Plasma Physics

Department of
(02PY0531) Physics
Course:
M. Sc. (Physics) M. Sc. (Physics)
Semester:
Semester-III III
Unit No.:
4
Unit - IV Unit Title:
Interaction of plasmas with
Interaction of plasmas with electron beam
Subject name and code:
Plasma Physics (02PY0531)
electron beam Dr. Prakash Kanjariya
List of Topics:
 Two-stream instability Department of
Physics
 Relativistic electron beam-plasma interaction Course:
 Growth rate M. Sc. (Physics)
Semester:
 Cerenkov free electron laser III
 Free electron laser and energy gain Unit No.:
4
Unit Title:
Interaction of plasmas with
electron beam
Subject name and code:
Plasma Physics (02PY0531)
Dr. Prakash Kanjariya
Beam Plasma System

Department of
Physics
Course:
M. Sc. (Physics)
Semester:
III
Unit No.:
4
Unit Title:
And the beam velocity you can easily say that,
Interaction of plasmas with
electron beam
2𝑒𝑉𝑝 Subject name and code:
𝑣𝑜𝑏 = Plasma Physics (02PY0531)
𝑚
Dr. Prakash Kanjariya
Beam Plasma System
field emission diode.

Department of
Physics
Course:
M. Sc. (Physics)
Semester:
III
Unit No.:
4
Unit Title:
Interaction of plasmas with
electron beam
Subject name and code:
Plasma Physics (02PY0531)
Dr. Prakash Kanjariya
Physical Mechanism of Wave Growth
If a beam has to generate a wave it should have three properties.

First property is that the beam should be slow down by the wave,
Department of
𝐸 ∙ 𝑣Ԧ𝑜𝑏 ≠ 0 Physics
Course:
Second condition is that the frequency of the wave as seen by the beam should be small.
M. Sc. (Physics)
If the wave is of frequency 𝜔 and k is the wave number, then the Doppler shifted frequency is, Semester:
III
𝜔 − 𝑘 ∙ 𝑣Ԧ𝑜𝑏 ≈ 0 Unit No.:
This condition is also known as Cerenkov resonance condition. 4
Unit Title:
third thing is, there should be net bunching of electrons in the retarding zones. Interaction of plasmas with
electron beam
Subject name and code:
Plasma Physics (02PY0531)
Dr. Prakash Kanjariya
Physical Mechanism of Wave Growth
Let’s see the mechanism of electron bunching.

I am considering a wave, electrostatic wave with electric field,

𝐸𝑧 = 𝐴 cos 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘𝑧 Department of
Wave is moving with velocity 𝑣𝑜𝑏 in the z direction. Physics
electron beam velocity = 𝑣𝑜𝑏 𝑧Ƹ Course:
M. Sc. (Physics)
In order to understand this interaction between electron beam and the wave go to a frame of Semester:
III
reference moving with velocity of the wave which is,
Unit No.:
𝜔 4
𝑧Ƹ
𝑘 Unit Title:
So, in the moving frame you get, Interaction of plasmas with
𝐸𝑧 = 𝐴 cos 𝑘𝑧′ electron beam
Subject name and code:
Plasma Physics (02PY0531)
Dr. Prakash Kanjariya
Physical Mechanism of Wave Growth
So, physically we have seen that the condition for energy transfer from particles to wave is
that the beam velocity should be more than the phase velocity of the wave.
Now, let’s look at the energy and momentum conservation in this process
Department of
So, quantum mechanically, suppose the electron beam initial energy is,
Physics
1 2
𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝑚𝑣𝑜𝑏 Course:
2
M. Sc. (Physics)
Initial momentum,
Semester:
𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 = mvob 𝑧Ƹ III
Unit No.:
After this electron is emitted or generated a photon, so after emitting the photon or phonon
4
plasma or whatever you call, of energy, 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = ℏ𝜔 , 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 = ℏ𝑘𝑧Ƹ Unit Title:
Electron energy is final energy is, Interaction of plasmas with
electron beam
1 2 Subject name and code:
final energy = εf = mvob − ℏω
2 Plasma Physics (02PY0531)
𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 = 𝑝Ԧ𝑓 = 𝑚𝑣𝑜𝑏 𝑧Ƹ − ℏ𝑘𝑧Ƹ Dr. Prakash Kanjariya
Physical Mechanism of Wave Growth
But kinetic energy and momentum are related to each other and the relation is energy is equal to
momentum square upon 2 m where m is the mass of the electron.

𝑝𝑓2 Department of
εf = Physics
2𝑚
Course:
And, it turns out to be; M. Sc. (Physics)
𝜔 = 𝑘 ∙ 𝑣Ԧ𝑜𝑏 Semester:
III
So, this is the Cerenkov resonance condition, the same condition which we say that the Doppler
shifted frequency of the wave as seen by the electrons should be nearly 0
Unit No.:
4
Unit Title:
Interaction of plasmas with
electron beam
Subject name and code:
Plasma Physics (02PY0531)
Dr. Prakash Kanjariya
Bean Equilibrium condition
What is our equilibrium?
The beam has a density, 𝑛𝑜𝑏 in equilibrium.
It has a drift velocity; I will call this as 𝑣𝑜𝑏 and this in the z direction. Department of
The beam has no temperature, no collisions. Physics
Course:
And, plasma electrons what do they have? M. Sc. (Physics)
They have density, suppose is no and their drift velocity is 0, they are not moving. Semester:
I will ignore the temperature term also for the time being III
Unit No.:
4
Unit Title:
Interaction of plasmas with
electron beam
Subject name and code:
Plasma Physics (02PY0531)
Dr. Prakash Kanjariya
Response of Beam and Plasma Electrons to a Perturbation
let us carryout the instability analysis. We have to begin with an equilibrium and solve the
equation of motion.
suppose my system has an electrostatic wave, which is like
Department of
𝜙 = 𝐴𝑒 −(𝜔𝑡−𝑘𝑧ሻ
Physics
This is considered along z direction
Course:
So, let me calculate the beam response. The equation of motion is, M. Sc. (Physics)
Semester:
𝜕𝑣Ԧ𝑏 III
𝑚 + 𝑣Ԧ𝑏 𝛻𝑣Ԧ𝑏 = 𝑒𝛻𝜙
𝜕𝑡 Unit No.:
So, whenever we solve the equation of continuity, the density will be also expended like this, 4
original density plus some perturbed beam density due to the wave. Unit Title:
𝑣Ԧ𝑏 = 𝑣𝑜𝑏 𝑧Ƹ + 𝑣Ԧ1𝑏 Interaction of plasmas with
electron beam
Substitute this in this equation Subject name and code:
𝜕 𝜕 𝑒 Plasma Physics (02PY0531)
𝑣Ԧ1𝑏 + 𝑣𝑜𝑏 𝑣Ԧ1𝑏 = 𝛻𝜙
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑧 𝑚 Dr. Prakash Kanjariya
Response of Beam and Plasma Electrons to a Perturbation
𝜕 𝜕
So I will replace by −𝑖𝜔, by ik and this equation gives,
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝑒𝑘𝜙
𝑣Ԧ1𝑏 = −
𝑚(𝜔 − 𝑘𝑣𝑜𝑏 ሻ
Department of
So, that is the advantage of having Cerenkov resonance condition that the response of Physics
electrons to a very small perturbation of the plasma wave will be huge, if this condition is Course:
M. Sc. (Physics)
satisfied. Semester:
Now, you can solve the equation of continuity which is, III
𝜕𝑛1𝑏 Unit No.:
+ 𝛻 ∙ 𝑛𝑜𝑏 + 𝑛1𝑏 𝑣𝑜𝑏 𝑧Ƹ + 𝑣Ԧ1𝑏 = 0 4
𝜕𝑡
Unit Title:
𝜕 𝜕
Replace by −𝑖𝜔, by ik, you will get, Interaction of plasmas with
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑧
electron beam
−𝑖𝜔𝑛1𝑏 + 𝑖𝑘 𝑛𝑜𝑏 𝑣1𝑏𝑧 + 𝑛1𝑏 𝑣𝑜𝑏 = 0
Subject name and code:
Plasma Physics (02PY0531)
You can simplify this, you will get,
Dr. Prakash Kanjariya
𝑘𝑣1𝑏𝑧 𝑛0
𝑛1𝑏 =
𝜔 − 𝑘𝑣𝑜𝑏
Response of Beam and Plasma Electrons to a Perturbation
let me write down 𝑛1𝑏 expressively in terms of 𝜙 by using this equation. And, the result is that
the beam density perturbation due to the wave is 𝑛1𝑏 is,

𝑛𝑜𝑏 𝑒𝑘 2 𝜙 Department of
𝑛1𝑏 =−
𝑚 𝜔 − 𝑘𝑣𝑜𝑏 2 Physics
For the plasma electrons the difference between the two is that beam density has to be replaced
Course:
M. Sc. (Physics)
by electron density of the plasma and beam velocity is to be taken 0 for plasma response. So, Semester:
plasma electrons response simply the perturbation plasma density would be, III
Unit No.:
2
𝑒𝑘 𝜙 4
𝑛1 = −𝑛0
𝑚𝜔 2 Unit Title:
Interaction of plasmas with
ion density perturbation I take to be 0, because ion mass is too heavy. electron beam
Subject name and code:
Plasma Physics (02PY0531)
Dr. Prakash Kanjariya
Response of Beam and Plasma Electrons to a Perturbation
So, if I know the density perturbations of all the three spaces, I can solve the Poisson’s
equation. So, the Poisson equation is,
2
𝑒
𝛻 𝜙 = (𝑛𝑒 + 𝑛𝑏 − 𝑛𝑖 ሻ
𝜖0
Department of
in equilibrium all these sum to 0. But in case of perturbation this will be, Physics
𝑒
−𝑘 2 𝜙 = (𝑛𝑒 + 𝑛1𝑏 ሻ Course:
𝜖0
M. Sc. (Physics)
Then this equation takes the simple form, Semester:
2
𝜔𝑝2 𝜔𝑝𝑏 III
1= 2+ 2
𝜔 𝜔 − 𝑘𝑣𝑜𝑏 Unit No.:
Even though the value of 𝜔𝑝𝑏 is tiny. Beam plasma frequency is defined as, 4
1
2 2
Unit Title:
𝑛𝑜𝑏 𝑒 Interaction of plasmas with
𝜔𝑝𝑏 =
𝑚𝜖0 electron beam
Subject name and code:
Plasma Physics (02PY0531)
Dr. Prakash Kanjariya
Remarks on Non-Relativistic Two Stream Instability
if there is a plasma through which an electron beam is launched then it gives rise to generation
of waves in that plasma. The wave in the plasma we called it as a plasma wave with a potential
𝜙 we wrote down as, Department of
𝜙 = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑖 𝜔𝑡−𝑘𝑧 Physics
Course:
And the beam had a initial velocity 𝑣𝑜𝑏 along z direction as a consequence of the interaction of M. Sc. (Physics)
the beam with the plasma, we found that the frequency of this mode omega was expressible as, Semester:
III
𝜔 = 𝜔𝑝 + 𝛿 Unit No.:
which is also equal to, 4
𝜔 = 𝑘𝑣𝑜𝑏 + 𝛿 Unit Title:
Interaction of plasmas with
The value of 𝛿 is, electron beam
1
2
𝜔𝑝𝑏 𝜔𝑝 3 1 3 Subject name and code:
𝛿= − +𝑖 Plasma Physics (02PY0531)
2 2 2
Dr. Prakash Kanjariya
Remarks on Non-Relativistic Two Stream Instability
I can call this quantity as real part of 𝛿 plus imaginary part of 𝛿 that I called as Γ.
𝛿 = 𝛿𝑟 + 𝑖Γ
But if I look at this expression,
Department of
Γ
𝛿𝑟 = − Physics
3
Course:
So, we find and this is negative, what is the consequence of this? The consequence of this is M. Sc. (Physics)
that, Semester:
𝜔 = 𝑘𝑣𝑜𝑏 + 𝛿 III
So, if I write down the real part of it then, Unit No.:
𝜔𝑟 = 𝑘𝑣𝑜𝑏 + 𝛿𝑟 4
But because 𝛿𝑟 is negative you may note here that,
Unit Title:
Interaction of plasmas with
𝜔𝑟 Γ electron beam
= 𝑣𝑜𝑏 −
𝑘 3𝑘 Subject name and code:
So, this condition essentially ensures that the electrons are bunched in retarding phases of the Plasma Physics (02PY0531)
wave.
Dr. Prakash Kanjariya
Remarks on Non-Relativistic Two Stream Instability
Now, with this the put amplitude of the wave will grow so what happens that,
𝜙 = 𝐴𝑒 Γ𝑡 𝑒 −𝑖 𝜔𝑟 𝑡−𝑘𝑧

this is the growth in the wave amplitude with time. Department of

Now, in order to understand the trapping of particles we can do one thing, lets write down the Physics
equation of motion, the equation of motion is,
Course:
M. Sc. (Physics)
𝑑2 𝑧 Semester:
𝑚 2 = 𝑒𝑖𝑘𝐴 𝑒 −𝑖 𝜔𝑡−𝑘𝑧 III
𝑑𝑡
So, in order to understand this, let me write down the actual force on the electron is , Unit No.:
𝑑2 𝑧 4
𝑚 2 = 𝑒𝑘𝐴 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘𝑧
𝑑𝑡 Unit Title:
To understand this I introduce a new variable z’, which is the coordinate of any point in Interaction of plasmas with
electron beam
moving frame moving with the velocity of the wave. So, let me call this quantity z’is, Subject name and code:
′
𝜔 Plasma Physics (02PY0531)
𝑧 =𝑧+ 𝑡
𝑘 Dr. Prakash Kanjariya
Remarks on Non-Relativistic Two Stream Instability
let me introduce a new variable. When I substitute this in that equation, my equation becomes,
𝑑2𝑧
𝑚 2 = −𝑒𝑘𝐴 sin 𝑘𝑧′
𝑑𝑡
Now, multiply this equation by twice or rather dz’/dt and integrate this. This equation Department of
Physics
essentially becomes,
2
Course:
𝑚 𝑑𝑧 ′ 𝑒𝑘𝐴 M. Sc. (Physics)
= cos 𝑘𝑧′ + 𝐶1
2 𝑑𝑡 𝑘 Semester:
So, this can be written as kinetic energy means, III
1 Unit No.:
𝑚𝑣′2𝑧 + 𝑃. 𝐸. = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡
2 4
Which means that, if I plot potential energy let me write down potential energy. Unit Title:
Interaction of plasmas with
Potential energy is,
electron beam
𝑃. 𝐸. = −𝑒𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘𝑧′
Subject name and code:
Plasma Physics (02PY0531)
Dr. Prakash Kanjariya
Remarks on Non-Relativistic Two Stream Instability
𝜔
So, in the moving frame beam electron velocity is 𝑣𝑜𝑏 − so, kinetic energy is
𝑘
1 𝜔 2
𝑚 𝑣𝑜𝑏 − ≅ 𝑒𝐴
2 𝑘
We already obtained in terms of because we just wrote down, Department of
Γ Physics
𝜔 = 𝑘𝑣𝑜𝑏 − Course:
3
M. Sc. (Physics)
So, use this value of omega in this expression, then you can get the value of A the amplitude of
Semester:
the plasma wave and the result turns out to be, III
𝑒𝐴 Γ Unit No.:
=
1 4
𝑚𝑣𝑜𝑏 𝜔𝑝 3
2
2 Unit Title:
And, if I put the value of growth rate, Interaction of plasmas with
1
3 electron beam
𝑒𝐴 𝑛𝑜𝑏 1
= Subject name and code:
1 2 2𝑛0 3
𝑚𝑣𝑜𝑏 Plasma Physics (02PY0531)
2
Dr. Prakash Kanjariya
Response of Relativistic electron beam to Electro static wave

Department of
One thing, you can easily see here, that the wave generation occurs due to Cerenkov resonance Physics
Course:
which means that, M. Sc. (Physics)
𝜔 = 𝑘 ∙ 𝑣Ԧ𝑜𝑏 Semester:
Well, the equation of motion in this case is modified, which says that, III
𝜕𝑝Ԧ Unit No.:
= −𝑒𝐸 4
𝜕𝑡
So, I want to stall this equation as I mentioned before total time derivative of momentum can be Unit Title:
Interaction of plasmas with
written as partial time derivative of momentum of the electron fluid. This is, electron beam
𝜕𝑝Ԧ𝑏 Subject name and code:
+ 𝑣Ԧ𝑏 ∙ 𝛻𝑝Ԧ𝑏 = −𝑒𝐸
𝜕𝑡 Plasma Physics (02PY0531)
where , 𝑝Ԧ𝑏 = 𝑚𝑣Ԧ𝑏 𝛾𝑏 Lorentz factor Dr. Prakash Kanjariya
Response of Relativistic electron beam to Electro static wave
𝛾𝑏 is related to v as,
1
𝛾𝑏 = 1
𝑣𝑏2 2
1− Department of
𝑐2
Physics
So, now what is our equilibrium is initially we have electron density of the beam is equal to, Course:
𝑛𝑏 = 𝑛𝑜𝑏 M. Sc. (Physics)
beam velocity is, Semester:
𝑣Ԧ𝑏 = 𝑣𝑜𝑏 𝑧Ƹ III
Unit No.:
Now, I perturb this by a plasma wave the potential of the plasma wave I will take as, 4
𝜙 = 𝐴 𝑒 −𝑖 𝜔𝑡−𝑘𝑧 Unit Title:
before then we say that in the presence of this plasma wave my beam density has changed, Interaction of plasmas with
𝑛𝑏 = 𝑛𝑜𝑏 + 𝑛1𝑏 electron beam
Subject name and code:
and velocity has changed, Plasma Physics (02PY0531)
𝑣Ԧ𝑏 = 𝑣𝑜𝑏 𝑧Ԧ + 𝑣1𝑧 𝑧Ƹ
Dr. Prakash Kanjariya
Slow wave structure
for momentum in energy conservation we found that, if the wave is of frequency 𝜔 , and of wave
number k then momentum in energy conservation if the electrons, is to emit a photon of
frequency 𝜔 and wave number k then, this condition must be satisfied. Department of
𝜔 − 𝑘 ∙ 𝑣Ԧ𝑜𝑏 = 0 Physics
so, if I divide this equation by k magnitude of k this becomes, Course:
M. Sc. (Physics)
𝜔 𝑘 Semester:
= ∙ 𝑣Ԧ = 𝑣𝑜𝑏 cos 𝜃 III
𝑘 𝑘 𝑜𝑏
Unit No.:
4
Unit Title:
So, if you have this kind of electro magnetic field configuration, which is called a wiggler. Interaction of plasmas with
electron beam
And if wiggler is of this form, Subject name and code:
𝐵𝑤 = 𝐴Ԧ𝑤 𝑒 𝑖𝑘𝑤 𝑧 Plasma Physics (02PY0531)
Dr. Prakash Kanjariya
Slow wave structure
This is your electromagnetic wave, which will have an electric field of,
Ԧ −(𝜔𝑡−𝑘𝑧ሻ
𝐸 = 𝐴𝑒
So, if this electromagnetic wave makes the electron oscillate in this direction, then those Department of
electrons will experience, a Lorentz force due to this magnetic field and that, will be in this
Physics
Course:
direction so, this is the Lorentz Force, M. Sc. (Physics)
= −𝑒𝑣Ԧ × 𝐵𝑤 Semester:
III
So, Lorentz Force which is a product of - e the electron charge and the electron velocity and
Unit No.:
magnetic field. So, this force is parallel to z axis and if I multiply Bw here and with this velocity 4
due to this, then this force has a variation multiply, these two exponents of the form, Unit Title:
Interaction of plasmas with
𝑒 −𝑖 𝜔𝑡− 𝑘+𝑘𝑤 𝑧 electron beam
So, the force now does not have a phase velocity 𝜔/k, the phase velocity,
Subject name and code:
𝜔 Plasma Physics (02PY0531)
𝑣𝑜𝑏 =
𝑘 + 𝑘𝑤 Dr. Prakash Kanjariya
Magnetic Wiggler

Department of
Physics
Course:
M. Sc. (Physics)
Semester:
III
Unit No.:
4
Unit Title:
Interaction of plasmas with
electron beam
Subject name and code:
Plasma Physics (02PY0531)
Dr. Prakash Kanjariya
Kinematics of radiation generation
So, magnetic field plays a role of momentum balance. And, I can write down this expression
in a slightly different way. Suppose I have an electron coming with momentum P0 which is in
the z direction. And, energy of this electron I can certainly write as, Department of
Physics
𝐸 = 𝑚𝑐 2 𝛾
If m is the relativistic mass which is equal to rest mass multiplied by gamma relativistic gamma
Course:
M. Sc. (Physics)
factor and gamma factor is,
1 Semester:
2
𝑝0 2 III
𝛾 = 1+
𝑚2 𝑐 2 Unit No.:
Now, what we expect? That if an electron has to emit a photon, then energy of the electron 4
after emission of photon should be,
Unit Title:
Interaction of plasmas with
𝜀𝑓 = 𝜀𝑖𝑛 − ℏ𝜔 electron beam
Where 𝜀𝑖𝑛 is initial energy and 𝜔 is the frequency of radiation of photon. Subject name and code:
Plasma Physics (02PY0531)
Dr. Prakash Kanjariya
Kinematics of radiation generation
And final momentum should be initial momentum minus ℏk of the laser,

𝑝Ԧ𝑓 = 𝑝Ԧ0 − ℏ𝑘
Department of
𝑝Ԧ𝑓 = 𝑝Ԧ0 − ℏ𝑘 − ℏ𝑘𝑤 Physics
Course:
So, the total momentum lost by the electron is sum of these two terms, this is the addition M. Sc. (Physics)
quantity I have added because the interaction is taking place in the presence of a magnetic Semester:
III
wiggler. And, electron is under a constant Lorentz force due to the wiggler magnetic field. So,
Unit No.:
if this is possible, then if you work out that final energy of the electron should also be related to 4
final momentum by the same relation which is, Unit Title:
Interaction of plasmas with
𝜀𝑓 = 𝑚𝑐 2 𝛾𝑓
electron beam
And,
1 Subject name and code:
𝑝𝑓2 2
Plasma Physics (02PY0531)
𝛾𝑓 = 1 + 2 2
𝑚 𝑐 Dr. Prakash Kanjariya
Operating Frequency
We know that,

𝑝Ԧ𝑓 = 𝑝Ԧ0 − ℏ𝑘 − ℏ𝑘𝑤

One obtains the condition for radiation generation is,
Department of
𝜔 = 𝑘𝑤 + 𝑘 𝑣0 Physics
𝜔 ≈ 𝑘𝑐 Course:
If I put this expression in this equation, but I get is 𝜔 turns out to be equal to, M. Sc. (Physics)
𝑘𝑤 𝑣𝑜 Semester:
𝜔= 𝑣
1− 0 III
𝑐
Unit No.:
If I multiply the denominator and numerator by a factor 1 + 𝑣𝑜 , then this can be written as,
𝑐 4
𝑣0
𝑘𝑤 𝑣𝑜 1 + 𝑐 Unit Title:
𝜔= 𝑣 𝑣 Interaction of plasmas with
1− 0 1+ 0
𝑐 𝑐 electron beam
𝑘𝑤 𝑣𝑜 𝑣0 Subject name and code:
𝜔= 1+
𝑣02 𝑐 Plasma Physics (02PY0531)
1− 2
𝑐 Dr. Prakash Kanjariya
Operating Frequency
1
2 −2
𝑣0
𝛾0 = 1 −
𝑐2
Department of
𝜔 ≅ 𝑐𝛾02 𝑘𝑤 𝑐
Physics
In terms of wave length if I have to write, then the wave length of radiation turns out to be, Course:
M. Sc. (Physics)
𝜆𝑤 Semester:
𝜆=
2𝛾02 III
So, I can write down, Unit No.:
𝐾. 𝐸. 4
𝛾0 = 1 + Unit Title:
𝑚𝑐 2
Interaction of plasmas with
electron beam
𝑒𝑉0
𝛾0 = 1 + Subject name and code:
𝑚𝑐 2
Plasma Physics (02PY0531)
Dr. Prakash Kanjariya
Scheme of obtaining relativistic election beam response to radiation and magnetic wiggler

Department of
Physics
Course:
M. Sc. (Physics)
Semester:
III
So, by having magnets one placed on top here and one placed underneath on the y axis, then Unit No.:
4
one can produce a magnetic field of this form,
Unit Title:
𝐵𝑤 = 𝐴𝑤 𝑥ො + 𝑖 𝑦ො 𝑒 𝑖𝑘𝑤 𝑧
Interaction of plasmas with
So, B wiggler magnetic field has x component, which is, electron beam
𝐵𝑤𝑥 = 𝐴𝑤 cos 𝑘𝑤 𝑧 Subject name and code:
and 𝐵𝑤𝑦 which is, Plasma Physics (02PY0531)
𝐵𝑤𝑦 = 𝐴𝑤 sin 𝑘𝑤 𝑧 Dr. Prakash Kanjariya
Ponderomotive force.

• A ponderomotive force is a nonlinear force that a charged particle experiences in an

inhomogeneous oscillating electromagnetic field.
• It causes the particle to move towards the area of the weaker field strength, rather than
oscillating around an initial point as happens in a homogeneous field. Department of
• This occurs because the particle sees a greater magnitude of force during the half of the
Physics
oscillation period while it is in the area with the stronger field.
• The net force during its period in the weaker area in the second half of the oscillation does Course:
not offset the net force of the first half, and so over a complete cycle this makes the particle M. Sc. (Physics)
move towards the area of lesser force. Semester:
III
Which can be represented as Unit No.:
𝐹𝑝𝑧 = −𝐴𝑝 cos 𝑘𝑝 ′𝑧′ 4
Unit Title:
So, an electrons are moving in this frame with some finite positive velocities. Interaction of plasmas with
electron beam
So, any electron beam moving faster than the phase velocity of the Ponderomotive wave
which is equal to
𝜔
will bunch in the retarding phase. Subject name and code:
𝑘+𝑘𝑤 Plasma Physics (02PY0531)
Dr. Prakash Kanjariya