ELL 103: Fundamentals of Electricity

Lesson 1
Explore
1. What is Electricity?
Electricity is an apparent force in nature that exists whenever there is a net electrical charge
between any two objects.

2. What are the methods in producing electricity?

-electrochemistry
-static electricity
-Magnetic induction
-piezoelectric effect
-thermoelectricity
-photoelectric effect
-thermionic emission

3. Explain the importance of electricity in your life.

Electricity is a necessary aspect of modern life, and it benefits us in a variety of ways.
Electricity is used for lighting, heating, cooling, and refrigeration, as well as for medicinal
purposes, appliances, electronics, computers, public transit, and much more. We are nothing
without energy in the modern era.

Evaluate
Write “true” if the statement is correct, write “false” if the statement is incorrect and identify the
word that makes the statement incorrect.
1. The atom is the biggest particle to which an element can be reduced while still keeping the
properties of that element. – FALSE
2. The proton is the fundamental negative charge (-) of electricity and is located in the nucleus. –
FALSE
3. When two objects of like charge are brought near one another, the lines of force attract each
other. - FALSE
4. Potential difference is the term used to describe how large the electrostatic force is between two
uncharged objects. - TRUE
5. Electrons are in rapid motion around the nucleus. -TRUE
6. Conductors are materials with electrons that are loosely bound to their atoms, or materials that
permit free motion of a large number of electrons. -TRUE
7. Conductors are materials with electrons that are tightly bound to their atoms and require large
amounts of energy to free them from the influence of the nucleus. -FALSE
8. Ideal sources are used for analytical purposes only since they cannot occur in nature. - TRUE
9. Resistance is defined as the opposition to current flow. TRUE
10. Conductance is defined as the ability of a coil to store energy, induce a voltage in itself. TRUE
Lesson 2
Explore
1. What is an electrical circuit?
An electric circuit is a closed path in which electrons move to produce electric currents.

2. How temperature does affects resistance on a conductor?

The temperature rise creates a collision among the moving electrons of the conductor hence the
net movement of the electrons becomes zero which means there is no flow of current in the
conductor and said to be high resistance. The temperature variation has different effects on
different types of conductors.
3. Discuss Direct current
Direct current (DC) is an electric current that is uni-directional, so the flow of charge is always in
the same direction. As opposed to alternating current, the direction and amperage of direct
currents do not change. It is used in many household electronics and in all devices that use
batteries.

Evaluate
Write “true” if the statement is correct, write “false” if the statement is incorrect and identify the
word that makes the statement incorrect.
1. A battery consists of two or more chemical cells connected in parallel.
2. A simple DC generator consists of an armature coil with a single turn of wire.
3. Most electrical power generating stations produce direct current.
4. Reverse biasing occurs when the diode’s anode is connected to the positive side of the source.
5. One-line diagrams are the standard means by which we communicate information in electrical
and electronics circuits.
6. The one-line, or single-line, diagram shows the components of a circuit by means of single lines
and the appropriate graphic symbols.
7. A Schematic diagram is used to show the relationship between component groups, or stages in a
circuit.
8. A block diagram is a very simple way to show wiring connections in an easy-to-follow manner.
9. A closed circuit is an uninterrupted, or unbroken, path for current from the source (EMF),
through the load, and back to the source.
10. In a parallel circuit, the total resistance of the resistors in a parallel is referred to as equivalent
resistance.

Lesson 3
Explore
1. Differentiate series and parallel circuit
The difference between series and the parallel circuit is the amount of current that flows
through each of the components in the circuit. In a series circuit, the same amount of current
 flows through all the components placed in it. On the other hand, in parallel circuits, the
components are placed in parallel with each other due to which the circuit splits the current
flow. The current flowing from the source will be divided into the current flowing through
each of these components.
2. What is Ohm’s Law.
Ohm’s law states the relationship between electric current and potential difference. The
current that flows through most conductors is directly proportional to the voltage applied to
it.

Evaluate
Solve and draw the equivalent circuit of the following:
1. 3 ohms and 5 ohms resistances are connected in series along 24 volts battery. What is the current
flowing into the circuit?
24volts/8ohms=3 amps

2. A 10 ohm and a 20-ohm resistance are connected in parallel in a 48-volt source. Calculate the
current flowing on each resistor.

3. Find branch current for resistances 3 ohms and 4 ohms connected in parallel across 24 volts.

Lesson 4
Explore
1. What is Magnetic field?
A magnetic field is a vector field that describes the magnetic influence on moving electric
charges, electric currents, and magnetic materials. A moving charge in a magnetic field
experiences a force perpendicular to its own velocity and to the magnetic field.
2. What is flux?
Flux a measure of how much of a vector field (ex. magnetic or electric) is going through a
particular surface. Specifically, it is the integration of a field through a surface.

3. Discuss magnetic circuits

A magnetic circuit is made up of one or more closed loop paths containing a magnetic flux. The
flux is usually generated by permanent magnets or electromagnets and confined to the path by
magnetic cores consisting of ferromagnetic materials like iron, although there may be air gaps or
other materials in the path.
Evaluate
1. How does flux affect current in a magnetic circuit? Discuss
In a ring-shaped electromagnet with a small air gap, the magnetic field or flux is almost entirely
confined to the metal core and the air gap, which together form the magnetic circuit. In an electric
motor, the magnetic field is largely confined to the magnetic pole pieces, the rotor, the air gaps
between the rotor and the pole pieces, and the metal frame. Each magnetic field line makes a
complete unbroken loop. All the lines together constitute the total flux. If the flux is divided, so
that part of it is confined to a portion of the device and part to another, the magnetic circuit is
 called parallel. If all the flux is confined to a single closed loop, as in a ring-shaped
electromagnet, the circuit is called a series magnetic circuit.

2. Find the values of current required to develop a magnetic flux of 10x10 -4 Wb. Given the area
3x10-3m2