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동아대학교 자연과학대학
신소재물리학과
심 지 원
2019학년도
원자 힘 현미경을 이용한 Si 기판상의
Poly(3-hexylthiophene) 박막의
표면형상 연구
지도교수 서 정 화
이 논문을 이학사 학위
청구논문으로 제출함
2019년 12월
동아대학교 자연과학대학
신소재물리학과
심 지 원
국문초록
신소재물리학과 심 지 원
지도교수 서 정 화
i
목 차
Ⅰ. 서 론
·······································································································1
Ⅱ. 이 론
·······································································································2
1.유기 반도체
································································································2
가. 유기 반도체 정의
···············································································2
나. 유기 반도체 원리
···············································································3
(1) 에너지 밴드갭
················································································3
(2) 오비탈
······························································································4
다. 유기 반도체 종류
···············································································9
(1) P형 유기 반도체
············································································9
(2) N형 유기 반도체
··········································································10
(3) 양극성 유기 반도체
·····································································11
(4) 기타
································································································11
2. 원자 힘 현미경 (AFM : Atomic Force Microscopy) ···················13
가. AFM 정의 및 구조
···········································································13
나. 접촉모드의 종류
················································································14
(1) 접촉모드
··························································································14
(2) 비 접촉 모드
··················································································15
(3) 태핑 모드
························································································15
3. AFM을 이용한 박막연구
·········································································16
Ⅲ. 실험방법
···································································································17
1. Solution 제작
·························································································17
2. 기판제작
··································································································18
3. 스핀코팅
··································································································19
4. AFM 측정
······························································································20
ii
Ⅳ. 실험결과 및 고찰
····················································································24
1. AFM images
··························································································24
Ⅴ. 결 론
·······································································································33
참고문헌
··········································································································34
Abstract
··········································································································35
iii
표목차
iv
그림목차
<그림-1> LUMO와 3
HOMO·······················································································
4
<그림-2> (1)메테인 구조식 (2)탄소와 수소의 전자배치·······································
5
<그림-3> 한 개의 s오비탈과 세 개의 p오비탈······················································
5
<그림-4> 새로운 오비탈의 에너지 준위··································································
6
<그림- 5> s오비탈과 p오비탈이 합쳐진 모양··························································
<그림-6> 에틸렌( )의
구조식·············································································· 6
<그림-7> sp2의 s오비탈 1개와 p오비탈 1개가 합쳐진 모습································ 6
<그림-8> sp2의 에너지 7
준위·····················································································
7
<그림-9>
8
에틸렌··········································································································
8
<그림-10> 시그마(sigma bond)와 파이 결합(pi bond) ·········································
9
<그림-11> 파이 결합의 전자 궤도 중첩··································································
<그림-13>
<그림-12> 대표적인 P3HT의 P형 유기 반도체 물질인 펜타센(Pentacene)과 루브렌((Rubrene)
구조식························································································
······················································································································
10
··················
10
<그림-14> 대표적인 N형 유기 반도체 물질인 NDIs와 PDIs ·····························
<그림-15> 유기태양전지(OPV)의 동작원리 ·························································· 12
<그림-16> OLED 12
동작원리······················································································
13
<그림-17> (1)원자 힘 현미경 외부 (2)원자 힘 현미경 구조······························
14
<그림-18> (1)접촉모드의 시료측정 (2)비 접촉모드의 시료측정························
<그림-19> (1)P3HT물질,Vial, 약 수저, 기름종이 (2)저울 ·································17
<그림-20> Solution 제작과정
··········································································17
<그림-21> (1)자, 다이아몬드 커터, 트위져 (2)실리콘 웨이퍼 ···························18
v ·····················································20
<그림-25> 원자 힘 현미경 캡 제거된 모습
<그림-26> AFM 프로브 카트리지, 스프링 툴. 칩 캐리어와 홀더 ···············21
··············································································································
···········30
<그림-45> annealing 온도에 따른 (5 × 5) μm P3HT Tapping Phase
vi
images의 변화
··································································································30
<그림-46> annealing 온도에 따른 (2 × 2) μm P3HT Height images의 변화
··············································································································
···········31
<그림-47> annealing 온도에 따른 (2 × 2) μm P3HT Tapping Phase
images의 변화
··································································································31
<그림-48> (5 × 5) μm P3HT Roughness, (2 × 2) μm P3HT Roughness
Graph
···············································································································
·32
vii
Ⅰ. 서론
1
Ⅱ. 이론
1. 유기 반도체(Organic Semiconductor)
가. 유기 반도체 정의
2
나. 유기 반도체 원리
그림 1. LUMO와 HOMO
3
(2) 오비탈
많은 유기 반도체에서는 전도성 고분자(Conducting polymer, conjugated polymer) 이
다. 기본적인 고분자는 전류가 흐르지 않지만 전도성 고분자는 전류가 통하게 된다. 그
이유는 전자의 비편재화(delocalized electron) 때문이다. 이는 쉽게 말해 전자가 모여있
지 않고 고루 퍼져있다는 것을 의미한다. 고분자는 대표적인 유기화합물이고 그 골격은
탄소로 이루어져 있다. 이러한 전류를 흐르는 이유에는 이중결합에 의한 것이 대부분인
데 먼저 오비탈과 결합에 대해 알아보자.
아래의 그림은 메테인( ) 의 화학구조와 탄소와 수소의 전자배치를 나타낸 것이다.
4
그림 3. 한 개의 s오비탈과 세 개의 p오비탈
5
그림 5. s오비탈과 p오비탈이 합쳐진 모양
그림 6. 에틸렌()의 구조식
6
그림 7.과 같은 형성과정에서 나머지 p오비탈은 혼성에 참여하지 않고 수직방향으로 놓
이게 된다. 그림 8.를 통하여 sp2의 에너지 준위를 볼 수 있고, 그림 9.를 통해 에틸렌이
형성된 모습을 볼 수 있다.
그림 8. sp2의 에너지 준위
그림 9. 에틸렌
7
그림 10. 시그마 결합(sigma bond) 과 파이 결합(pi bond)
그림 11. 파이 결합의 전자 궤도 중첩
8
위해서는 일중결합과 이중결합이 순차적으로 연결되어 있어야 하는데 유기 반도체에서
많이 사용하는 대표적인 물질인 P3HT를 그림 12.를 참고하여 보면 이러한 결합이 잘
이어져 있는 것을 볼 수 있다.
다. 유기 반도체 종류
(1) P형 유기 반도체
9
그림 13. 대표적인 P형 유기 반도체 물질인 펜타센(pentacene)과 루브렌(rubrene)
(2) N형 유기 반도체
10
(3) 양극성 반도체
(4) 기타
(가) OPVs
11
그림 15. 유기태양전지(OPV)의 동작원리
12
2. 원자 힘 현미경 (AFM : Atomic Force Microscopy)
가. 원자 힘 현미경 정의 및 구조
13
나. 접촉모드의 종류
14
다. 때문에 실시간으로 변화하는 시료 표면을 관찰 할 때에도 용이하다. 아래 그림 18.
을 통해서 두 모드를 한눈에 볼 수 있다.
15
3. AFM을 이용한 박막연구
16
Ⅲ. 실험방법
1. solution 제작
17
다. chlorobenzene(CB) 1mL를 sylinger를 사용해 준비한다.
라. P3HT 0.5mg을 vial에 넣어 섞어준다.
마. P3HT 0.5 wt.%(CB) 용액을 완성하고 hot plate에 올려놓는다.
2. 기판 제작
18
그림 23. (1)Aceton, 2-propanol용액 (2)초음파 세척기
3. 스핀코팅
19
나. sylinger에 P3HT용액을 넣어준 뒤, 필터를 끼운다.
다. spin coater에 기판을 올려놓고 진공을 잡아준다.
라. 2000 rpm, 30s로 맞추고 그 위에 용액을 골고루 뿌려준다.
마. 동작이 멈추면 Hot plate에 10분동안 올려둔다.
바. hot plate의 온도를 Room temperature(RT), 60℃,90℃,120℃로 바꿔가며, 다~마를
반복한다.
4. AFM 측정
가. 원자 힘 현미경 측정
(1)장치의 구성
(가) Innova AFM
(2) 장치켜기
(가) 각 시스템 파트의 전원을 순서대로 켠다.
①PC power on
②NanoDrive controller on (하단부 스위치)
③바탕화면의 NanoDrive v8.06 software 실행
20
(3) 팁 장착
(가) 아래의 도구들을 사용하여 팁을 장착해준다.
21
(나) 그림 28.에서 보이는 레이저 조절 노브를 이용하여 레이저 빛이 캔틸레버 위에
오도록 조정한다.
(다) 레이저와 디텍터 정렬이 완료되면 아래와 같은 화면으로 바뀌게 된다.
(5) 측정
22
그림 31. 측정 중 화면
23
Ⅳ. 실험결과 및 고찰
1. AFM images
가. 0.5wt.% P3HT(CB)/ SiO₂/ Si substrate without annealing (S1)
(1) (5 × 5) μm
그림 32. S1; (좌) Height Sensor image와 (우) Tapping Phase image (5 μm size)
(2) (2 × 2) μm
그림 33. S1; (좌) Height Sensor image와 (우) Tapping Phase image (2 μm size)
24
(3) 3-D image
(1) (5 × 5) μm
그림 35. S2; (좌) Height Sensor image와 (우) Tapping Phase image (5 μm size)
25
(2) (2 × 2) μm
그림 36. S2; (좌) Height Sensor image와 (우) Tapping Phase image (2 μm size)
26
다. 0.5wt.% P3HT(CB)/ SiO₂/ Si substrate with annealing(90˚°C 10min) (S3)
(1) (5 × 5) μm
그림 38. S3; (좌) Height Sensor image와 (우) Tapping Phase image (5 μm size)
(2) (2 × 2) μm
그림 39. S3; (좌) Height Sensor image와 (우) Tapping Phase image (2 μm size)
27
(3) 3-D image
(1) (5 × 5) μm
그림 41. S4; (좌) Height Sensor image와 (우) Tapping Phase image (5 μm size)
28
(2) (2 × 2) μm
그림 42. S4; (좌) Height Sensor image와 (우) Tapping Phase image (2 μm size)
29
마. 실험결과
표 1. (5 × 5) μm, (2 × 2) μm P3HT Roughness
30
(2) (2 × 2) μm P3HT images
31
(3) (5 × 5) μm P3HT Roughness and (2 × 2) μm P3HT Roughness Graph
32
Ⅴ. 결론
33
참고문헌
[1] Z. Bao and J. Locklin, Eds., Organic Field-Effect Transistors. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press,
Taylor & Francis Group, (2007)
[2] O. D. Jurchescu, M. Popinciuc, B. J. vanWees, and T. T. M. Palstra, Adv. Mater., 19, 688,
(2007)
[3] H.-R. Tseng, H. Phan, C. Luo, M. Wang, L. A. Perez, S. N. Patel, L. Ying, E. J. Kramer,
T.-Q. Nguyen, G. C. Bazan, and A. J. Heeger, Adv. Mater., 26, 2993, (2014)
[4] S. Tatemichi, M. Ichikawa, T. Koyama, and Y. Taniguchi, Appl. Phys. Lett., 89, 112108, (2006)
[6] M. L. Tang, J. H. Oh, A. D. Reichardt, and Z. Bao, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 131, 3733, (2009)
[7]L. Bu˙˙rgi, M. Turbiez, R. Pfeiffer, F. Bienewald, H. J. Kirner and C. Winnewisser, Adv. Mater.
20, 2217-2224 (2008)
[8] Binnig, G .; 쿼트, CF; 거버, Ch. "원자력 현미경". 물리적 검토 서한 . 56 (9) : 930-933.(1986)
[10] Helen Greenwood Hansma, PhD Research Biophysicist Emeritus and Associate Adjunct
Professor Emeritus Department of Physics, University of California at Santa Barbara
[13] 대최재회,하 7,2 이-7석2열, 이임수, 신종근 AFM을 이용한 TFT-LCD 박막 특성 분석. 한국분석
과학회 학술 (2008)
34
Abstract
by
SIM JI-WON
Dept. of Physics,
Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
35