Cellular

mechanism
of action

Coolman, Color Atlas of

Biochemistry 2005

The Biochemistry of Hormones, AIA, SY 2007-2008

 INFORMATION PATHWAY
Gene
TRANSCRIPTION

Primary
Degradation
Transcript

NUCLEUS MODIFICATION/PROCESSING

mRNA Degradation

Transport

Active ↔ Inactive
mRNA Degradation
CYTOPLASM TRANSLATION
Modification
Protein Degradation

The Biochemistry of Hormones, AIA, SY 2007-2008

 Gene Regulatory Elements
PROMOTER Generic
ELEMENT Site of mRNA polymerase II attachment
(PE) to DNA
Accuracy of transcript initiation
HORMONE modulates frequency of transcript
RESPONSE initiation
ELEMENT less dependent on position & orientation
(HRE) resembles transcription enhancer
element in other genes
binds H-R complex more avidly
confer hormone responsiveness

The Biochemistry of Hormones, AIA, SY 2007-2008

 Polypeptide Hormones
Gene PEPTIDE Hormones also affect
Transcription transcription through HRE
H that use cAMP as a 2nd
messenger affect transcription
thru CREB

The Biochemistry of Hormones, AIA, SY 2007-2008

 Group I Hormones
1 Cholesterol Estrogens Glucocorticoids
Progestins Mineralocorticoids
Androgens
2 Cholesterol Calcitriol
derivatives
3 Tyrosine T3, T4 Cathecholamines
Retinoic
acid

The Biochemistry of Hormones, AIA, SY 2007-2008

 Aldosterone

Na Retention ↑
K Excretion ↑

Blood Pressure ↑

The Biochemistry of Hormones, AIA, SY 2007-2008

The Biochemistry of Hormones, AIA, SY 2007-2008
The Biochemistry of Hormones, AIA, SY 2007-2008
 Cortisol

Proteolysis ↑
Protein Synthesis ↓

Gluconeogenesis ↑
Blut-Glucose ↑

Activity of the immune

system ↓

The Biochemistry of Hormones, AIA, SY 2007-2008

The Biochemistry of Hormones, AIA, SY 2007-2008
The Biochemistry of Hormones, AIA, SY 2007-2008
The Biochemistry of Hormones, AIA, SY 2007-2008
The Biochemistry of Hormones, AIA, SY 2007-2008
 Cortisol
Induce all of the key enzymes
involved in gluconeogenesis.
1 G-6-phosphatase
2 Fructose 1,6 –
bisphosphatase
3 Pyruvate carboxylase
4 PEP carboxykinase
Induce enzymes involved in
amino acid degradation and
thereby provide precursors for
gluconeogenesis
Regulation of the expression
of PEP carboxykinase, a key
enzyme in gluconeogenesis

The Biochemistry of Hormones, AIA, SY 2007-2008

ThePhosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
Biochemistry of Hormones, (PEP-CK), a key enzyme in gluconeogenesis
AIA, SY 2007-2008
The Biochemistry of Hormones, AIA, SY 2007-2008
 Calcitriol

Ca 2+ and phosphate
resorption ↑

Ca 2+ metabolism of
bones↑↑

The Biochemistry of Hormones, AIA, SY 2007-2008

The Biochemistry of Hormones, AIA, SY 2007-2008
The Biochemistry of Hormones, AIA, SY 2007-2008
 Effects of calcitriol in bone
are complex.
Promotes bone
formation by stimulating
osteoblast differentiation
Increases blood Ca2+
levels through increased
Ca2+ mobilization from
bone

The Biochemistry of Hormones, AIA, SY 2007-2008

The Biochemistry of Hormones, AIA, SY 2007-2008
 Thyroxine

Fetal development,
growth, and maturation ↑

BMR ↑
Heat generation ↑
O2 consumption ↑

The Biochemistry of Hormones, AIA, SY 2007-2008

The Biochemistry of Hormones, AIA, SY 2007-2008
The Biochemistry of Hormones, AIA, SY 2007-2008
 Epinephrine

Cardiac output ↑

Width of blood
vessels ↓
BP ↑

Metabolism:
Glycogenolysis ↑
Blood glucose ↑
The Biochemistry of Hormones, AIA, SY 2007-2008 Lipolysis ↑
The Biochemistry of Hormones, AIA, SY 2007-2008
 Epinephrine
Activates glycogen
Phosphorylase
Inhibits Glycogen
synthase

The Biochemistry of Hormones, AIA, SY 2007-2008

The Biochemistry of Hormones, AIA, SY 2007-2008
The Biochemistry of Hormones, AIA, SY 2007-2008
 Estrogen

Menstrual cycle

Bone development ↑

Development of
secondary female sex
characteristics eg., fat
distribution, breasts,
body hair

The Biochemistry of Hormones, AIA, SY 2007-2008

 Progesterone

Menstrual cycle

Maintenance of
pregnancy ↑

Development of
mammary glands ↑

The Biochemistry of Hormones, AIA, SY 2007-2008

The Biochemistry of Hormones, AIA, SY 2007-2008
 Ovulation

Menstrual LH

cycle P4
Relative E2

pattern of
ovarian, Endo-
uterine, and crine
cycle
FSH

hormonal
variation Follicular
phase
Luteal
phase
along the
Ovarian
normal cycle histo-
logy Proliferative Secretory
phase phase

Palter SF, Olive DL.

In Berek JS, et al. Endo-
Novak’s Gynecology, metrial
ed 12, Williams and histo-
Wilkins, 1996 logy

Menses 14 28
Estrogen
The Biochemistry of Hormones, AIA, SY 2007-2008 Progesterone
 Physiological Effects of Estrogen

The Biochemistry of Hormones, AIA, SY 2007-2008

The Biochemistry of Hormones, AIA, SY 2007-2008
 Functions of Ovarian Hormones
Prepare the structural components of the female
reproduction
1. Maturing primordial germ cells.
2. Provides hormonal timing for ovulation.
3. Developing tissue that will allow the
implantation of the blastocyst.
4. Establishing the mileu required for the
maintenance of pregnancy.
5. Provides the hormonal influence for
parturition and lactation
The Biochemistry of Hormones, AIA, SY 2007-2008
 God
cannot be
everywhere,
so He made
mothers.

Arab proverb

The Biochemistry of Hormones, AIA, SY 2007-2008

 Testosterone & DHT

Protein synthesis ↑

Development of
secondary male
characteristics e.g.,
skeleton, muscles,
body hair ↑

The Biochemistry of Hormones, AIA, SY 2007-2008

The Biochemistry of Hormones, AIA, SY 2007-2008
 Effects of Male Hormones

The Biochemistry of Hormones, AIA, SY 2007-2008

 Effects of Male Hormones

Blood Stream
T
R
T
T R
T βDHT
5β 5 β DHT - R

T T-R T
T β reductase
5β

T T
Erythroid Cell
Muscle Cell
T T
R
T
R T T βE2
17β βE2 - R
17β
T
T αDHT
5α αDHT - R
5α Aromatase
T
T
α reductase
5α T
Brain Cell

T Hair Follicle Cell

The Biochemistry of Hormones, AIA, SY 2007-2008

 Effect of Testosterone & DHT
1. Sexual differentiation.
2. Spermatogenesis.
3. Development of secondary sexual organs and
ornamental structures.
4. Anabolic metabolism and gene regulation.
5. Male pattern behaviour.

The Biochemistry of Hormones, AIA, SY 2007-2008

 Coolman, Color Atlas of
The Biochemistry of Hormones, AIA, SY 2007-2008 Biochemistry 2005
 Coolman, Color Atlas of
The Biochemistry of Hormones, AIA, SY 2007-2008 Biochemistry 2005
 Coolman, Color Atlas of
The Biochemistry of Hormones, AIA, SY 2007-2008 Biochemistry 2005
The Biochemistry of Hormones, AIA, SY 2007-2008