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    Muhammad Zeeshan
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    06. Distance Relays

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    9 views27 pages

    Distance Relays

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Zeeshan

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    Distance Relays » Also known as impedance relays = Impedance is an electrical measure of distance to the fault along a transmission line, due to simple series model of line. > It may be noted that actual arithmetic division may not be performed in electromechanical systems. > We can get around the computation by performing a comparison instead. » Relay timings can also be incorporated = Simple distance relay / definite distance relay * Operates instantaneously for fault up to a pre-determined distance from the relay = Time distance relay * Time of operation is proportional to the distance of fault from the relay point. Simple Impedance Relay (SIR) cx 2 m if » F, fault / internal fault Oopte har 7 tC 7 BG estcy = Zeer = Z1 migraine F, fault / External fault Pr. " Zseen > Zset, restrain >» Working principle depends only on the impedance magnitude which is the ratio of voltage to current magnitudes. = Trip, when impedance magnitude is less than set value Wve WZeeenl = Typ < Zaet > Impedance of protected line can be selected as relay setting. = else, restrain SIR: Implementation o> Totrip o> circuit > Implementation by balanced beam Armature ‘Armature structure Ca Gi Uo From RTS— | Ute From OT. = The armatures of the two electromagnets are mechanically coupled to the beam on the opposite sides of the fulcrum. = Simple impedance relay can therefore be referred as OC relay with voltage restrain. > Under normal operating conditions, the pull due to the voltage element is greater than that of the current element. » When a fault occurs in the protected zone, the applied voltage to the relay decreases whereas the current increases. SIR: Implementation .. > Universal torque equation T = kyl? + ke |Vel? + kglVelllg| cos(@ — t) + ky * k; is due to directional element and k, due to spring. > Relay operates when To = kWel? T, = ka|Vpl? Tare A | ky Amplitude Zeeen =—e < | comparator fo IL R | k 1 characteristics » By providing tapings on the coils, the setting value of the relay can be adjusted. ky MIrl? > k2|Vel? SIR: Operating Characteristics > RX diagrams: Representation R = |Z| cos@ = tan-1% of system impedance X = |z|sin0 ae = X-axis — Resistance axis wee = Y-axis — Reactance axis c A 8 > SDR only senses the impedance magnitude. = Keeps on monitoring the impedance seen from the relay all the times. = Operating characteristics is simply a circle with centre at origin and radius equal to setting value. = |AL| is the setting value for zone- 1 operation. Simple impedance of line .. End A Jy Line P(Rand L per End B itlength) “hx Se uni x Line Q ce eat Wy x = 7 j«x—_—____*_» x * ! > Fault at distance x &@———_—> Zseen = (R + jal)x ‘Impact of fault resistance > Fault at the far-end terminal penne Zseen = (R + jaLyl Discrimination between internal > External fault after xq distance from i and external faults far-end terminal Zseen = (R+jwL)(l+ x9) » Phase angle g of Z,,..,, is high for most of transmission lines due to high wl to R ratio. = For example wL/R is 16 for 400kV transmission lines in Britain. = Corresponding p=86.4° Simple impedance of line Impact of Load: > In case of normal load condition with effective load R, "Zseen = (R + joL)l + Ry, » The locus of Z,.., would thus be on the line MN. » Considering the impact of leading/lagging loads, the measured impedances would lie along the lines MS and MT respectively. ult at remote end of line P Inductive reactance » Load increase due to any reason is seen as decrease in impedance. 0 Ri Resistance SIR: Normal Operation >» Normal steady state operation in an interconnected system: " There is a balance between generation and load. ® All rotating machines runs in synchronism. ® This state is characterized by constant rotor angles. J<— Line fault characterisic > Impedance is quite large x under normal operating conditions and lie outside the trip zone. +-.,Normal load Restrain SIR: Resistive Faults > Arcing faults have variable arc Line fault x characteristic resistance. ® Also includes additional resistance to the grounding path. > The relay under-reaches due to fault resistance. > The fault resistance changes the relay reach 7 R Under reach point Under reach = BC O}——" +- B A BC %Under reach = AB x 100% Under reach = 0%, 100%? SIR: Power Swing » Power swing is a common phenomenon on interconnected power networks. ® Continuous disturbances such as the outage or insertion of major tie line, generation or load. Normal power ange curve New power: anglecuve Power tanster & & Rotor angie > Rotor angle oscillates to the new Stabe power suing steady state which is known as a ores power power swing. i = Power swing may be stable or unstable. =, New power ‘anglecurve > The impedance seen by the distance relay during power swing is of special interest to the relaying engineer. & Rotor angie ‘Unstable power swing » Desirable characteristics is to restrain the relay operation in case of stable power swing. SIR: Power Swing .. > i‘ gee By aa Be aco > Stable power swing eo ; HIS) = Rotor angle settles to new vi] Rear steady state at higher value. = Rotor angle also overshoot the new steady state value ps peeeee Locus of multiple times. Eketicalf~~~—__ power - é. Centre ~>~~swing » Larger the area occupied Z sc by relay characteristics, Zsa the more prone it is to mal-operate due to power swing. » Simple Distance relay occupies substantial area in all four quadrants of the RX plane, it is very much vulnerable to mal-operate on power swing. Relay Characteristic Trip_/Restrain SIR: Directional Property > No directional discrimination. = The reach of the simple impedance relay is independent of the phase angle between voltage and current. = Forward faults: Quadrant | on RX plane. Reverse fault: Quadrant III on RX plane > Directional supervision can be included separately. = Use of blinders u ~~ Reverse 7 (Third quadrant) Bi, c Line ‘auit characteristic. Revere <— —> Forward J 2 Line fautt characteristic Forward faults (First quadrant) Restrain Directional supervision for MTA on line fault characteristics Directional SIR as a result of above directional supervision Reactance relay > If current provides operating torque 1 = ki\Ip\? + ko|Val? + Ty = kyl Igl* ks|VallIg| cos(@ — t) + kg > If directional element provides restraining torque T, = k3|Vpllfg| cos(@ — 7) » Operating characteristics is when T, > T, Restraining Operating 2 quantity kylIgl* > kz |Vellglcos(@ — tT) quantity Exhibits amplitude aswell [Val ky as phase comparator lel cos(@ —t) < ks characteristics ae set = Z seen COS(O — T) < Xset Ks > If MTA is set to 90° t = 90° > cos(@ — 90°) = sind Zseon COS(8 — T) =Xseon > Therefore, the trip law of reactance relays is Xseen < Xset 4 Vv Vv Reactance relay: Implementation Implementation can be carried out by induction cup structure. C,, C3 produce main field. C; carries phase shifted current to produce operating torque. Bailalll? « C, is restraining pressure coil which provide restrain force roportional to |V|sin 6 and fri in polarizing windings. * t = 90°, when current in pressure coil is in phase to » applied voltage. "T, =k3|V\|[/|sin@ Tip Resvainng ri ‘ot im Pe eeee erro eee) sin @ = 1, when current in C, is in phase quadrature with polarizing coils When, MTA=90°, the restraining force will be proportional to sin 0. Reactance relay characteristics » Reactance relay is sensitive AX only to reactive part of MTA " seen impedance. line 2), Restrain Relay Characteristic > Relay characteristics is the straight line with intercept of X,., on reactance axis of RX plane. " The entire area below this line is the trip region. = It represents too large area covered by trip region. > Least voltage magnitude is required along MTA line to keep the relay in restraining zone. > Alternatively, relay characteristics can be represented as t Z a se seen = Cos(@ —T) Reactance relay: Performance > Normal Operation = The reactance relay occupies all the area below the straight line X=x, ‘set = Seen reactance of normal operation unfortunately falls in the trip region, in case of double-end fed system = Relay will operate under normal operation. > Directional Property = It does not exhibit any directional property * Trip characteristic occupies area in third quadrant as well. >» Performance under power swing = It occupies such a large area that normal can even lie in operate region. = In power swing locus further approach to electrical centre. = Therefore, the reactance relay operates on power swing as well. Reactance relay: Resistive faults > Fault identification is independent of fault resistance. = Tip of the impedance seen phasor AC, still remains within the trip region, even in case of any fault resistance BC. Tip Line fault characteristic Fault resistance Trip < > The reactance relay finds wide applications in fault locators to estimate the fault distance independent to the fault resistance. = Reason of huge popularity in spite of potential to mal- operate under normal operation. >» Undesired operation can be avoided by aiding from additional directional supervision (blinders). Ohm Relay > Reactance relay is special type of ohm relay at MTA=90°. = Relay operates only for the impedance component which is parallel to MTA line. » The angle of MTA line can be varied towards R-axis to vary the inclination of relay characteristics towards R- axis. » Characteristic of ohm relay on the RX-plane is a straight line which can be inclined to the R-axis at any angle. » Such characteristic can be used in conjunction with other relays such as to reduce the sensitivity to power swing. = Such devices are also known as blinders. Mho relay > Operating torque by directional element : : To = kalValllalcos(@— 1) jaivalislcont Si > Restraining torque by voltage element T, = ke|Vpl? > Operating characteristics T, > T,. Operating Restraining quantity k3|Vg||Ig| cos(@ — t) > ka |VRl? quantity k3|Ip| cos(@ — t) > k2|Vpl _ Vel Z —____ << 7 2) Zhe Tal seen “os(@— 1) set Zset = ie Exhibits amplitude as well as phase comparator characteristics Mho relay: Implementation 19 > Can be implemented by in induction cup structure. & » The main field is created by polarizing voltage coils. Srmsh > The restraining torque is produced because of the fluxes created by the operating and polarizing voltage coils. vole eat > The flux due to operating voltage coil interacts with the induced current due to the current coil to produce the operating torque proportional to cos(0-t) Vv The resistor R and capacitor C in the voltage coil circuit enable adjustment of MTA to any desired value. Mho relay characteristic » Relay is known as angle-admittance or mho relay = |t actually measures 28 component of line admittance Yseen CoS(O — T) > Ysee » Relay characteristics for Zseen on RX-plane Zseen < Zset cos(O — T) = It is circular characteristics on RX plane with circle passing through origin. = Characteristics at each point on circle makes an angle 6 with R-axis. = Diameter line from origin of RX plane makes an angle t with R-axis. Mho relay characteristic .. A © Xx SS A > Be— < S “ Reactance Relay Ae = G \ R Mho Relay Plain Impedance Relay OA=Z1=Zecen OB=Z,:cos(0-t ) Mho relay: Performance > Normal operation ® Zecon by the relay during normal load is well outside the trip region. = Thus, the relay is stable during normal load operations. > Directional Property = Very much possesses the directional property which makes it so useful. ® A directional relay with voltage restrain. ™ Z.cen lies in the quadrant-3 on RX-plane which is outside relay characteristics. = It can be further adjusted by adjusting MTA. » Performance under power swing = To some extent, it is more immune to power swing as compared to SIR. = Therefore, it can operate in case of larger power swing. Mho relay: Resistive faults ‘ 2 ae Are rt > Consider a resistive fault at x eee point B towards the end of the protected line section OA. > Fault at point B can be covered with maximum fault resistance of BC. > Therefore, the relay reach reduced by AB in case of 5 5 TE i ercentage under-reach 01 le lO fault resistance BC. relay is slightly more than that of the simple impedan lay. Under reach = AB ae serie ae a AB %Under reach = oa x 100% Comparison of distance relays SIR Reactance Relay Mho Relay Operating Quantity Current Current Directional element Restraining Quantity Voltage Directional element Voltage Directional Property No No Yes On-load Performance Restrain Operates Restrain Resistance effect Under-reaches Reach unaffected Under-reaches (>SIR) Power Swing Maloperate Maloperate Maloperate (

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