Introduction > Power transfer from generation to load centres requires line infrastructure at different voltage levels. > All line are interconnected with each other to form a power pool known as power grid. > In case of power grids, the protection selectivity should be carried out efficiently so as to localize the impact of fault to as smaller area as possible. » Therefore, the time coordination of relays is very important in protection settings at different levels of lines such as transmission, sub-transmission, distribution.General considerations in relay settings > Select the ratios of all CTs > Select the pick-up values of relays = Must be more than allowable maximum load with certain margin = Must be less than smallest fault current Thmax > Ipy > Ip¢min > Select the operating times of relays = Relay must get an adequate chance to protect the zone under its primary protection. = The fault must be sensed by all relays. = The primary protection is the first to operate, its operating time being less than that of the back-up relay. = Setting process has to be started from the relay at the tail end of the system as it is not constrained by the selectivity problems. = All other upstream relay settings are tied up with their downstream neighbours.General considerations in relay settings .. » Selection of relay operating time needs to consider the following aspects = The time required by the relay to operate (Tp). = Time required by CB to open (Tc) = Selective time interval (STI) is the time to be included to incorporate the relay coordination between primary and backup protection. > Total operating time of any protection to carry out the fault isolation Top = Tr + Teg + Tsr1Radial Distribution Feeder > Distribution feeder lines supply power to substations for subsequent supply to the end user. > Radial Distribution feeders are simplest and least expensive for construction and protection point of view. A > Consider the radial distribution feeder consisting of 3 load points. Source » Protection apparatus (Ry and R,) are installed after bus A and bus B. * Consists of power transducer (CT), fault detection relay and fault clearing CB. Relay operating time — Fault current Pa og 234 Tale oa) Fault locationApplication of DTOC relay = For the protection of radial Distribution Feeder >» Given Data: " Source = Relay operating time: Tp = 0.25 x : : = CB opening time: Teg = 0.55 ia 7 7 "STE: Tsp = O.1s + Load Load L¥ad » Task: Set the DTOC (Definite time over-current relays) relays to carry out the proper coordination > Rg is tail end relay so it should operate in minimum time Tp =0As > Rx, must be set to have coordination with Rg * Relay operating time: Tp p = Tr,4 + Tcp,p + Tsr; = 0.85 » Drawbacks: = All relays are DTOC, so operating time is fixed for all relays. = Rg operation is much slower even in case of severe fault within primary zone of R,, which is not desirable.Application of IDMT relays Bus A Bus B Bus C Igmin | 3500A | 2000A | 10004 Ig max |4000A | 3000A | 1500A For the protection of radial Distribution Feeder Source Xs PR Load] ®* Load) B® Loa + 200A 160A” 804 > Rg provides primary protection to line BC » Ry, Provides primary protection to line AB, and back- up protection to line BC > Design OC protection using IDMT relays considering 25% overload. > Use 1A relays, 0.5s CBs, and 10% coordination time. > Time settings using i IDTM characteristics TR ~ PSMooz —4 x TSMApplication of IDMT relays .. CT ratios and plug settings > Relay Rg = Maximum load current considering 25% overload T,max = 80 X 1.25 = 100A = Plug setting can be selected as 100% for maximum overload: PS=1 " CT ratio: 100: 1 > Relay Ry = Maximum load current Imax = (80 + 160) x 1.25 = 300A = PS=1 * CT ratio: 300: 1Application of IDMT relays .. Time settings at Relay Rg » Fastest operation is desirable (no coordination): TSM = 0.1 >» For maximum fault current at B: PSM = 30 » Actual operating time for imate fault current Trp = tr X TSM = 39002 4 * 0.1 = 0.25 Time settings at Relay Ry > Tra =Tre + Tce,p + Tsrr = (0.2 + 0.5) X 1.1 = 0.775 > Operating time for maximum fault at bus B: Tp 4 = 0.77s > PSM at Ry for maximum fault at B: PSM = = =10 >» TSM can be calculated as follows: Tra = seas X TSM — TSM = 0.26 100.02 —Application of IDMT relays .. Operation Time of Ry in Zone-1: Operation Time of Rg: For J max= 4000A For F max= 30008 4000 PSM = —— = 13.33 Fg = 04 RA= 330.02 4, For J; nin= 3500 PSM = —— 0.14 Pattern of operating times of Ry and R, for maximum fault currents Fault location 410Application of Directional Relay to Three Phase Feeder LL fault between phases 6 and c V, Ss : abs, Task 1 of Assignment 4: Sequence components in case of solid BC fault? > General guidelines about the voltage of pressure coil: = Under ideal conditions, MTA line is parallel to the voltage of pressure coil. = It means that torque will be maximum when current is in phase to the voltage of pressure coil. = In three phase systems, the different combinations of voltages are available. (a, b,c, ab, bc, ca, a+b, b+c, ct+a) = Voltage for pressure coil should be selected to produce maximum torque in case of forward faults. Ve VowApplication of Directional Relay to Three Phase Feeder .. * Consider a directional relay for protection against all phase faults involving phase b (ab, abg, be, beg, abc, and abcg). + J, is logical choice for current coil + Choice of voltage for pressure coil? + Take bc fault as an example. UPF Position of sy" * Voltage of same phase (V;, for phase ) is not a suitable as it tends to collapse in case of fault. Choice of V5.: Toy Restrain * Vygis the LL voltage of faulty phases * Vie tends to collapse for be fault which results in reduced torque. * Most important factor is that the current direction is very close to restrain region. * Therefore, V,, is not a suitable choice.Application of Directional Relay to Three Phase Feeder .. Choice of V,,: Choice of V,,: MTA Line MTA Line P Vg 7, m~ e perate / (ie hoe y/ ay ‘Restrain dy fabf dy \ : UPF ‘ ee Postion Come ositi - of ib / » fhe Restrain + Even the direction of + Normal flow is seen as normal current is seen as forward flow. Vacs backward flow. + Direction of fault + Direction of fault current current lies well in the also lies in the restrain tip region. region. 3 peer ie isan * Therefore, V,, is not a excellent choice. suitable choice.90° Protection > Best combinations of Vea directional protection Phase Current Coil_| Pressure Coil Ve a ali Voc b 4 Ya Toy c de Yoo > This strategy is known as 90° connection and it is most common connection strategy. = Polarizing voltage lags behind the UPF position of applied current by 90°. > It has problem of low torque in case of high PF faults. * This problem can be overcome by including a suitable resistance in series with the voltage coil. 2 se . Analysis of BC fault is illustrated in class. Analysis of AB fault is discussed in book. Analysis of CA fault? (Task 2 of assignment 4)Practice Problem Consider the purely inductive pressure coil with inductive impedance of j250Q. Calculate the resistance to be inserted in the pressure coil to advance (lead) the MTA line by 60° from normal position. XL R= tan30° = R= 4330 (Arma Original} ». Phasors [MTA UTA, 7 Hea After 30°)" Advance _ MTA UPF; ~ Position ofl,Drawbacks of OC protection » Over-current protection is very appealing and attractive because of its inherent simplicity. > However, it has some major drawbacks which causes it to mal-operate. » It is preferred in LV systems as mal-operation can be tolerated in LV systems » Due to interconnected grid operation, mal-operation cannot be tolerated in HV systems. > The reach of OC relay depends on fault type as well as on the source impedance both of which are variable and not predictable. » Distance protections has better performance as the reach is not dependent on the actual magnitude of fault current but depends the on the ratio of voltage to current.Drawbacks of OC protection .. A B Zs = constant ‘oy pick up | of OC relay! Fault Distance from relay location Impact of Fault TypeDrawbacks of OC protection .. 25, E Distance from relay location Impact of Source ImpedanceDistance Protection of three phase lines > ALL pase fault is catered by a distance relay with the pair of phases. > To cater all Eo of phases, three relays are required and all 7 types of phase faults can be catered. = AB, ABG, BC, BCG, CA, CAG, ABC >» Three ground faults are catered by three separate units = AG, BG, CG > Total of six measuring units are required for protection against all the ten shunt faults. Presence of sequence components in various faults: Fault tive Sequence | -ive Sequence | 0 Sequence LG Yes Yes Yes ub Yes Yes No LLG Yes Yes Yes LL Yes No NoDistance protection for phase faults 22% TBO yo 0000 Relay location Fault location tor Fra Positive sequence network Negative sequence network Vea tive and -ive sequence networks are connected in parallel. Var — tarZ1 + la2Z2 — Va2 = 0 Var —Va2 _ Tax lan“ Line quantities are readily available at relay location instead of sequence quantities. Above equation can be written as WN Ip IeDistance protection for phase faults .. > 3 distance measuring units will cater for all phase faults. Vain Col)» V0 Crt)» Vea Tele] = Distance measuring unit with voltage V;,(=V,-V,) and current I,-I, will measure positive sequence impedance up to fault point and cater for phase fault BC. = V,, and L.-J, will cater for AB fault. = V., and I,-I,, will cater for CA fault. > Same phase fault units will also cater for corresponding LLG faults.Distance protection for ground faults Ground fault is represented by series connection of the positive, negative and the zero sequence equivalent circuits. Va = Tq0Zo + Ia12Z1 + Ia2Z2 Va =TaZo+larZa + laoZ — (Zi=Za) Va = IaoZo + (lao + lar + Ia2)Z1 — IaoZ1 Va = lao + lar + ta2)Z1 + Fa0(Zo — 21) Va = [a2 + Tao(Zo — 21) Zo- 21 a= 25 (tat leo 7 [aE oe 29570 inane 3 warn ES Ires Zo — 2; m= (+4 Ze ~ Va = Z (Iq + klres) Va Usually Vao + Var + Vaz = laoZo + la1Z1 + Ia2Zo N Zo: 2.5Z; to 3Z; LIne es oe =. k= az wk= 3 When Z)=3Z). There is a fixed relationship between Z) and Z,, so the value of K is fixed.Distance protection for ground faults .. > The phase current has to be compensated with a fraction of the residual current J,,,. = The factor x is known as the residual current compensation factor or zero-sequence current compensation factor. > Ground fault units: Three distance measuring units are required to cater three LG faults. Vas Cat Tres » Vor Totes) 5 Ves Tet hres) | = These units are known as ground fault units * Cater for the LLG faults = Cater for LLL or LLLG fault as all three units will operate in that case.Complete distance protection Of three phase transmission lines Six distance measuring units Setting = Z, each set at Z, (the positive- Va sequence impedance of the : eto Setting = Z, line section) are sufficient for complete protection against all the ten shunt faults. Setting = Z; ne — Veg eZ le— c= Je lat Klos <—Vp Ip Klos Setting = Z; v L_ fez VeStepped Distance Protection » There are many factors which cause under-reach or over-reach of distance protection. > Most prominent cause of over-reach is the DC offset and transients in CCVT. > In case of primary zone setting as 100%, then over- reach can cause the loss of selectivity. » Therefore, primary protection zone is set to be less than 100% of the length of line (usually 80% to 90%). » Remaining part of line along with a part of next transmission line is covered as second zone. » Common protection strategy is the three stepped distance protection.Three-stepped distance protection > First step = 80% to 90% of transmission line to be protected. « Instantaneous protection without intentional time delay. > Second Step ® Operation includes the coordination time delay from first step. = Remaining section (10% to 20%) of transmission line to be protected. = 50% of the next longest adjoining transmission line. Setting should take care that in case of maximum under-reach, the bus between two lines must be covered. > Third Step = Operation includes the coordination time delay from second step. = 100% of next line section and reach extends further away from second line (such as 20% of the second transmission line). > An additional starter unit is included with the reach beyond the third zone and instantaneous operation characteristics.Three-stepped distance protection .. 8 1 i Line under 1 Adjoining tr Y consideration + “(pent line) | : (0.8 t0 0.9)2.5 7 : Zag +1052, 78 * 12280 Three-stepped distance protection using mho relaysPractice Problem > Obtain 3 zone settings for i. Reactance relay ii. Mho relay of 60° MTA > The first zone covers 80% of the first section, the second zone covers the first section plus 30% of the second section and the third zone covers the first section plus 120% of the second section. » System data: = CT400/1A = PT 132 kV/110 V = Impedance for the first section is 2.5+j5.0 ohms (primary) and that for the second section is 3.5+j7.0 ohms (primary).Practice Problem >» A 220 kV long transmission line has an impedance of 2+] 8 ohms. Determine the settings of the mho relays for all the three zones given that = Zone | covers 80% of the line length "53 of Assignment 4: = Zone 2 covers 150% of the line length peaealy re sae = Zone 3 covers 225% of the line length >» Assume = Fault resistance of 2 ohms while deciding settings = MTA=70°Assignment 4 > Perform all three tasks mentioned in the previous slides. > Deadline: 20 Dec, 2021 (11:10 am)