Rajlaxmi Chouhan

Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
2020
Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur
Lecture
Notes
 Integrated Circuits (ICs)

The first integrated circuit (IC) was

developed by Jack Kilby while
working at Texas Instruments in
1958.

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Solid-state Electronics

The construction of every discrete (individual) solid-state (hard crystal structure)

electronic device or integrated circuit begins with a semiconductor material of the
highest quality.

Semiconductors are a special class of elements having a conductivity

between that of a good conductor and that of an insulator.

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Semiconductors

In general, semiconductor materials fall into one of two classes: single-

crystal and compound.

Single-crystal semiconductors such as germanium (Ge) and silicon (Si)

have a repetitive crystal structure.

Compound semiconductors such as gallium arsenide (GaAs), cadmium

sulfide (CdS), gallium nitride (GaN), and gallium arsenide phosphide
(GaAsP) are constructed of two or more semiconductor materials of
different atomic structures.

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Semiconductors

The three semiconductors used most frequently in the construction of

electronic devices are Ge, Si, and GaAs.

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Covalent bonds

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Performance of Semiconductor materials

Semiconductor materials have a negative temperature coefficient.

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Performance of Semiconductor materials

This difference in energy gap

requirements reveals the sensitivity of
each type of semiconductor to changes in
temperature.

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Inside a Si lattice

At 0 K

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Inside a Si lattice

At 300 K

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Inside a Silicon lattice

At thermal equilibrium, the recombination rate is equal to the generation

rate, and one can conclude that the concentration of free electrons n is
equal to the concentration of holes p.

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 Intrinsic Charge Concentration

At 300 K

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Doped Semiconductors

n-type

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Doped Semiconductors

p-type

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PN Junction Diode
IS : Drift Current (due
to electric field in the
depletion region)
ID : Diffusion current
due to difference in
charge concentration

Open circuit condition: ID = IS -> No net current 15

Forward-bias Diode Current

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 Applications

Light-dependent Resistor Light-emitting Diodes

(CdS) (GaAs / GaAsP / many other compounds)
LEDs
Study Reference

R. L. Boylestad, & L. Nashelsky, (2009), Electronic Devices and

Circuit Theory, 10th Edition, Prentice Hall [Chapter 1, 1.1-1.9]

A. S. Sedra, & K. C. Smith (2011), Microelectronic Circuits, 6th

Edition, Oxford University Press [Chapter 3 (Semiconductors),
Chapter 4 (Diodes)]

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