LKM P13

1. Jelaskan terbentuknya ikatan ionik? Tentukan senyawa yang terbentuk dari :

• Mg dengan F
• Ca dengan Cl
• K dengan O
2. Bagaimana syarat terjadinya ikatan kovalen? Jelakan jenis jenis ikatan kovalen?
3. Tuliskan pembentukan ikatan kovalen dari senyawa berikut : (lengkapi dengan rumus struktur dan
rumus kimianya )
• Atom C dengan H membentuk molekul CH4
• Atom H dengan O membentuk molekul H2O
• Atom C dengan H membentuk molekul C2H4 (etena)
• Atom C dengan H membentuk molekul C2H2 (etuna)
4. The energy needed to detach the electron from a hydrogen
atom is 13.6 eV, but the energy needed to detach an electron
from a hydrogen molecule is 15.7 eV. Why do you think the latter energy is greater?
5. The protons in the H2+ molecular ion are 0.106 nm apart, and
the binding energy of H2+ is 2.65 eV. What negative charge must be placed halfway
between two protons this distance apart to give the same binding energy?
6. The molecule consists of two hydrogen nuclei and a single electron. What kind of
molecular bond do you think holds this molecule together? Explain
7. Van der Waals bonds occur in many molecules, but hydrogen bonds occur only with
materials that contain hydrogen. Why is this type of bond unique to hydrogen?
8. The bonding of gallium arsenide (GaAs) is said to be 31% ionic and 69% covalent. Explain
9. Discuss the differences between the rotational and vibrational energy levels of the
deuterium (“heavy hydrogen”) molecule and those of the ordinary hydrogen molecule A
deuterium atom has twice the mass of an ordinary hydrogen atom.
10. If the energy of the H2 covalent bond is -4.48 eV,what wavelength of light is needed to
break that molecule apart? In what part of the electromagnetic spectrum does this light
lie?
11. We know that the average kinetic energy of an ideal-gas atom or molecule at Kelvin
temperature T is 3/2 kT. For what value of T does this energy correspond to (a) the bond
energy of the van der Waals bond in He2 (7.9x10-4 eV) and (b) the bond energy of the
covalent bond in H2 (4.48 eV)? (c) The kinetic energy in a collision between molecules can
go into dissociating one or both molecules, provided the kinetic energy is higher than the
bond energy. At room temperature (300 K), is it likely that He2 molecules will remain
intact after a collision? What about H2 molecules? Explain
12. a) A molecule decreases its vibrational energy by 0.250 eV by giving up a photon of light.
What wavelength of light does it give up during this process, and in what part of the
electromagnetic spectrum does that wavelength of light lie?
(b) An atom decreases its energy by 8.50 eV by giving up a photon of light. What
wavelength of light does it give up during this process, and in what part of the
electromagnetic spectrum does that wavelength of light lie?(c) A molecule decreases its
rotational energy by 3.20 x 10-3 eV by giving up a photon of light. What wavelength of
light does it give up during this process, and in what part of the electromagnetic spectrum
does that wavelength of light lie?
13. The water molecule has an l=1 rotational level 1.01x10-5 eV above the l=0 ground level.
Calculate the wavelength and frequency of the photon absorbed by water when it
undergoes a rotational-level transition from l=0 to l=1. The magnetron oscillator in a
microwave oven generates microwaves with a frequency of 2450 MHz. Does this make
sense, in view of the frequency you calculated in this problem? Explain
14. If a sodium chloride (NaCl) molecule could undergo an n → n-1 vibrational transition with
no change in rotational quantum number, a photon with wavelength 20 μm would be
emitted. The mass of a sodium atom is 3.82 x 10-26 kg and the mass of a chlorine atom is
5.81 x 10-26 kg. Calculate the force constant k’ for the interatomic force in NaCl
15. (a) Show that the energy difference between rotational levels with angular-momentum
quantum numbers l and l-1 is lⴌ2/I (b) In terms of l, ⴌ and I, what is the frequency of the
photon emitted in the pure rotation transition l → l-1
16. The maximum wavelength of light that a certain silicon photocell can detect is 1.11 μm.(a)
What is the energy gap (in electron volts) between the valence and conduction bands for
this photocell? (b) Explain why pure silicon is opaque
17. The gap between valence and conduction bands in silicon is 1.12 eV. A nickel nucleus in
an excited state emits a gamma-ray photon with wavelength 9.31x10-4 nm. How many
electrons can be excited from the top of the valence band to the bottom of
the conduction band by the absorption of this gamma ray?