7. Protection of Transmission ee LinesIntroduction > Power transfer from generation to load centres requires line infrastructure at different voltage levels. > All line are interconnected with each other to form a power pool known as power grid. > In case of power grids, the protection selectivity should be carried out efficiently so as to localize the impact of fault to as smaller area as possible. » Therefore, the time coordination of relays is very important in protection settings at different levels of lines such as transmission, sub-transmission, distribution.General considerations in relay settings > Select the ratios of all CTs > Select the pick-up values of relays = Must be more than allowable maximum load with certain margin = Must be less than smallest fault current Thmax > Ipy > Ip¢min > Select the operating times of relays = Relay must get an adequate chance to protect the zone under its primary protection. = The fault must be sensed by all relays. = The primary protection is the first to operate, its operating time being less than that of the back-up relay. = Setting process has to be started from the relay at the tail end of the system as it is not constrained by the selectivity problems. = All other upstream relay settings are tied up with their downstream neighbours.General considerations in relay settings .. » Selection of relay operating time needs to consider the following aspects = The time required by the relay to operate (Tp). = Time required by CB to open (Tc) = Selective time interval (STI) is the time to be included to incorporate the relay coordination between primary and backup protection. > Total operating time of any protection to carry out the fault isolation Top = Tr + Teg + Tsr1Radial Distribution Feeder > Distribution feeder lines supply power to substations for subsequent supply to the end user. > Radial Distribution feeders are simplest and least expensive for construction and protection point of view. A > Consider the radial distribution feeder consisting of 3 load points. Source » Protection apparatus (Ry and R,) are installed after bus A and bus B. * Consists of power transducer (CT), fault detection relay and fault clearing CB. Relay operating time — Fault current Pa og 234 Tale oa) Fault locationApplication of DTOC relay = For the protection of radial Distribution Feeder >» Given Data: " Source = Relay operating time: Tp = 0.25 x : : = CB opening time: Teg = 0.55 ia 7 7 "STE: Tsp = O.1s + Load Load L¥ad » Task: Set the DTOC (Definite time over-current relays) relays to carry out the proper coordination > Rg is tail end relay so it should operate in minimum time Tp =0As > Rx, must be set to have coordination with Rg * Relay operating time: Tp p = Tr,4 + Tcp,p + Tsr; = 0.85 » Drawbacks: = All relays are DTOC, so operating time is fixed for all relays. = Rg operation is much slower even in case of severe fault within primary zone of R,, which is not desirable.Application of IDMT relays Bus A Bus B Bus C Igmin | 3500A | 2000A | 10004 Ig max |4000A | 3000A | 1500A For the protection of radial Distribution Feeder Source Xs PR Load] ®* Load) B® Loa + 200A 160A” 804 > Rg provides primary protection to line BC » Ry, Provides primary protection to line AB, and back- up protection to line BC > Design OC protection using IDMT relays considering 25% overload. > Use 1A relays, 0.5s CBs, and 10% coordination time. > Time settings using i IDTM characteristics TR ~ PSMooz —4 x TSMApplication of IDMT relays .. CT ratios and plug settings > Relay Rg = Maximum load current considering 25% overload T,max = 80 X 1.25 = 100A = Plug setting can be selected as 100% for maximum overload: PS=1 " CT ratio: 100: 1 > Relay Ry = Maximum load current Imax = (80 + 160) x 1.25 = 300A = PS=1 * CT ratio: 300: 1Application of IDMT relays .. Time settings at Relay Rg » Fastest operation is desirable (no coordination): TSM = 0.1 >» For maximum fault current at B: PSM = 30 » Actual operating time for imate fault current Trp = tr X TSM = 39002 4 * 0.1 = 0.25 Time settings at Relay Ry > Tra =Tre + Tce,p + Tsrr = (0.2 + 0.5) X 1.1 = 0.775 > Operating time for maximum fault at bus B: Tp 4 = 0.77s > PSM at Ry for maximum fault at B: PSM = = =10 >» TSM can be calculated as follows: Tra = seas X TSM — TSM = 0.26 100.02 —Application of IDMT relays .. Operation Time of Ry in Zone-1: Operation Time of Rg: For J max= 4000A For F max= 30008 4000 PSM = —— = 13.33 Fg = 04 RA= 330.02 4, For J; nin= 3500 PSM = —— 0.14 Pattern of operating times of Ry and R, for maximum fault currents Fault location 410Application of Directional Relay to Three Phase Feeder LL fault between phases 6 and c Veg Vie Voc, Lf UV, Vow > * > General guidelines about the voltage of pressure coil: = Under ideal conditions, MTA line is parallel to the voltage of pressure coil. = It means that torque will be maximum when current is in phase to the voltage of pressure coil. = In three phase systems, the different combinations of voltages are available. (a, b,c, ab, bc, ca, a+b, b+c, ct+a) = Voltage for pressure coil should be selected to produce maximum torque in case of forward faults.