00 Speleology & Karst

TEACHING
RESOURCES FOR
SPELEOLOGY &
KARST
Coordinated by
Jo De Waele
ORIGIN OF THE PROJECT
This project, which was proposed by

Paolo Forti and coordinated by the
Italian Institute of Speleology, under
the umbrella of the Italian
Speleological Society, aimed to
provide a collection of lectures for use
in regional and local speleological
courses but also suitable for
presentation at university level.
Calcified wine bottle in Tiscali Cave, Sardinia (photo J. De Waele)
Teaching Resources for Speleology and Karst – Società Speleologica Italiana 2009
THE PROJECT
The project skeleton was decided with particular regard for formats
and styles, taking into account many different considerations – e.g.
the needs of people with daltonian (red-green) colour-blindness.
CAVE CAVE
The image on the left cannot be distinguished by those with

daltonian colour-blindness.
Between 2007 and 2009 more than 300 collaborators have worked on
this project and most of the lectures have been completed.
THE STRUCTURE
The authors responsible of each presentation had freedom
to organize the lectures as they preferred; thus the lectures
include different numbers of slides.
Only the first

slide and the
last two slides
in each
presentation
have the same
basic format.
Cueva de los Crystales, Mexico (photo Arch. La Venta)
THE FIRST (TITLE) SLIDE
Teaching resources for
Speleology and Karst 2009
INTRODUCTION
TO
SPELEOLOGY
by
Paolo Forti
THE PENULTIMATE SLIDE
TO FIND OUT MORE
SHAW T.R. (1992), History
of Cave Science and study
of limestone caves to 1900, Sydney
Speleological Society, 338pp.
FORTI P. (2002), Speleology

in the 3rd millennium:
achievements and challenges,
Theoretical & Applied Karstology,
15: pp.7-26.
THE LAST SLIDE
CREDITS
This lecture was prepared by Paolo Forti.
Translation into English by Jo De Waele and David J. Lowe.
Photographs were supplied by Giovanni Badino, Roberto Bixio,

Paolo Forti, John Pint, Pierfederico Testi
and the photo archive of the Associazione La Venta.
The figures and graphs were prepared by Paolo Forti.
The following institutions are thanked for their collaboration:

- Centro Italiano di Documentazione Speleologica Franco Anelli.
© Società Speleologica Italiana

Any part of this presentation may be reproduced at your own responsibility, as long as the contents
remain unaltered.
If reproducing the presentation (or parts of it) you should acknowledge this project as the source of
the information.
THE PROJECT
The project comprises
57 lectures
And has involved more than
300 cavers (most of them
Italians), including more than
130 authors, over 50
designers, more than 300
photographers, etc).
A total of more than 3600 ppt

slides have been prepared.
Each lecture was submitted to

peer review and subsequently
standardized. “Muri Pisani” shaft, Gonnesa, Sardinia, Italy (photo S. Cabras)
INTRODUCTION
All about
“Teaching resources for
Speleology and Karst 2009”
Coordinated by
Jo De Waele
In collaboration with Paolo Forti
79 SLIDES
INTRODUCTION
TO
SPELEOLOGY
by
Paolo Forti
64 SLIDES
EVOLUTION
OF
SPELEOLOGY
IN ITALY
Photo Arch. CSIF Udine
By
Umberto Sello
coordinator
In collaboration with: Pino Guidi
Giuseppe Muscio
69 SLIDES Photo A. D'Andrea

SPELEOLOGY
AND
SCIENTIFIC
RESEARCH
by
Paolo Forti
56 SLIDES Experimental lab, Novella Cave, Italy (photo Arch GSB/USB)

THE KARST
PROCESS
by
Jo De Waele
In collaboration with: Paolo Forti

Leonardo Piccini
Ugo Sauro
45 SLIDES Ponte di Veja, Lessini Mountains, Veneto, Italy (photo J. De Waele)

Speleology and Karst 2009 DOLINES AND
LARGE KARST FORMS
By
Ugo Sauro
In collaboration with:
Giuliana Madonia
64 SLIDES (Photo U. Sauro)

KARREN:
LANDFORMS
SCULPTED IN
ROCK
By
Ugo Sauro Karren in Montenegro, near Cetinje (photo U. Sauro)
56 SLIDES
KARST
LANDSCAPES
AND GEO-
ECOSYSTEMS
by
Ugo Sauro
in collaboration with:
Benedetta Castiglioni The Sette Comuni Plateau, Venetian Prealps, Italy (photo U. Sauro)
62 SLIDES
Teaching resources for ITALIAN KARST
PHENOMENA
Coordinated by
Michele Sivelli
Gianni Benedetti, Fabrizio Fallani, Jo De
Waele, Paolo Forti, Sandro Galdenzi, Paolo
Gioia, Marco Ischia, Felice La Rocca,
Massimo Mancini, Giovanni Mecchia, Marco
Mecchia, Marco Menichetti,Luigi Micheli,
Grotta si S. Rosalia
Mario Parise, Adriano Roncioni, Siria Panichi, (Palermo) (Arc. SSI)
Francesco Salvatori, Francesco Sauro, Paola
Tognini, Marco Vattano, Bartolomeo Vigna
147 SLIDES
Edera Cave, Sardinia, Italy
Teaching resources for (photo R. De Luca)
SPELEOGENESIS
IN CARBONATE
ROCKS
by Edera Cave, Sardinia, Italy
(photo L. Pusceddu)
Jo De Waele
Coordinator
in collaboration with: Paolo Forti

Leonardo Piccini
55 SLIDES Orbisi sinkhole, Sardinia, Italy (photo J. De Waele)

STRUCTURE
AND
MORPHOLOGY OF
KARST SYSTEMS
By
Leonardo Piccini
Carlo Balbiano
Jo De Waele
59 SLIDES Subterranean River, Palawan, Philippines (photo G. Savino/Arch. La Venta)

CHEMICAL DEPOSITS
IN CAVES
By Paolo Forti
56 SLIDES Cabrespine Cave, France (photo by P. Forti)

SPELEOTHEMS:
PART I
By
Paolo Forti
Calcite crystals on a stalactite, Grotte de Esparros, France (photo P. Forti)
59 SLIDES
SPELEOTHEMS:
PART II
By
Paolo Forti
Asperge Cave, France (photo P. Forti)
48 SLIDES
SPELEOTHEMS
&
SCIENTIFIC
RESEARCH
By
Paolo Forti
60 SLIDES Novella Cave, Emilia Romagna, Italy (photo P. Forti)

Speleology and karst:
Powerpoint ressources 2009
CLIMATIC ARCHIVES
IN CAVES
By
Sophie Verheyden
With collaboration of: L. Bruce Railsback
Yavor Shopov
Martin van Breukelen
Serge Delaby
Stalagmite 65 cm–Père Noël
37 SLIDES
Cave – Han-sur-Lesse - Belgium
(photo S. Verheyden)
SAMPLING OR NOT?
what kind of data can be

retrieved from a cave?
By Paolo Forti
55 SLIDES After Aldrovandi, Musaeum Metallicum (1648)

HYPOGENIC
CAVES
by
Jo De Waele & Paolo Forti
In collaboration with: Philippe Audra

Sandro Galdenzi
Marco Menichetti
Leonardo Piccini
100 SLIDES Grotte du Chat, France (photo J. Y. Bigot)

MARINE CAVES
by
Fabrizio Antonioli
& Paolo Forti
61 SLIDES Photo F. Antonioli

Teaching resources for Speleology
and Karst 2009
KARST PHENOMENA
IN FLYSCH
By Maurizio Tavagnutti
Campo di Bonis, Taipana (UD), Italy (photo M. Tavagnutti)
37 SLIDES Ponte Clinaz, Upper Judrio valley, Italy (photo M. Tavagnutti)

KARST
PHENOMENA IN
EVAPORITES
by
Giuliana Madonia
& Paolo Forti
With the help of : Mauro Chiesi
Vincenza Messana
Antonio Rossi
Ugo Sauro
Marco Vattano
72 SLIDES Baisun-Tau, Uzbekistan (photo U. Vacca, Arch. La Venta)

and Karst 2009
CAVES IN GYPSUM
by
Giuliana Madonia
& Paolo Forti
In collaboration with: Mauro Chiesi
Vincenza Messana
Antonio Rossi
Ugo Sauro
Marco Vattano
64 SLIDES Santa Ninfa Cave, Trapani, Sicily, Italy (photo M. Vattano)

SPELEOGENESIS
IN QUARTZITE
AND SILICATE
ROCKS
by
Leonardo Piccini
coordinator
Paolo Forti and Jo De Waele
39 SLIDES Sima Auyantepui Noroeste, Venezuela (photo La Venta)

VOLCANIC
CAVES
Bocca Bassa, Etna, Sicily, Italy (photo G. Giudice)

by
Angela Giuffrida Privitera
With the help of Andrea Cerquetti
65 SLIDES
KARST IN GLACIERS
PHYSICS OF HOLES IN WATER
By Giovanni Badino
Grey Glacier, Patagonia, Chile (Photo G. Badino)
56 SLIDES
CAVE MINES
&
MINE CAVES
By
Paolo Forti
In collaboration with Jo De Waele
45 SLIDES Naica, Mexico (photo P. Forti)

CAVING
TECHNIQUES I
A general look at equipment,
individual preparation and how
to go caving in safety in this
realm of darkness
By
Giovanni Badino
36 SLIDES Photo J. De Waele

CAVES: BASIC
CLIMBING
TECHNIQUES WITH
SRT
A general overview of basic
climbing techniques when using
Single Rope Techniques
underground
By Giovanni Badino
47 SLIDES Photo J. De Waele

CAVE DIVING
History
Exploration techniques
Scientific applications
A cura della
Commissione Permanente
di Speleologia Subacquea
della S.S.I.
Coordinatore: Alessio Fileccia
60 SLIDES Doux de Coly, Francia (photo Gérald Favre)

PREVENTION OF
ACCIDENTS IN
CAVES
By Marco Vattano
Giovanni Badino, Paola Bianchi, Corrado
Camerini, Jo De Waele, Francesco Di Trapani,
Paolo Forti, Franco Gherlizza, Mauro Kraus,
and the Public Relations Working Group of the
Cave and Alpine Rescue Team
36 SLIDES
Purgatorio Abyss, Trapani, Sicily, Italy
(photo M. Vattano, Arch. X Speleological Zone CNSAS)
FIRST AID IN CAVES

By
Corpo Nazionale Soccorso Alpino e Speleologico

(National Cave and Alpine Rescue Team)
Scuola Nazionale Medici per l’emergenza ad alto
rischio in ambiente ipogeo
(National School of Doctors for High Risk
Emergencies in Subterranean Environment)
19 SLIDES
CAVE
SURVEYING
By Mauro Villani
Coordinated by Mauro Villani
60 SLIDES (photo C. Onnis)

and Karst 2009
HISTORY OF
BIOSPELEOLOGY
by
Giuseppe Rivalta
and
Fabrizio Serena
Moulis Lab, France (Photo P. Forti)
“Toute la doctrine de l’ Evolution des espècies se trouve intéresée à

cette sorte de recherches, relativement peu avancées “
E.A. MARTEL
53 SLIDES
and Karst 2009
SAMPLING AND
DOCUMENTATING
SUBTERRANEAN
LIFE
by
Marco Bani
and
Salvatore Inguscio
72 SLIDES
and Karst 2009
SYSTEMATICS
AND
ADAPTATIONS
OF CAVE FAUNA
di
Fabrizio Serena
e
Leonardo Latella
61 DIA
and Karst 2009
THE CAVE
ECOSYSTEM AND ITS
CONSERVATION
By
Fabrizio Serena
and
David Bianco
57 SLIDES Grotta dei Cinque Laghi (Marche), Italy) (Marco Bani)

TROGLOPHILE (Photo M. Mucedda)
BATS
By
Mauro Mucedda
Paolo Agnelli
Adriano Martinoli
55 SLIDES (Photo M. Mucedda)

TEMPERATURE IN
CAVES
Cold in winter and

warm in summer?..
By Giovanni Badino
68 SLIDES Abisso Essebue, PB, Marguareis, Piedmont, Italy (photo G. Badino)

AQUIFERS IN
CARBONATE
ROCKS
by
Bartolomeo Vigna
coordinator Foce Spring, Ligurian Alps, Italy (photo B. Vigna)
In collaboration with: Cinzia Banzato
91 SLIDES
MONITORING
KARST AQUIFERS
By
Bartolomeo Vigna
In collaboration with: Cinzia Banzato
Fuse spring (Ligurian Alps) monitored since 1990 (photo Bartolomeo Vigna)
91 SLIDES
Speleology and Karst 2009 ARTIFICIAL TRACERS
By Bartolomeo
Vigna
63 SLIDES (photo B. Vigna)

SEDIMENTS
IN CAVES
By
Alfredo Bini
Grotta Lino (Como), Italy (Photo Mauro Inglese)
coordinator
In collaboration with : Paola Tognini
100 SLIDES
WEATHERING AND
SPELEOGENESIS IN
POORLY SOLUBLE ROCKS
By
Paola Tognini
In collaboration with
Mauro Inglese (photographs)
54 SLIDES Hole in siliceous limestones of Alpe Madrona cave, Lombardy, Italy (photo M. Inglese)
THE
ARCHAEOLOGICAL
IMPORTANCE OF
CAVES
by
Carlo Cavanna Grotta dello Scoglietto, Grosseto, Italy (Photo C. Cavanna)
51 SLIDES
PALAEONTOLOGY
IN CAVES
By
Roberto Zorzin
In collaboration with: Helenia Bertasi

Luo Sai Dong, Qianxi county, Guizhou, China (photo G. Rossi)
Alessandro Zorzin
65 SLIDES
HUMAN
IMPACT IN
CAVES
by
Mauro Chiesi and Alabaster quarrying in a cave, Toirano, Liguria, Italy (photo M. Chiesi)
Giovanni Badino
52 SLIDES
MANAGEMENT OF
SHOW CAVES
By
Arrigo A. Cigna
Giovanni Badino
Mauro Chiesi
Grutas del Palmito, Nuevo Léon, Mexico (photo M. Reboldi)
39 SLIDES
HAZARD
AND
VULNERABILITY
IN KARST AREAS
By
Mario Parise source: internet
66 SLIDES
COLLECTING IN
SPELEOLOGY
Strange items - connected to
the subterranean world - that
can be collected
By
Giampietro Marchesi
61 SLIDES
ARTIFICIAL
CAVES
categories and types Hasankeyf, Turkey (Photo A.Carpignano)
Coordinated by Roberto Bixio

With the collaboration of CARLA GALEAZZI
Commission Artificial Caves Authors: Carla Galeazzi Marco Meneghini

Annalisa Basili Carlo Germani Mario Parise
Roberto Bixio Paolo Guglia Stefano Saj
Sossio Del Prete Alberto Gussago Mauro Traverso
Elena Di Labio Pietro Maifredi Jérôme Triolet
80 SLIDES Paolo Forti Mario Mainetti Laurent Triolet
ARTIFICIAL
CAVES
Physical environment
and scientifi research Üçhisar , Turkey (Photo S.Saj)


ARTIFICIAL
CAVES
Research ambits
Istanbul , Turkey ( Photo R.Bixio)


DIGITAL
PHOTOGRAPHY
IN CAVES
To document subterranean
environments
by Paolo Dori
Corchia cave, Apuan Alps, Tuscany, Italy (photo P. Dori)
In collaboration with: Marco Bani
Renzo Garlasco
Francesco Maurano
Bartolomeo Vigna
118 SLIDES
DOCUMENTING
SUBTERRANEAN
ENVIRONMENTS: VIDEO
by Tullio Bernabei
in association with
Alessandro Beltrame
64 SLIDES Cenotes Dzinup, Mexico (photo: T. Bernabei)

SPELEOLOGICAL
DOCUMENTATION
Sources, bibliographies
and databases useful for
speleological activities
By
Michael Wüutky “Cascata di Tivoli”, 1781
Michele Sivelli
“Activity or non activity, words or silence all have a value as messages:
They influence the others and the others, in their turn, cannot refuse to respond to these
communications and in doing so, also they communicate.” Paul Watzlawick
46 SLIDES
COMUNICATE AND
DOCUMENT
SPELEOLOGY
Instruments, rules, tips
By Michele Sivelli
71 SLIDES
SPELEOLOGICAL
RESEARCH AND
PARKS
By Mauro Chiesi
in collaboration with:
Maria Luisa Perissinotto - Veneto

Francesco Murgia - Sardinia
Bartolomeo Vigna - Piedmont Fluviokarstic valley of the Secchia river, on Triassic evaporites,
Paolo Forti National Park of the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines (photo M. Chiesi)
43 SLIDES
SIGHT
UNSEEN:
the microbial
wonderland
of caves
By Diana E. Northup
& Penelope J. Boston
Cape Verde Islands; New Mexico, USA; Arizona, USA (photo Michael N. Spilde)
55 SLIDES
Speleology and Karst 2009 CAVE AND LEGENDS
By
Franco Gherlizza
80 SLIDES The fantastic inhabitants of the caves(by S. Martinuzzi)

THE INTERNATIONAL PROJECT
A team of international advisors and translators is busy preparing the
package of PowerPoints in four languages: besides Italian we will have
the same lectures in English, French and Spanish. The hope is that the
entire package will be completed before the end of 2009.
Thanks to the National Cave and

Karst Research Institute (Carlsbad,
USA) a DVD has been prepared for
distribution to ALL participants at
the
XVth International
Congress of Speleology
July 2009 at Kerrville (Texas, USA).
HOW TO USE THE MATERIAL
Each lecture can readily be adapted to suit the needs of
specific audiences, by adding or removing slides.
Any part of this

presentation package
may be reproduced at
your own
responsibility, as long
as the contents remain
unaltered.
If reproducing a
presentation (or parts
of one), you should
acknowledge this
Project as the source
of the information. Lecture at Grottaglie, Apulia, Italy (J. De Waele)
DO YOU WANT TO HELP US?
There is no such thing as a perfect project or product …
… everything can be improved!
If you spot any errors, if you find that some information

has been omitted, if you have new topics for new lectures,
if you want to add some new slides to make one of the
lectures more complete …
CONTACT US
Simply e-mail to jo.dewaele@unibo.it and you’ll be directed

to the author or coordinator of your interest.
FINAL REMARKS
The Italian Speleological
Society and the International
Union of Speleology are
confident that this material will
promote and enhance the
diffusion of a “speleological
culture”, not only among Cavers
but also to
a wider audience.
This result was made possible
by the enthusiastic work of
hundreds of cavers who
dedicated their time and effort
to this project voluntarily during
3 years.
USE IT WISELY.
The “cannibal cave” (Saudi Arabia) (photo J. Pint)

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: authors (117)
Paolo Agnelli, Fabrizio Antonioli, Philippe Audra, Giovanni Badino, Carlo Balbiano
d’Aramengo, Marco Bani, Cinzia Banzato, Annalisa Basili, Alessandro Beltrame, Gianni
Benedetti, Tullio Bernabei, Helenia Bertasi, Paola Bianchi, David Bianco, Giampaolo
Bianucci, Alfredo Bini, Roberto Bixio, Eugenio Bonaga, Penelope J. Boston, Gilberto
Bottacini, Corrado Camerini, Achille Casale, Benedetta Castiglioni, Andrea Cerquetti,
Mauro Chiesi, Arrigo A. Cigna, Giuseppe Conti, Serge Delaby, Sossio Del Prete, Jo De
Waele, Elenia Di Labio, Francesco di Trapani, Paolo Dori, Fabrizio Fallani, Leo Fancello,
William Formella, Paolo Forti, Sandro Galdenzi, Carla Galeazzi, Renzo Garlasco, Dario
Genova, Carlo Germani, Franco Gherlizza, Paolo Gioia, Gaetano Giudice, Angela Giuffrida
Privitera, Massimo Goldoni, Marinella Gondoni, Paolo Guglia, Pino Guidi, Alberto Gussago,
Salvatore Inguscio, Marco Ischia, Mauro Kraus, Enrico Lana, Benedetto Lanza, Felice
Larocca, Leonardo Latella, Daniela Lovece, Giuliana Madonia, Paolo Madonia, Pietro
Maifredi, Mario Mainetti, Massimo Mancini, Mario Marconi, Adriano Martinoli, Francesco
Maurano, Mario Mazzoli, Marco Meneghini, Marco Menichetti, Giuseppe Messana, Vincenza
Messana, Giovanni Mecchia, Marco Mecchia, Luigi Micheli, Mauro Mucedda, Francesco
Murgia, Giuseppe Muscio, Diana E. Northup, Siria Panichi, Mario Parise, Maria Luisa
Perissinotto, Leonardo Piccini, Bruce Railsback, Mauro Rampini, Giuseppe Rivalta, Adriano
Roncioni, Antonio Rossi, Andrea Scatolini, Stefano Saj, Francesco Salvatori, Antonio Santo,
Nicoletta Santangelo, Francesco Sauro, Ugo Sauro, Valerio Sbordoni, Andrea Scatolini,
Umberto Sello, Fabrizio Serena, Yavor Shopov, Michele Sivelli, Maurizio Tavagnutti, Paola
Tognini, Mauro Traverso, Jérome Triolet, Laurent Triolet, Martin van Breukelen, Stefano
Vanni, Marco Vattano, Sophie Verheyden, Bartolomeo Vigna, Leonardo Zaccaro,
Alessandro Zorzin, Roberto Zorzin e il Gruppo di Lavoro Addetti Stampa del CNSAS,
Scuola Nazionale Medici per Emergenza in Ambiente Ipogeo del CNSAS, Commissione
Permanente Speleosubacquea SSI.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: designers (57)
Fabrizio Antonioli, Philippe Audra, Giovanni Badino, Cinzia Banzato, Susan Barns, Josefo
Bedoya, Daniele Berardi, Helenia Bertasi, Alfredo Bini, Roberto Bixio, Fabio Bona, José
Maria Calaforra, Benedetta Castiglioni, Maurizio Comar, Giuseppe Conti, Jo De Waele,
Fabrizio Fallani, Francesco Ferrarese, Marco Filipponi, Adriano Fiorucci, Paolo Forti,
Sandro Galdenzi, Matthew G. Garcia, Paolo Gioia, Angela Giuffrida Privitera, Louise Hose,
Felice Larocca, Stefano Lugli, Giuliana Madonia, Paolo Madonia, Larry Mallory, Susanna
Martinuzzi, Cesare Meluzzi, Marco Menichetti, Luigi Micheli, Nicola Milanese, Serena
Milella, Lino Monaco, Tamara Montoya, Alessandro Mosetti, Leonardo Piccini, Guido Rossi,
Cesareo Saiz Jimenez, Laura Sanna, Marianna Sauro, Ugo Sauro, Fabrizio Serena, Chiara
Silvestro, Jessica R. Snider, Paola Tognini, Dante Vailati, Marco Vattano, Corrado
Venturini, Sophie Verheyden, Bartolomeo Vigna, Luca Zini, Roberto Zorzin
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: photographers (331)
Benedetto Abate, Massimo Accordini, Carla Massimo Accordini, Carla Alberta Accorsi, Paolo
Agnelli, Massimo Alvisi, Esther Angert, Giorgio Annichini, Fabrizio Antonioli, Fabrizio Ardito,
Philippe Audra, Giovanni Badino, Francesco Ballarin, Marco Bani, Enzo Barlacchi, Marco
Baroncini, Guglielmo Barranco, Annachiara Bartolini, Nevio Basezzi, Annalisa Basili, Sandra
Basilischi, Alessandro Beltrame, Gianni Benedetti, Tullio Bernabei, Roberto Berti, Erica
Besana, David Bianco, Luigi Bianco, Giampaolo Bianucci, Jean-Yves Bigot, Alfredo Bini,
Andrea Bixio, Roberto Bixio, Berardino Bocchino, Gilda Bologna, Marco Bomman, Fabio
Bona, Andrea Borsato, Yoan Braud, Clarissa Brun, Robert Buecher, Adam Butler, Ezio Burri,
Rhett A. Butler, Alberto Buzio, Patrick Cabrol, Guglielmo Caddeo, Andrea Calligaro, Gianni
Campanella, Giulio Cappa, Franco Capretta, Giorgio Caramanna, Augusto Carè, Angelo
Carpignano, Giacomo Casagrande, Vittorio Castellani, Carlo Cavanna, Gianluigi Ceccarelli,
Andrea Cerquetti, Mauro Chiesi, Susanna Cilloni, Emmanuele Coltellacci, Gianni Comotti,
Giovanni Contessa, Daniela Contini, Linda Costanzo, Franco Cucchi, Riccardo Dell'Acqua,
Adalberto d’Andrea, Norma Damiano, Gil De Gandra, Andrea Del Bon, Sossio Del Prete,
Umberto Del Vecchio, Franco Dell’Aquila, Gianni Dellavalle, Francesco De Lorenzo, Riccardo
De Luca, Sergio Derossi, Jo De Waele, Francesco Di Trapani, Tullio Dobosz, Massimo
Deminichini, Maurizio Deschmann, Luigi Donini†, Giampiero Donno, Paolo Dori, Giuseppe
Dussoni, Douglas Elford, Bill Elliot, Mark Elliott, Gianni Erre, Attilio Eusebio, Franco
Facchinetti, Hermes Farfan Gonzalez, Gérald Favre, Andrea Felici, Gerardo Ferrara,
Giampaolo Filipponi, Lamberto Ferri Ricchi, Paolo Ferrieri, Alessio Fileccia, Ivano Fojanini,
Enrico Fondacaro, William Formella, Paolo Forti, Piergiorgio Frabetti, Gus Frederickson,
Diana Galassi, Sandro Galdenzi, Carla Galeazzi, Marianna Gangi, Renzo Garlasco,
Andrea Gaviano, Dominique Genty, Carlo Germani, Claudia Giontella, Gaetano Giudice, Italo
Giulivo, Sergio Gnani, Dennis Golosly, Angelo Granati, Paolo Grimandi, Roberto Guagliardi,
Paolo Guglia, Mauro Guiducci, Kevin Gurr, Alberto Gussago, Enrico Halupca, Alan Hill, Arne
Hodalič, Cesare Iacovone, Kenneth L. Ingham, Mauro Inglese, Salvatore Inguscio, Marco
Ischia, Catherine Jolivet, Philippe Jolivet, Saskia Kars, Stephan Kempe, Attila Kiss, Augustas
Kligys, Katja Kligys, Alexander Klimchouk, Amos Kloner, Mauro Kraus, Antonio Labegalini,
Enrico Lana, Felice Larocca, Pietro Laureano, Corrado Leoni, Nerio Leonori, Kristen Levy,
Letizia Lo Cicero, Francesco Lo Mastro, Piero Lucci, Andrea Maconi, Giuliana Madonna, Giorgio
Magotti, Alessandro Maifredi, Yuri Maltsev, Massimo Mancini, Aurelio Marangella, Giampietro
Marchesi, Gianni Marconi, Ruggero Marighetti, Rinaldo Massucco, Francesco Maurano,
Riccardo Mazzi, Giovanni Mecchia, Marco Mecchia, Stefano Meggiorini, Lesile Melim, Marco
Meneghini, Marco Menichetti, Anna Maria Mercuri, Mario Mereu, Giuseppe Messana, Tommaso
Mitrano, Luca Montanaro, Andrea Moratto, Mauro Mucedda, Fadi Nader, Alberto Narduzzi,
Angelo Naseddu, Dietmar Nill, Maria de Lurdes Nines Enes Dapkevicius, Daniele Odorici,
Raffaele Onorato, Joep Orbons, Armstrong Osborne, Marco Ottalevi, Arthur Palmer, Adelino
Pagani, Fabio Palazzoni, Gabriela Pani, Giuliana Panieri, Giorgio Pannuzzo, Mario Pappacoda,
Mario Parise, Walter Pasinetti, Alessandro Pastorelli, Guido Peano, Mark Pearce, Stewart B.
Peck, Stefano Pedergnana, Anna Pediconi Cioffi, Alberto Pellegrini, Maria Luisa Perissinotto,
Giuliano Perna, Paolo Petrignani, Luca Picciau, Leonardo Piccini, Patrizio Piccinini John Pint,
Maria Piro, Alessandro Piroddi, Eugenio Pistolesi, Lukas Plan, Lisa Powers, Luciano Pusceddu,
Maurizio Radacich, Giovanni Ragone, Bruce Railsback, Mauro Rampini, Giuseppe Antonio
Ranieri, Maurizio Reboldi, Anna-Louise Reysenbach, Michel Renda, Franco Rigo, Giuseppe
Rivalta, Marilena Rodi, Adriano Roncioni, Angelo Rosa, Antonio Rossi, Emanuela Rossi,
Mario Rossi, Graziano Rotondi, Cesareo Saiz Jimenez, Stefano Saj, Laura Sanna, Tito
Samorè, Francesco Salvatori, Antonio Santo, Francesco Sauro, Ugo Sauro, Giuseppe
Savino, Ivan Sazima, Valerio Sbordoni, Mauro Scataglini, Andrea Scatolini, Christoph
Schmidtlein, Gerad Scholte, Gianni Scrigna, Enrico Seddone, Sandro Sedran, Fabrizio
Serena, Damaiano Sfriso, Luca Sgualdini, Yavor Y. Shopov, Daniele Sighel, Michele Sivelli,
Kyung Sik Woo, Giancarlo Spaziani, Michael N. Spilde, Gabriele Stalteri, Fabio Stoch,
Aaron Stockton, Arianna Tamburini, Maurizio Tavagnutti, Pierfederico Testi, Veli Toren,
Giuseppe Tormene, Mauro Traverso, Antonio Trocino, Paolo Trentinaglia, Jêrome Triolet,
Laurent Triolet, Luca Trombino, Alessandro Casadei Turroni, Thomas Urgyan, Ugo Vacca,
Dante Vailati, Jan Paul Van Der Pas, Martin van Breukelen, Rosario Varriale, Marco
Vattano, Nino Velardo, Sophie Verheyden, Marco Verole Bozzello, Alberto Verrini, Mario
Vianelli, Bartolomeo Vigna, Marco Vitelli, Daniele Viti, Jim Werker, Raffaella Zerbetto,
Cristiano Zoppello, Alessandro Zorzin, Roberto Zorzin.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: correctors-graphics
Italian texts have been corrected by Carlo Balbiano d’Aramengo, Paola

Bianchi, Mila Bottegal, Marco Campagnoli, Jo De Waele, Paolo Forti,
Mauro Kraus, Alberto Muntoni, Giuseppe Muscio, Marco Ottalevi, Mario
Parise, Maria Luisa Perissinotto, Leonardo Piccini, Marilena Rodi, Ugo
Sauro, Chiara Silvestro, Marco Vattano, Mauro Villani, Leonardo
Zaccaro.
Format standardization has been carried out by Daniele Berardi, Paola

Bianchi, Irene Borra, Jo De Waele, Paolo Forti, Maria Luisa Perissinotto,
Emma Petrella, Laura Sanna and Chiara Silvestro.
Final standardization of all files was carried out by

Franco Gherlizza, Mauro Kraus and Marilena Rodi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT: translators (37)
Translations were carried out by:
for English:
Jo De Waele (coord.), Arrigo Cigna, Paolo Forti, Giuliana Madonia,
Jeremy Palumbo, Mario Parise, Ugo Sauro, Sophie Verheyden
with final verifications by David J. Lowe (coord.), Graham Proudlove,
Trevor Faulkner, Derek Yalden, Clive Gardener and Chris Howes.
for French:
Philippe Audra (coord.), Jean-Pierre Bartholeyns, Jean-Yves Bigot,
Laurent Bruxelles, Olivier Caudron, Jacques Chabert, Anne Cholin,
Jean-Claude d’Antoni-Nobécourt, Grégory Dandurand, Serge Delaby,
Christian Dodelin, Marc Faverjon, Eric Gilli, Vincent Lignier, Eric
Madelaine, Yvan Robin, Jean-Michel Salmon, Marjolaine Vaucher,
Benjamin Weber.
for Spanish:
José Marìa Calaforra (coord.), Policarp Garay, Ángel Ginés, Josep
Manuel Victòria (Sociedad Española de Espeleologìa y Ciencias del
Karst, SEDECK).
OTHER ACKNOWLEDGMENTS (95)
A.M.T. di Genova, Archivio Storico Comune di Genova, Associazione Geografica La Venta,
Treviso, Associazione Gruppi Speleologici Piemontesi, Associazione Speleologi Molisani,
Badino Giovanni, Bulgarelli Francesca (Soprintendenza ai Beni Archeologici della Liguria)
Caloi Vittoria (INAF), Campagnoli Marco, Cappa Giulio, Catasto regionale delle grotte del
Friuli Venezia Giulia, Catasto Speleologico dell’Umbria, Centro Escursionistico,
Naturalistico Speleologico di Costacciaro, Centro Italiano di Documentazione Speleologica
“F. Anelli”, Centro Regionale di Speleologia "Enzo dei Medici, Centro Ricerche Carsiche “C.
Seppenhofer”,. Centro Speleologico Etneo, Cisi Federico, Club Alpino Italiano, Club Alpino
Italiano Sezione Sicilia, Commissione Foto/Video della SSI, Congiu Lavinia, Consorzio
Grotte di Frasassi, Corpo Nazionale Soccorso Alpino e Speleologico del C.A.I., De Pascale
Andrea (Museo Archeologico Finale Ligure), Delegazione Speleologica Ligure,
Dipartimento di Fisica Generale dell’Università di Torino, Dipartimento di Ingegneria del
Territorio, dell’Ambiente e delle Geotecnologie del Politecnico di Torino, Ente Speleologico
Regionale Lombardo, Erre Gianni, Esposito Fabio, Etude de Souterrains di Tours, Faculté
Polytechnique de Mons (Belgium), Federazione Speleologica Abruzzese, Federazione
Speleologica Campana, Federazione Speleologica del Lazio, Federazione Speleologica
Marchigiana, Federazione Speleologica Pugliese, Federazione Speleologica Regionale
Campana, Federazione Speleologica Regionale del Friuli Venezia Giulia, Federazione
Speleologica Regionale dell'Emilia Romagna, Federazione Speleologica Regionale Siciliana,
Federazione Speleologica Sarda, Federazione Speleologica Toscana, Federazione
Speleologica Toscana, Federazione Speleologica Veneta, Federazione Umbra Gruppi
Speleologici, Felici Alberta, Ferrino S.p.A., Fondazione Gortani (Tolmezzo), Forti Paolo,
Gruppo di Lavoro degli Addetti Stampa del CNSAS, Gruppo Italiano Ricerca Chirotteri,
Gruppo Speleologico Archeologico Livornese, Istituto Italiano di Speleologia,
OTHER ACKNOWLEDGMENTS (95)
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, sezione di Palermo, Istituto per lo Studio
degli Ecosistemi del CNR (Sede di Firenze), Jolivet-Lévy Catherine (EPHE-Parigi), Kloner
Amos (Bar Ilan University-Jerusalem, Israele), Laboratorio Grandi Strumenti
dell’Università di Modena e di Reggio Emilia, Latella Leonardo, Laureano Pietro (UNESCO)
Lombardi Leonardo, Maggi Roberto (Direzione Generale dei Beni Culturali Liguria),
Magnani Lauro (DIRAS-Genova), Marchesi Giampietro, Massazza Daniele, Museo Civico
di Storia Naturale di Verona, Museo delle Grotte di Costacciaro, Museo di Storia Naturale
dell’Università di Firenze, Museo di Storia Naturale della Maremma (Grosseto), Museo di
Storia Naturale Friulano (Udine), National Cave and Karst Research Institute (Carlsbad,
USA), New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Osservatorio Civis (Comune di
Genova), Parco Regionale dei Gessi Bolognesi e dei Calanchi di Abbadessa, Pasquale
Antonella, Petzl S.p.A., Repetto Sport, Riserva Naturale Integrata Grotta di Santa Ninfa
(Sicilia), rivista ARCHEO, Sanna Roberto, Sezione di Zoologia “La Specola”, Società
Naturalistica Speleologica Maremmana (Grosseto), Società Speleologica Italiana, Società
Stereoscopica Italiana, Soprintendenza ai Beni Archeologici della Toscana,
Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici del Veneto - Nucleo Operativo di Verona,
Speleologia Lucana, Speleologia Trentina, Università degli Studi di Milano, Università
degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia - Orto Botanico, Sezione del Dipartimento di
Paleobiologia e dell’Orto Botanico di Biologia Animale, University of New Mexico, Velardo
Nino (Centro Attività Subacquee Paguro, Genova), Wikipedia (l’enciclopedia libera)

00 Speleology & Karst

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TEACHING

This project, which was proposed by

Calcified wine bottle in Tiscali Cave, Sardinia (photo J. De Waele)

The image on the left cannot be distinguished by those with

Only the first

Cueva de los Crystales, Mexico (photo Arch. La Venta)

FORTI P. (2002), Speleology

Translation into English by Jo De Waele and David J. Lowe.

Photographs were supplied by Giovanni Badino, Roberto Bixio,

The following institutions are thanked for their collaboration:

© Società Speleologica Italiana

A total of more than 3600 ppt

Each lecture was submitted to

69 SLIDES Photo A. D'Andrea

56 SLIDES Experimental lab, Novella Cave, Italy (photo Arch GSB/USB)

In collaboration with: Paolo Forti

45 SLIDES Ponte di Veja, Lessini Mountains, Veneto, Italy (photo J. De Waele)

64 SLIDES (Photo U. Sauro)

Speleology and Karst 2009

in collaboration with: Paolo Forti

55 SLIDES Orbisi sinkhole, Sardinia, Italy (photo J. De Waele)

59 SLIDES Subterranean River, Palawan, Philippines (photo G. Savino/Arch. La Venta)

56 SLIDES Cabrespine Cave, France (photo by P. Forti)

Asperge Cave, France (photo P. Forti)

60 SLIDES Novella Cave, Emilia Romagna, Italy (photo P. Forti)

Stalagmite 65 cm–Père Noël

what kind of data can be

55 SLIDES After Aldrovandi, Musaeum Metallicum (1648)

In collaboration with: Philippe Audra

100 SLIDES Grotte du Chat, France (photo J. Y. Bigot)

61 SLIDES Photo F. Antonioli

Campo di Bonis, Taipana (UD), Italy (photo M. Tavagnutti)

37 SLIDES Ponte Clinaz, Upper Judrio valley, Italy (photo M. Tavagnutti)

72 SLIDES Baisun-Tau, Uzbekistan (photo U. Vacca, Arch. La Venta)

64 SLIDES Santa Ninfa Cave, Trapani, Sicily, Italy (photo M. Vattano)

39 SLIDES Sima Auyantepui Noroeste, Venezuela (photo La Venta)

Bocca Bassa, Etna, Sicily, Italy (photo G. Giudice)

PHYSICS OF HOLES IN WATER

Grey Glacier, Patagonia, Chile (Photo G. Badino)

45 SLIDES Naica, Mexico (photo P. Forti)

36 SLIDES Photo J. De Waele

47 SLIDES Photo J. De Waele

Coordinatore: Alessio Fileccia

60 SLIDES Doux de Coly, Francia (photo Gérald Favre)

FIRST AID IN CAVES

Corpo Nazionale Soccorso Alpino e Speleologico

Coordinated by Mauro Villani

60 SLIDES (photo C. Onnis)

“Toute la doctrine de l’ Evolution des espècies se trouve intéresée à

57 SLIDES Grotta dei Cinque Laghi (Marche), Italy) (Marco Bani)

TROGLOPHILE (Photo M. Mucedda)

55 SLIDES (Photo M. Mucedda)

Cold in winter and

68 SLIDES Abisso Essebue, PB, Marguareis, Piedmont, Italy (photo G. Badino)

In collaboration with: Cinzia Banzato

In collaboration with: Cinzia Banzato

63 SLIDES (photo B. Vigna)

In collaboration with: Helenia Bertasi

Grutas del Palmito, Nuevo Léon, Mexico (photo M. Reboldi)

categories and types Hasankeyf, Turkey (Photo A.Carpignano)

Coordinated by Roberto Bixio

Commission Artificial Caves Authors: Carla Galeazzi Marco Meneghini

Coordinated by Roberto Bixio