7. Solid state and Numerical HL RelaysDevelopment of Relaying technology 5 Artificial Intelligence Numerical SOR WSn sink + Information Technology Solid State + Wide area * Integrated + Adaptive Electromechanical cious Was Technology 1900 1970 ©1980 » Electromechanical technology of power system relaying emerged from the beginning of last century. ® Started with the application of the first electro-mechanical overcurrent relay. ® Still play dominant role in the power system relaying. » The relay technology had gone through a number of development stages, migrating from electro-mechanical to semiconductor, and subsequently to integrated circuit and microprocessor technologies.Static Relays » Static relays are slowly gaining ground and replacing electromagnetic relays. » Demerits are sensitivity to temperature and transients. » Ina static relay comparison of electrical quantities is performed by a static circuit. >» Emerged with the development of electronics / semiconductor technologies. = Semiconductor diodes, transistors, zener diodes, thyristors, logic gates, etc. » The first-generation static relays contained discrete components fitted on printed circuit boards.Static Relays .. » The second-generation static relays used integrated circuits. » Compact relays with ICs and PCBs are now common. » The relay hardware for electronic relays consists of both analogue and digital devices. >» Most common of all analogue logic devices is the operational amplifier (op-amp). > Op-amp can be used in many configurations to provide most of functions required by relays.Operational Amplifier Inverting Amplifier: Ga nealt Unity-gain deyice that is useful for isolating one circuit from another V=-V, i Summer: V, = —Ry (= + = + a) When R,=R,=R.=R; Y= —WVa + Vp + Ve)Operational amplifier Comparator: when R,;=R,=R;=R,=R Vo=V2—-Vy In the absence of feedback: =P’ rN E23 fre Lee: " V, V,=-Voc ev Integrator: Feedback resister replaced by a capacitor. (Suppose R,=R,=R.=R) vin i Pere _ 16 (a Ye uM M=Ve=z[ nat=-2f (2+ 2+ Zz) ar 7 ; : ate eee eee Mo = Ze [a+ My + Mat -Level Detectors > Operational amplifiers » Transistors are also used for can be used for basic level detection. level detection » Output is produced only nie bY. wien when input signal exceeds the 0 cc pen opposing voltage due to v,. Vo — Vy > VBE Vo > Vy + VBE * V, = -V. when V, <-V fo es aeTime delay circuits > Time delay characteristics are required to adjust the coordination settings. > RC circuits are best suited for time delay. = Time can be measured by integrating the voltage > Asimple time delay circuit is transistor controlled RC integrator. > Transistor conducts only s a nue when Tt *Vo>Vet Vee » Time delay can be controlled : Vel by controlling R : = Adjust RC charging time constantOutput Circuit > Output circuit can be triggered by a slave relay or thyristor circuit. » Thyristors have excellent Output ( ) capabilities to trigger higher power 7 breaker circuits with very small switching signals (such as 5V, auxiliary 9) 0.1mA). “Switch | » Auxiliary switch can be opened to turn-off the thyristors after required operations. 1 IN Thyristor I Input signal GateComparators > Faults are characterised by = Change in amplitude = Change in phase > Static relays are designed to detect such changes and recognize a faulted condition from a healthy condition. >» Amplitude comparators compares the amplitudes of actuating quantities. * Non-directional relaying » Phase comparators are employed to compare the phase of actuating quantities. = Directional relayingAmplitude Comparator >» Compares the amplitude of i two quantities irrespective of — inpuss sean their phase : = Operating quantity (A) Operates when /A/ > /B/ * Restraining quantity (B) c Output > Simple amplitude comparison Phase shift of 30° of instantaneous quantities is ../ not possible. = Ratio of the instantaneous values of sinusoidal inputs varies during the cycle. = Sampling comparators are used * At least one of the signals must be rectified and filtered.Rectifier bridge type amplitude comparators > Rectifier bridge type KK + ; amplitude comparator iss used for non-directional * ma 4 a discrimination. AA. » Filtering is also required. / = Since, phase angle can cause detection problems. — ee : sAlVZ1EJ x, ep Coudtonng " Only, restraining quantity = is So be can be filtered. Ze He = » Widely used for the c implementation of Saeed __Phase shift of 30° * OC relays ’ /V= * Differential relays ol = Simple Impedance relaysImplementation of SIR Vow ey ky Conditioning ay 4 ZE ks filt it Sampling comparator is best suited. = Instantaneous operating current quantity . = Filtered (smooth) restraining voltage quantity.Implementation of SIR Output pulses can be integrated with the integrator of desired time constant to get desired time coordination settings. To implement simple OC relay, variable V, signal Zt, (Ps can be replaced by fixed So p% value depending on setting aa value. 7 Directional OC relay is implemented by AND operation of outputs from simple OC relay AND phase comparatorImplementation of differential relay > Operating or restraining quantity cannot be specified. = Relay operation should be activated when any of the compared quantity exceed from other. > Operation can be realized by two anti-parallel diode bridge rectifiers from two sources. > Transistors for switching \ under both polarities. y > OR operation «= Either positive or negative value oft V, above threshold should activates the relay operation. ae xO wr or TH amPhase comparators >» Aphase comparator compares two input quantities in phase angle. = Generally, operates if the phase angle between them is within the operating limits (say common value of 90°). > An amplitude comparator can be converted to a phase comparator if the input quantities to the comparator are modified. « S.=1, when |A+B|>|A-B| * |A+B[>|A-B| when -90°<$<90° AB . ® is the phase angle between input signals A and B. rue for |A{=|BI, |A|<{B|, |A|>[B| =90° D=100° a5 ve a » AtB Amplitude comparator AtBPhase comparators Mas’ MoM 2-45 > If phasor A is advanced by 30°, then relay will operate for -60° Phase-splitting type phase comparator is a direct technique. = Both input phasors are split into two components +45°. = Coincidence between all four new phasors can occur only __ ye when -90°<<90° ere Za = Coincidence detector is simple AND gate fed by rages Ccomcdence pulses |X|>0. “Beet | rz eeImplementation of reactance relay » Reactance relay is realized by: [2X,. — Zseenl > IZseen! ie Zseen| . |2seen 2X, 2X, Multiply by 7 Vv Vv © 2X,| > [2X, > X, = |X,| 290° > Amplifier K, = phase shifting. o> cT Pr Aa LS Amplitude comparator |2xr-Z,|<|Z,] |2xr-Z3|=|Z2] -% aes |2xr-23|>|Za| 1 ~ 2|x,-|290° = X, is the reactance of full length of transmission line = Amplifier K, includes both magnitude amplification and Implementation of differential relay can be referred for S Remoliieteeciog 0