CHAPTER 1

Introduction to History: Meaning, Issues, Sources, Philosophy, Methodology and

Relevance

Exercise 1.1 Answer the following questions below. Give a concise/discussion on the following items.

1. How do you give meaning to the so called “history”? Explain.

2. Explain the difference of history from the past?

3. Differentiate history from prehistory. Where does one end and where does one begin?

4. Give a reaction on this philosophical philosophy that: “If you don’t know history, then you don’t
Know nothing. You are a leaf that doesn’t know it is part of the tree.”

5. Explain how important historical writings are to a person, group/race and country?

Exercise 1.2 What source? Read the following scenarios and classify the sources discovered as
Primary, Secondary, and tertiary sources.

1. Sam was exploring the library in his new school at DOSCST. He wanted to study the history of
Davao Oriental, in the 20th century. In one of the books, he saw an old photograph of a man
standing in front of the church, clipped among the pages. At the back of the photo was an
Inscription that says, “Davao Oriental 01 de Julio 1968.” the photograph a primary, secondary,
or tertiary source? Justify your answer.

2. Gemma was a new teacher of Social Studies in MNCHS. Her colleagues gave her the new
Textbook that she ought to use in class. Before the classes started Gemma studied the textbook
 carefully. She noted that the authors used works by other known historians in writing the
textbook. She saw that the bibliography included Teodoro Agoncillo’s The Revolt of the Masses
and many other well-known historians. Is the textbook a primary, secondary or tertiary source?
Justify your answer.

3. It was Saturnino’s first day in his first year of college at DOSCST. His excitement made him come
to class early and he found their classroom empty. He explores the classroom and sat at the
instructor’s table. He looked at the table’s drawer and saw a book entitled U.G. An Underground
Tale: The Journey of Edgar Jopson and the First Quarter Storm Generation. He started reading
And thee book and realized that it was a biography of a student leader turned political activist
during the time of President Ferdinand E. Marcos. The author used interviews with friends and
family of Jopson and other primary documents related to his works and life.
Is the book a primary, secondary or tertiary source? Justify your answer

4. Julia loved to travel around the country. She likes to bring with her a travel brochure that
informs her of the different sites worth visiting in the area. Her travel brochure was produced by
the tourism department of the province. It shows pictures of destinations visited by tourists and
a few basic information about the place like origin of the name, the historical significance of the
place and other information acquired by the office’s researchers and writers.
Is the travel brochure a primary, secondary or tertiary source? Justify your answer.

Exercise 1.3 My Primary Source. Using the examples of a primary source in the module, give a Primary
source that can be used in the writing of your life history. Discuss how it qualifies as a primary source.

I wrote my autobiography

about the events of my life

called my new stairs of dream:

Exercise 1.4 Historical Criticism. Explain and discuss the following items below.

1. What is historical criticism?

2. Discuss the importance of historical criticism.

 -

3. Do you believe that writing history is subjective? Why? Explain.

4. How can the writing of history objective? Explain

5. What criteria do historical researcher use to validate their sources of data?

CHAPTER 2
Content and Contextual Analysis of Selected Primary Sources; Identification of
the historical importance of the text; and examination of the author’s main
argument and point of view.

EXERCISE 2.1 Give a concise explanation /discussion on the following items.

1. What is the primary reason of the author in writing the document? How was it
produced?

2. What is the main theme of the document? Explain briefly.

3. What specific information of importance is provided in the text? Explain its importance
to the understanding of the study of Philippine history.
 4. What light does it shed on people, their politics and economy, religious and cultural
practices? Analyze the text.

5. What is your personal evaluation on the impact of the document in the understanding
of the 16th century people and their culture in the island?

Activity 2.2: Analyze the Author’s Purpose

An author’s purpose is the reason/s an author has for writing. Authors usually do not tell their purposes,
or reasons for writing. You have to figure them out. Read the autobiography of Gregoria De Jesus and
find out her purpose/s for writing. Determine also the author’s main arguments. Watch out for the clues
within the text itself. Write your findings, observations and analysis in an essay format.

In order for the new generation of Filipino children in Spain to understand their roots and the sacrifices
of their ancestors, the Philippine Embassy has launched a biography of Gregoria de Jesus, one of the
heroes of the revolution and founder of the women’s chapter of the Katipunan, specifically written for
eight to twelve years old readers.

Entitled Bayani Biographies: Gregoria de Jesus, the book was launched last month at the Tahanan –
Parroquia Nuestra Señora del Espino in Madrid with no less than the author Natasha Kintanar as the
guest of honor. Around twenty children of Filipino expatriates joined the launch and book signing. Also
known as ‘Aling Oriang’, Gregoria de Jesus married Andres Bonifacio at the age of 18 and later became
the custodian of the documents and seal of the Katipunan. After the death of Bonifacio, she married
Julio Nakpil, one of the generals of the Philippine Revolution. “She was a warrior of the revolution, but
also a warrior of love,” Kintanar said during the book launching.

The author explained that it was crucial for children of the diaspora to understand their roots, the
strength of their ancestors and the sacrifices they went through in order for the Philippines to become
an independent country equal to Spain.

Exercise 2.3 Speech of Corazon C. Aquino

Give a concise explanation/discussion on the following items below.

1. What can you say about this line in the speech of Corazon C. Aquino: “… and so began the
Revolution that has brought me to democracy’s most famous home, the congress of the United
States”? Which concept in this line is important to you? Why?

-What I can say is that she began the revolution that brought her to the democracy’s most
famous home, the congress of the united states is because she worked hard for that and what
she wants is revolution and peace.

2. What did Corazon C. Aquino mention in her speech pertaining the aspiration of Filipino People?
What are the specific lines for this? What do you feel about these lines? Explanation.
 -Pertaining to the aspirations of the Filipino people, Corazon the ratification of a Constitution
which will give full recognition and protection of a citizen’s basic rights and freedoms. For
instance, rights against violations of integrity of the person; rights against interference with the
sovereign prerogatives of the people to dictate the democratic government they want and to let
their voices be heard. According to me, I feel these rights against abusive authority, are
provisions that bind the state to the fulfillment of the just aspirations of : progress, peace,
security and equity.

3. In the video, how many times the former President Corazon C. Aquino have been applauded by
the members of the U.S. congress? Mention the lines she said for which she received an over
whelming applause.

- President Corazon C. Aquino speech was interrupted 11 times by applause, and when she
finished an address laced with personal references to her assassinated husband, Philippine Sen.
Benigno S. Aquino Jr., every member present stood and applauded for three minutes. As Aquino
weaved her way through the crowd of lawmakers afterwards, shaking hands, several members
chanted “Cory, Cory, Cory!”

Activity 2.3 Rhetorical analysis

“Cleaning: The Final Feminist Frontier”

A woman’s work is never done: many American women grow up with this saying and
feel it to be true. One such woman, author Jessica Grose, wrote “Cleaning: The Final
Feminist Frontier,” published in 2013 in the New Republic, and she argues that while
the men recently started taking on more of the childcare and cooking, cleaning still falls
unfairly on women. Grose begins building her credibility with personal facts and
reputable sources, citing convincing facts and statistics, and successfully employing
emotional appeals; however, toward the end of the article, her attempts to appeal to
readers’ emotions weaken her credibility and ultimately, her argument.
In her article, Grose first sets the stage by describing a specific scenario of house-
cleaning with her husband after being shut in during Hurricane Sandy, and then she
outlines the uneven distribution of cleaning work in her marriage and draws a
comparison to the larger feminist issue of who does the cleaning in a relationship.
Grose continues by discussing some of the reasons that men do not contribute to
cleaning: the praise for a clean house goes to the woman; advertising and media praise
men’s cooking and childcare, but not cleaning; and lastly, it is just not fun. Possible
solutions to the problem, Grose suggests, include making a chart of who does which
chores, dividing up tasks based on skill and ability, accepting a dirtier home, and
making cleaning more fun with gadgets.
Additionally, her last statement in the article refers to her husband in a way that
weakens the argument. While returning to the introduction’s hook in the conclusion is a
frequently-used strategy, Grose chooses to return to her discussion of her husband in a
humorous way: Grose discusses solutions, and says there is “a huge, untapped market
… for toilet-scrubbing iPods. I bet my husband would buy one.” Returning to her own
marriage and husband is an appeal to ethos or personal credibility, and while that works
well in the introduction, in the conclusion, it lacks the strength and seriousness that the
topic deserves and was given earlier in the article.
Though Grose begins the essay by effectively persuading her readers of the unfair
distribution of home-maintenance cleaning labor, she loses her power in the end, where
she most needs to drive home her argument. Readers can see the problem exists in
both her marriage and throughout the world; however, her shift to humor and sarcasm
makes the reader not take the problem as seriously in the end. Grose could have more
seriously driven home the point that a woman’s work could be done: by a man.
Works Cited

Grose, Jessica. “Cleaning: The Final Feminist Frontier.” New Republic. The New Republic, 19
Mar. 2013. Web. 28 Mar. 2014.

Exercise 2.4 Paintings

Explain and discuss the following items below.

A. Situate art object in historical context.

1. What do you know about the period of the painting? Include in the discussion following:
Biographical data of the artist, information about how the painting was receive in its time, and
important social, political and economic constructs of the time.

-The History of Painting. Painting emerged in prehistory, when nomadic people made use of
paintings on rocky walls. They made drawings with charcoal leaving marks in the caves where
 they passed. Recent discovery made in Spain found that the oldest paintings discovered to date,
made by humans, were made more than 42,000 years ago.

2. What are the qualities profound in the painting that shows the skill of the artist in replicating
paintings reality?

- the qualities profound in the painting that shows the skill of the artist in replicating paintings
reality are the persistence, patience, passion and discipline, Passion run among can have you
jumping from one project to the next without finishing anything. You need to discipline it with
persistence and patience in order to finish artwork that can then be promoted and, hopefully,
sold.

3. What evidences can you provide to support your main claim on the important depiction of the
painting?

-The evidence that I can provide to support my main claim on the on important depiction of
painting by when I saw it, when it was made and when it was published and who painted it.

Activity 2.4 Explore: Compare Famous Paintings of Luna and Amorsolo

The students will search online for two paintings, one from Luna and the other one for Amorsolo. They
will discuss the ideas portrayed in the paintings.

JUAN LUNA
Name of the painting Elements/Principle Meaning/Message
The formal elements that are Spoliarium is emphasized the
shown in the painting are lines, violation of human rights
 The Spoliarium light, shape and time. Lines can towards the colonizers of Spain
be evident in the painting by and Juan Luna expressed his
the lines in the floor and the patriotism through it.
implied lines that is made by
the bodies in the painting. Light
is being used here because the
artist used artificial light to
portray the darkness of the
room. The people in the
painting represent the shapes
and time is shown because we
know that this painting is a
painting that was made to show
the old times.
FERNANDO AMORSOLO
Name of the painting Elements/Principle Meaning/Message

The Making of the Philippine Made from fine silk with a white Our flag is a national symbol. It
Flag triangle at the left containing a means our country is free. It’s
sunburst with eight rays at the like a thread that unites all of us
center, a five-pointed star at Filipinos.”
each angle of the triangle, an
upper stripe of dark blue and a
lower stripe of red.

Exercise 2.5 Interpretation of the caricature. Fill-out the table correctly the table as asked.

TEMPLATE

Caricature Title Objects/people Meaning of each Important clues Political or social

that you see symbol issues presented
(object/people)
#1. A New Man, carabao, -The man or the It happen in Capitalist on that
Wrinkle in the Art Nueva Ecija, the greedy city Nueva Ecija time used their
of Thrieving worker capitalist powers to claim
-Carabao and seize lands in
represent Nueva Ecija.
 strength and
perseverance.
Nueva Ecija
represent the
land where it
happened.
#2. Why the The farmer, the -The Farmer Farmer suffering It portrays the
“Aparcero” Rebels pack that the symbolizes the of slavery, unfair type of landlord
farmer is carrying Filipino who treatment, and kinds of
suffers injustice injustice. treatment or
and unfair labor to deprive
treatment in tenant farmers of
labor. their rightful
- The pack at the share of the
farmers back harvest.
symbolizes the
suffering and the
injustice
experience by the
tenant farmers.
#3. Public Post is Filipino guy was 3 men, Crown One man offers A politician gave
not a Hereditary trying to stop Men as a center his crown to man the power to
crown Santos, telling the of life Crown who kneels on someone who did
latter to stop means power, him, but the other not deserve it.
giving glory, immortality, man refuses.
Barcelona the royalty, and
crown because it sovereignty.
is not his to begin
with.
#4. Uncle Sam 6 men carrying -The six men The six men took It’s shows how
Riding a Chariot the chariot, a man carrying the on the role of Americans use
riding a chariot, chariot represent horses, pulling the relatively
and the chariot. the situation of chariot in which harmless objects
the people who the rich capitalist to exert control
suffer injustice. man rode. and subjugation
-The man riding over the Filipinos.
the chariot
portrays the
greedy capitalist
who makes the
people suffers
slavery.
-The chariot
represent the life
of a capitalist who
is full of
greediness and
 selfishness.
#5. El Turno de People, Man at -People are one The known rich The problem
Los Partidos the center who experience man is feeding the persist to the
the unfair people in front of present day with
treatment him who are the politicians
injustice and basically the ones switching from
slavery. who work for him. one party to
- The man at the another
center portrays depending on
the role of a which party is
politician who powerful at any
gives goods and given time.
other necessities
to the people to
gain their trust
and win the
election.

Exercise 2.6 Political Caricatures

Explain and discuss the following questions below.

1. What is the cartoonist viewpoint in caricature 2? Explain.

Depicts the injustices and unfair treatments experienced by the tenant farmers.

2. Do you agree or disagree with the cartoon? Why?

-Yes I agree, because we continue to receive tis type of treatment from politicians, and this
caricature aids us in awakening and obtaining what we observe.

3. How will you able to interpret the cartoon?

I will be able to interpret the cartoon is there is one covered in sweat farmer who appears tired and
fatigued because he is been working so hard while carrying heavy sacks on his back.

4. What is the cartoonist trying to point through exaggeration?

-The cartoonist is attempting to portray a reality that many people fail to notice

5. What is the irony in the caricature? What idea does in intend to emphasize?

- The irony of the caricature is that the farmers who worked so hard to have something to eat are
ones who will get nothing and are deeply in debt when harvest time comes.