr.net.in, Email: irjmss@gmail.com
Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International Journal
GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN ACCESSING HEALTH CARE FACILITIES:A

STUDY ON CHAURPUR VILLAGE, SAMBALPUR DISTRICT, ODISHA
Rajeswari Pradhan
Abstract
The present study was conduct on Gender discrimination in accessing health care facilities: A
study on chaurpur village, sambalpur district, Odisha. The objectives of the present was (i) To
know the socio-economic status of the respondents. (ii)To know the practices used by men and
women in accessing health care services. (iii)To find out the factors responsible for women’s
adverse health. (iv)To access the health issues faced by women. (v) To analyse various kind of
challenges faced by women to access healthcare facilities. (vi)To suggest the policy measures for
improving their health status. The investigator used exploratory research design. A sample of 50
respondents (male farmer and female farmer). The investigator was used interview scheduled
and observation method. Finding of the study (i) 62 per cent Mothers had received anti-natal
care while 26 per cent had delivered in medical nutrition's and 34 per cent were delivered by
trained medical persons. (ii) 50 percent of women are dependent exclusively exclusive on their
husbands. (iii) 85% women suffering mental illness due to illiterate or less educated, living in
nuclear family and dependent on their husbands. (iv) Percentage of institutional deliveries is
60% which include public or private health facilities. 40% deliveries occurring in their parent's
home. (v) 90% of women not using the sanitary napkin so that the theirs is a causing chances of
infection.
Key words: Gender, Health care facilities, discrimination
Introduction
Gender inequality is not biologically determined but it is determined by socially and the
discrimination and inequality can be changed by the proper and perpetuate efforts. The health of
a country’s women population has deep application for the health and development of children,
their future well-being and also for women themselves. Poor health, under nutrition, among
female results in high mortality, morbidity and start growth of children and women during their
life cycle. The gender inequality entrenched in our social structure manifested through
patriarchal structure puts women in an inequality position in terms of health indicators. This
health discrimination is depicted on the productive behaviours, and several encounters while
seeking health.
Deeply rooted gender discrimination has failed women's access to healthcare, says the
Human Development Report for the district for 2009. A telling pointed made by the HDR
Commissioned under the Gandhi gram University for the period from 2003-07 revealed the
1 International Journal in Management and Social Science
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extent to which snapped reproductive rights of women has triggered a vicious cycle of poverty of
health. Multiple pregnancies, preference for sons, inability to take a stance against the family,
and underlying patriarchal social mores – have impacted on the health of women.
Gaps in earlier Research:
The main aims of the present study are to explore the actual degree of gender
discrimination in accessing health care facilities in the villages , To find out the Unequal access
to health care, food allocation, poor medical care in the Chaurpur village Sambalpur District.
After going through my literature survey , whatever the things are mentioned on the women
health discrimination that only based on the health issue, but they have focused less on the
important role of culture, norms and practices and the violence and abuse in gender
discrimination on health.
Objectives of the study:
The main objectives of the study:-
To know the socio-economic status of the respondents.
To know the practices used by men and women in accessing health care services.
To find out the factors responsible for women’s adverse health.
To access the health issues faced by women.
To analyse various kind of challenges faced by women to access healthcare facilities.
To suggest the policy measures for improving their health status
Methodology
The entire planning is based on exploratory research design. And, the study is based on both
primary and secondary data and this data will be collected from the field by using research tools
such as Interview schedule, Observation. The second resource of material will be collected from
books, journals, articles & from news paper clipping.
Sample
All the people of Chaurpur village, Sambalpur, Odisha, India was the population of present
study. for the present study researcher used simple random sampling. Where sample size will be
taken-50 & my respondents are – (1)Male farmer and (2)female farmer.

Tools and procedure of data collection
After construction of research design and selection of field with census study the next
point of methodology is the selection of a perfect tool or technique for data collection. This is the
most important part of the researcher’s study. The methods of collecting data will mainly depend
upon the nature of the subject. The successive data collection is dependent upon the perfect
selection of the technique being upon the situation, condition of the field as well as upon the type
of respondents, their qualities and also depends upon the requirement of data. The main tools for
exploring data were Interview schedule and Observation method.
Interview method is used by the help of question schedule through interview is the
presentation of oral verbal stimuli and reply of term of oral verbal respondent it can help the
researcher to collection information by face to face situation. The successive data collection is
dependent upon the perfect selection of the researcher. The interview schedule was prepared in
English but the questions were asked in Odia. The answer of the respondent’s interview in their
own residence. Educational qualification, Family occupation and income, health status, school
condition, personal hygienic practices and many other things has been collected from the
respondent through the interview schedule.
Analysis
Socio-economic background of the respondents
Knowledge about the social background of the respondents is an important part of social
science research. It not only helps the researcher to understand the respondents but also to
roughly judge the kind of replies that will originate from the latter. It also helps the researcher in
creating rapport with respondent. This chapter is devoted to the analysis of socio-economic
background of respondent on study. As man is social being, he needs better social and economic
development for a better living in the society. It provides multi-dimensional development of his
personality.
The present study relates to socio-economic conditions of Men and Women in accessing health
care facilities chaurpur village, Sambalpur District. The goal of Indian society is to be a
socialistic one. The speed with which we are marching towards that objective has not been
fulfilled till the completion of sixty years of planned economic development.

Primary Occupation of the Respondents
SI.NO. OCCUPATION NO.OF

PERSON
1 Agriculture 8
2 Labour 16
3 Fishery 3
4 Unemployment 18
5 Business 3
6 Service 2
7 Total 50
OCCUPATION
BusinessService Agriculture
6% 4%
16%
Unemployme
nt
Labour
36%
32%
Fishery
6%

From the above table show that the most of the people are unemployment
Second priority of the Respondents:-
SI NO OCCUPATION NO. OF RESPONDENTS

1 Fishery 1
2 Business 2
3 Labour 1
Total 4
From the above table show that the majority of the people depending on business.
Age and sex
Distribution of the respondent on the basis of their Age and Sex
SI NO. AGE MALE= FEMALE=25 TOTAL=50 PERCENTAGE

GROUP 25 (%)
1 15-25 Nil 4 4 8%
2 26-36 8 11 19 38%
3 37-47 4 3 7 14%
4 48-58 10 7 17 34%
5 59-69 3 Nil 3 6%
6 TOTAL 25 25 50 100%

AGE GROUP
6% 8%
15-25
34% 26-36
38%
37-47
14% 48-58
59-69
I have taken 50 respondents out of which 25 male and 25 female respondents .The highest
percentage of respondents belong to the age group 26-36.
Social groups
Distribution of the respondent on the basis of their social group
SI.NO. SOCIAL MALE=25 FEMALE=25 TOTAL=50 PERCENTAGE(%)

GROUP
1 SC 20 18 38 76%
2 OBC 4 1 5 10%
3 ST Nil 4 4 8%
4 GEN 1 2 3 6%
5 TOTAL 25 25 50 100%
From the above tabulation intreveal that the majority of the respondent belongs to the SC group.

Income
Income per monthly
SI.NO ANNUAL INCOME IN NO. OF PERSON PERCENTAGE

RS. %
1 4000-10000 4 8%
2 10001-30000 19 38%
3 30001-50,000 4 8%
4 50,001-70001 2 4%
5 ABOVE 70,001 3 6%
6 NO INCOME 18 36%
7 TOTAL 50 100%
The above table deals with the income per year of the respondents .Most of the people are under
the income group of up to 50,001-1,00,000.So it show that the economic condition is not so well.
Education
Distribution of the Respondent on the basis of their Education status
SI.NO. EDUCATIONAL MALE=25 FEMALE=25 TOTAL=50 PERCENTAGE(%)

STATUS
1 Illiteracy 1 5 6 12%
th
2 Under 5 6 3 9 18%
th
3 Under 10 13 13 26 52%
4 +2 4 3 7 14%
5 Degree 1 1 2 4%
6 TOTAL 25 25 50 100%
From the above table show that the most of the people are unemployment

Size of the family
Distribution on the basis of size of the family
SI.NO. SIZE OF THE NO. OF PERCENTAGE

FAMILY FAMILY
1 3-6 43 86%
2 7-10 7 14%
3 TOTAL 50 100%
The table show that the no. of members present in a family is mostly 3-6 i.e. about 86%.
Social background
In the study villages we find different social group. That helps us to understand problem.
In every hamlet we found a mixture of social group and dominant caste mainly SC about 85%.
The social group are ST, SC, OBC and General. Due to diversification of occupation social
group are varies in different way. The village Chaurpur consist that the such as a social
background .in the village cast system are main pillar of the social background There are
Brahmins, Keut, , Ganda, Chamar, Ghansia, pap and many more.
Majority of them are ST and SC. They are numerically dominant in the village. The way
of life of the people is regulated through religious beliefs and practices. Untouchability is still
practicing in the village. Political tension become the arise in time of election period .people are
still belief in the religious belief and practices they have holly hearted belief on the puja of Rath
yatra. All social group their occupation is agriculture and some time they adopted allied
economic activities like wage earning, dying and business etc. The total house hold mainly wage
earning and agriculture.
Results of the study
Gender discrimination in accessing health care facilities
WHO has defined health as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being
and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." Health can influence an individual’s ability
to reach his or her full potential in society while gender equality has made the most progress in
areas such as education and labour force participation, health inequality between men and
women continues to plague many societies today. While both males and females fact health
disparities, girls and women experience a majority of health discrimination. This comes from the
fact that many cultural ideologies and practices have structured society in a way whereby women
are more vulnerable to abuse and mistreatment, making them more prone to illness and
early .Women are also death restricted from receiving many opportunities, such as education and
paid labour, that can help improve their accessibility to better health care resources.
Cause of gender discrimination
Cultural norms and practices
Cultural norms and practices are two of the main reasons why gender disparities in health
exist and continue to persist. These cultural norms and practices often influence the roles and
behaviours that men and women adopt in society. It is these gender differences between men and
women, which are regarded and valued differently, that give rise to gender inequalities as they
work to systematically empower one group and oppress the other. Both gender differences and
gender inequalities can lead to disparities in health outcomes and access to health care.
Son preference
One of the better documented cultural norms that augment gender disparities in health is
the preference for sons the culture of son preference also extends beyond birth in the form of
preferential treatment of boys. This preferential care can be manifested in many ways, such as
through differential provision of food resources, attention, and medical care
Violence and abuse
Violence against women is a widespread global occurrence with serious public health
implications. This is a result of social and gender bias. Many societies in developing
nations function on a patriarchal framework, where women are often viewed as a form of
property and as socially inferior to men. This unequal standing in the social hierarchy has led
women to be physically, emotionally, and sexually abused by men, both as children and adults.
These abuses usually constitute some form of violence.
Poverty
Poverty is another factor that facilitates the continual existence of gender disparities in
health. Poverty often works in tandem with various cultural norms to indirectly impact women's
health. While many communities and households are not opposed to helping women attain better
health through education, better nutrition, and financial stability, poverty often act as a form of
barrier against gender equity in health for women. Oftentimes, due to financial constraints and
limited capital, only a select few are able to receive opportunities,
like education and employment, that might help them attain better health outcomes. However,

cultural norms would often prioritized men in receiving these opportunities. This prioritization of
males stems from the societal perception that the potential returns to both the household and the
community is higher for men than women.
Major Findings
 62 per cent Mothers had received anti-natal care while 26 per cent had delivered in
medical nutrition's and 34 per cent were delivered by trained medical persons.
 50 percent of women are dependent exclusively exclusive on their husbands. So that
husband going to decide about the place of the treatment in the patriarchal family system.
 85% women suffering mental illness due to illiterate or less educated, living in nuclear
family and dependent on their husbands.
 Gender discrimination occurring so much in joint family than nueclear families.
 Percentage of institutional deliveries is 60% which include public or private health
facilities.40 % deliveries occurring in their parent's home.
 90% of women not using the sanitary napkin so that the theirs is a causing chances of
infection.
 Most of the women are uneducated so that they are not aware about their health rights.
 most of the male respondent are addicted to alcohol so its increase the rate of domestic
violence against women.
Suggestion
There are certain issues related to women's health which might come to the court in
future. Legislation in itself cannot, however, curb deep-rooted prejudices and traditional customs
that are detrimental to women's well-being. The government must think over improving
information education and communication, better quality services, and importance on spacing
method. In the village organise the health camp. Month and it regulate properly. women are must
be know about their health rights and participate in social sphere. Government should be provide
basic health facilities for pregnant women. Government should be focused on the health
programme.
Conclusion
A number of all these efforts at spreading awareness and sensitivity on the issue, coupled
with the firm determination to implement the provision of the PNDT Act in spirit and tone, are
bound to have an impact on the situation and will, hopefully, be reflected in the sex ratio in the
next census. If we can improve the socio-economic and demographic status, then the over the
period of time it is likely that wider societal expectance of education, health, etc. Will occur
owing to the demonstration affect of the benefit of the services to family and the community at

large. This would contribute to the elimination of sex discrimination and enable couple to resolve
conflict between the achievement of small family and sex preference with the balance in sex
ratio.
The constitution ,law agencies and enforcement authorities are trying hard to remove
such social and ethical sin but these laws are meant to empower men not to women. Further, the
acceptance of women as their equal partner is a much bigger problem. If males themselves
become ready to accept and acknowledge the significance of their counterparts, this
discrimination against so-called a different species "women" can be minimized, if not completely
eradicated.
REFERENCES
Sen. A.(2001) Many Faces of Gender Inequality, Frontline, 18 (22), Oct. 27 - Nov. 09
Ansley J. Coale (1991), Excess Female Mortality and the Balance of the Sexes in the Population: An
Estimate of the Number of "Missing Females‖, Population and Development Review, 17(3), Population
Council,
Bhat, P. N. Mari and. A. J. Francis Zavier, Fertility Decline and Gender Bias in Northern India,
Demography, 40(4), Population.
Bhat, P. N Mari, K Navaneetham, and S. Irudaya Rajan, Maternal Mortality in India: Estimates from a
Regression Model, Studies in Family Planning, 26(4), Population Council India, 1995.
Census of India 2011, Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.
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Family Health Survey Subject Reports, 7, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai,1998.
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International Journal in Management and Social Science

GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN ACCESSING HEALTH CARE FACILITIES:A

Key words: Gender, Health care facilities, discrimination

Gaps in earlier Research:

Objectives of the study:

The main objectives of the study:-

To know the socio-economic status of the respondents.

To find out the factors responsible for women’s adverse health.

To access the health issues faced by women.

To analyse various kind of challenges faced by women to access healthcare facilities.

To suggest the policy measures for improving their health status

2 International Journal in Management and Social Science

Tools and procedure of data collection

Socio-economic background of the respondents

3 International Journal in Management and Social Science

Primary Occupation of the Respondents

SI.NO. OCCUPATION NO.OF

4 International Journal in Management and Social Science

Second priority of the Respondents:-

SI NO OCCUPATION NO. OF RESPONDENTS

Age and sex

Distribution of the respondent on the basis of their Age and Sex

SI NO. AGE MALE= FEMALE=25 TOTAL=50 PERCENTAGE

5 International Journal in Management and Social Science

Distribution of the respondent on the basis of their social group

SI.NO. SOCIAL MALE=25 FEMALE=25 TOTAL=50 PERCENTAGE(%)

6 International Journal in Management and Social Science

Income per monthly

SI.NO ANNUAL INCOME IN NO. OF PERSON PERCENTAGE

Distribution of the Respondent on the basis of their Education status

SI.NO. EDUCATIONAL MALE=25 FEMALE=25 TOTAL=50 PERCENTAGE(%)

7 International Journal in Management and Social Science

Size of the family

Distribution on the basis of size of the family

SI.NO. SIZE OF THE NO. OF PERCENTAGE

Results of the study

Gender discrimination in accessing health care facilities

Cause of gender discrimination

Cultural norms and practices

Violence and abuse

9 International Journal in Management and Social Science

10 International Journal in Management and Social Science

11 International Journal in Management and Social Science

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