Poultry Production

HISTORY  Cockfighting - influence in the domestication of

 Zoologically, chicken belongs to family
Phasianidae.
 Domestic chicken simply called Gallus
domesticus.
 Wild ancestors can be traced back to four
species of wild jungle fowl from Southeast Asia:
– Gallus gallus (red jungle fowl)
– Gallus lafayette (ceylonese jungle fowl)
– Gallus sonnerati (gray jungle fowl)
– Gallus various (black or green jungle
fowl)
RED JUNGLE FOWL
the chicken and distribution of fowl throughout
the world.
 1873, American poultry association was
organized for the purposes of adopting
standards of excellence and establishing a way
of classifying the various breeds.
 Purebred exhibition industry continued to select
and breed fowl for standard conformations and
plumage colors.
 Commercial industry developed specialized
hybrids for meat and egg production.
 Purebred fowl - are mainly raised as a hobby
 Commercial poultry industry - developed into a
science, which produces highly nutritious meat
and eggs with extreme efficiency.

HISTORY
 Antibiotic – a dilute substance produced by
microorganisms that have the power to kill other
organisms.
 Bacteria – microscopic organisms that are
composed of a single cell.
 Brooder Guard – material which is placed around
CEYLONESE JUNGLE FOWL the brooder heat source to prevent the chicks
from staying too far from the heat source.
 Brooding – the process of providing heat to
young chicks to keep them warm and
comfortable, may be with natural or artificial
lighting.
 Cannibalism – a nasty behavior manifested by
pecking on others’ toes, tails, and feathers.
 Culling – the removal of unprofitable birds from
the flock.
 Disease – an impairment of the normal function
GRAY JUNGLE FOWL of any body organ or part of the bird.
 Disinfectant – a substance that kills pathogenic
organisms but not necessarily spores and is
usually applied to inanimate subjects.
 Hemagglutination – agglutination of red blood
cells.
 Infection – the invasion of a pathogen into
susceptible tissue resulting in disease.
 Infectious Disease – a disease produced by the
invasion of living microscopic organisms.
BLACK OR GREEN JUNGLE FOWL
 Metabolizable energy – the energy of the food
eaten less the energy of the excrement derived
from it, both fecal and urinary.
 Morbidity – a sickness in a bird or flock caused
by the disease.
 Mortality – death of birds in the flock.
 Parasite – an organism that lives in or on another
organism, from which it derives its nourishment.
 Pathogen – an organism capable of causing
disease.

1 | ZOOT 115: POULTRY PRODUCTION AND FLOCK HEALTH MANAGEMENT

  Pullet – female fowl of less than one (1) year old.
 Strain – a family of any variety of poultry that
possesses and reproduces with marked
regularity, common individual characters which
distinguish this from other families of the same
variety.
 Stress – anything which affects the bird’s well-
being and lowers its resistance to disease.
 Titer – a value placed on the potency of a
biological agent; when applied to the
agglutination test, it is the weakest dilution at
which clumping of the antigen occurs.
 Vaccine – a condition where the chicks suffer
from early diarrhea.
 Virus – an organism, ultramicroscopic in size,
that multiplies only in living cells. Some viruses
are capable of causing diseases.
OTHER COMMON TERMINOLOGIES
Addled : an egg where the contents are
decomposing.
Air Cell : the air space usually found at the
large or blunt end of an egg.
Albumen : the white of an egg.
Amino Acids : the simpler building units of
protein.
Anticoccidial : an anticoccidial drug used to
treat or prevent coccidiosis.
Artificial : the introduction of semen into the
Insemination female oviduct by methods other
than by natural mating.
Aviary System : a ‘litter system’ of housing where
a number of ‘mezzanine’ floors are
installed to increase the available
floor space and, in doing so,
provide the space for more birds in
the poultry house.
Beak Trimming : the removal of the tip of the beak
of poultry by specially designed
equipment to prevent cannibalism
and its associated vices.
Blastoderm : the fertilised nucleus of the egg
from which the chicken develops.
Blastodisc : the unfertilised nucleus of an
egg. No chicken can develop from
a blastodisc.
Breed : a group of birds that reproduce
their own likeness in their
offspring. A variety is a group
within a breed that are
distinguished by a difference of a
single characteristic eg. feather
colour or comb type.
Broiler : a young bird of either sex that is
bred and grown specifically for
highly efficient meat production.
Broilers are usually grown for 5 to
7 weeks of age (alternative term –
meat chicken).
Brooder : the equipment used to provide
supplementary warmth during the
early stages of the chickens‟ life.
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The energy used may come from
electricity, gas, oil or from other
sources.
Brooding : the period of the first weeks of a
chicken’s life when it requires a
very high standard of care
including the provision of special
diets and supplementary warmth.
Broody : the instinct controlled by
maternal hormones that causes
the female to want to sit on eggs
for hatching and to care for the
chickens that hatch.
Caeca : the two blind gut of the digestive
tract attached to the distal end of
the small intestine.
Cages : a system of housing where the
birds are confined to a wire floor
singly or in multiples. With this
system the stock do not come into
contact with their own or other
bird’s faeces which is an important
disease control measure.
Candle : to assess some internal
characteristics of the egg by
viewing it in a darkened room with
a bright light behind the egg.
Cannibalism : the practice by some birds of
attacking and eating other
members of the same flock.
Chalazae : a type of albumen that surrounds
the yolk of the egg and extends as
creamy white, twisted, ropelike
structures into each end to anchor
the yolk in the centre of the egg.
Chick : the term used to describe
chickens from day old to the end
of brooding.
Chick-type : a drinker that is more suitable for
drinker young chickens to access water.
Chick-type : a feeder that is more suitable for
feeder young chickens to access food.
Clear eggs : Infertile eggs (containing no
embryos) usually removed from
the incubator during incubation.
Cloaca : the common external opening for
the digestive, urinary and
reproductive tracts of the fowl.
Coccidiostat : a drug usually added to the feed
and used to prevent the disease
coccidiosis.
Cock : a male that has finished one
season as a breeder. Usually
refers to older birds.
Cockerel : a young male from day old to the
end of its first year of breeding.
Often used to refer to young males
up to 6 months of age.
Controlled : an intensive housing system
environment where the operator can control
housing temperature, air quality and light.
 Crop : an organ, a part of the
oesophagus, located at the base
of the neck and used as a storage
place for food after eating but
before digestion.
Crossbred : a bird with parents of two or more
different genotypes (or breeds or
varieties).
Crude protein : the nitrogen sources in feed. It is
not true protein, as nitrogen is
found in dietary compounds other
than protein.
Cull : the identification and removal of
non-productive birds from the
flock.
Cuticle : the outer membrane or bloom on
the egg’s shell.
Dead-in-shell : chicks that fail to hatch from the
egg.
Deep litter : the system of housing where a
suitable material called litter is
provided on the poultry house floor
for the birds to live on.
Disease : any condition that affects the
proper functioning of the bird’s
system(s), organ(s) or tissue(s).
Dry bulb : a thermometer with a dry,
thermometer uncovered bulb used to measure
temperature.
Egg bound : an afflicted hen is one that is
unable to complete the egg
formation and laying process
and retains the partially or fully
formed egg in the oviduct.
Embryo : the developing chicken in the
egg.
Free range : a system of housing where the
housing birds have a shelter house and
access to an outside area during
the hours of daylight.
Feed hopper : a semi-automatic feeding system
which has the capacity to hold
food in addition to that in the
feeding trough associated with the
feeder.
Fertile egg : those eggs in which fertilisation
of the blastodisc has occurred to
create the blastoderm. Resulted
from the joining of the female
ovum and the male sperm to
create the embryo.
Flighty : excitable flock inclined to fly at
the slightest provocation.
Flock : a number of birds of the same
origin (genotype), age and
managed in the same way.
Feed : the relationship between feed
conversion production and production (eggs
ratio or growth). It is usually expressed
as a ratio.
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Floor eggs : eggs laid on the floor of the shed
and not in designated nest sites/
boxes.
Fowl : the term used to describe all
members of Gallus domesticus
(domestic fowl) irrespective of
age, sex or breed.
Germinal disc : the fertilisation site on the egg
yolk. Alternative names include
blastodisc and blastoderm.
Germicidal : a solution of chemicals that will
solution kill microbes.
Gizzard : the muscular stomach of the fowl
where the food is ground and
mixed with the digestive
compounds produced by the
proventriculus (glandular
stomach).
Growers : the term used to describe all
stock between the end of brooding
and till they reach sexual maturity.
Hatchability : the number of saleable chickens
that hatch from all eggs incubated
– usually expressed as a
percentage.
Hatch of Fertile : the number of saleable chickens
(HOF) that hatch from all eggs classified
as fertile.
Hen : a female after the first moult. It is
often used to describe females
after they have started to lay.
Hen day : progressive egg production
average record calculated on a survivor
basis and expressed as a
percentage.
Hen housed : progressive egg production
average record calculated on the basis of
the number of birds placed in the
laying house at point of lay.
Hock : the joint of the leg between the
lower thigh and the shank. It is
most commonly the region where
the feathered portion of the leg
ends and the scaly shank of the
lower leg starts.
Hover : a canopy used on brooders to
direct the heat downwards to the
chickens.
Incubation : the process by which fertile eggs
are subjected to conditions
suitable for the initiation and
sustaining of embryonic
development and the hatching of
strong, healthy chickens.
Incubator : the machine used to incubate
fertile eggs.
Insoluble grit : hard, insoluble material such as
granite, flint or bluestone chips
consumed by the birds to aid in
the grinding of the food in the
gizzard.
 Intensive : any system of housing poultry
system where the birds are indoors all of
the time and do not
have access to the outside. It
usually entails higher stocking
densities.
Keel : the breastbone or sternum of the
fowl. This bone has a large
surface area to provide for the
attachment of the large muscles of
flight (the breast muscles).
Layer : a female in lay. Usually used to
refer to females kept solely for egg
production for human
consumption.
Layer cycle : the period from the onset of lay
until the natural moult causes a
cessation of production. Usually
used to describe the period during
which an economic level of
production is being maintained.
Lighting : the use of controlled artificial light
(artificial) to regulate the day length under
which the stock are kept.
Liveability : the expression used to describe
the number of survivors in a flock.
Lux : a unit of illumination equal to one
lumen per square metre. Used to
measure the brightness or
intensity of light.
Meat chicken : See Broiler.
Metabolisable : the energy in a food ingredient or
energy (ME) diet available for metabolism
(used by the animal for normal
body functions and activity).
Metabolism : the sum of the chemical changes
in living cells which provide energy
for the vital activities and
processes of the body.
Methionine : one of the essential amino acids.
Micro- : an essential ingredient in the diet
ingredient that is required by the bird in very
small quantities.
Moult : the process whereby the bird
sheds its feathers and ceases egg
production. It is usually initiated by
hormonal influences but is often
triggered by stress.
Peck(ing) order : the social organisation of a flock
ranging in a ladder formation from
the most dominate to the most
subordinate member of the flock.
Pendulous : an enlarged crop usually due to
crop impaction and which hangs
downwards in an abnormal way
Perchery : a system of housing consisting of
system a litter floor plus a number of
perches installed to increase the
number of birds that the house will
hold. Some of the perches carry
feeders and drinkers.
Point of lay : females just prior to starting to
lay.
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Preen gland : a gland located at the base of the
(uropygeal tail which produces a special “oil”
gland) secretion for the conditioning or
preening of the feathers.
Primaries : the ten long, stiff flight feathers at
the outer extremity of the trailing
edge of the wing. They are
separated from the inner group or
secondaries by the “axial” feather.
Production : the relationship between the
efficiency various major production factors
which, depending on the class of
stock, will include feed
consumption, live weight gain, egg
production and mortality.
Proventriculus : the glandular stomach of birds
located in front of the gizzard.
Pullet : a female in her first laying
season. Often used to refer to
young females post brooding to
point of lay.
Purebred : a group of birds having the same
origin, and able to reproduce their
own likeness in their offspring.
Purebred birds have the same
genotype, but all birds with the
same genotype are not
necessarily purebreds.
Relative : the percentage of moisture
humidity saturation in the air. There is a
direct relationship between
temperature and relative humidity
– as the temperature increases,
the relative humidity decreases
and as temperature decreases,
the relative humidity increases.
Roost : the perch on which fowls rest or
sleep.
Rooster : Male Bird
Sanitise : that part of the cleaning
procedure aimed at killing as
many microbes as possible.
Secondaries : the inner group of feathers
separated by axial feathers from
primaries.
Semi-intensive : a system of housing where the
birds have access to a shelter
house and an outside run
enclosed by a fence to keep the
birds in and predators out.
Sexing : the act of dividing the flock into
its component males and females.
Skillion roof : a roof with a single pitch or slope.
Slatted floor : a system of housing similar to the
system litter system except that wooden
slats approximately 2 cm wide with
a similar gap between are used
instead of litter. The faeces pass
through the gaps and out of reach
of the birds housed therein.
 Slave hopper : the short-term food holding PARTS OF A ROOSTER’S HEAD
hopper integral to the food delivery
system of a mechanical feeding
system and additional to the main
food storage silo.
Soluble grit : various sources of calcium in the
diet – usually a granulated or grit
form of limestone.
Spent hen : a layer that has reached the end
of her economic egg laying life.
Started stock : layer replacements post brooding
to point of lay.
Stubbing : removal of the short stub or pin
feathers after plucking.
Thermostat : a device sensitive to temperature
and usually used to control the PARTS OF A HEN
operation of temperature
modifying equipment.
Vent :the common external opening
from the cloaca for the digestive
system, urinary system and
reproductive system.
Vitamin/mineral : a concentrated source of various
premix vitamins and/or minerals mixed
together so as to make the adding
of them to the diet much easier
(beware of antagonistic materials).
Wet bulb : a thermometer with a wick
thermometer covering the bulb. The wick keeps
the bulb wet by drawing water
from a reservoir. Used in
conjunction with a dry bulb
thermometer, a reference to PRIMARY FEATHERS (NUMBERED 1 THROUGH 10)
appropriate tables comparing wet AND AXIAL FEATHER OF AN ADULT CHICKEN
and dry bulb readings will indicate
the relative humidity.

POULTRY PRODUCTION
Poultry

 Refers to a group of domesticated birds that

renders man an economic service.
 Includes chicken, turkey, ducks, geese, quail,
pigeon, and guinea fowl.

ANATOMY OF POULTRY SPECIES

EXTERNAL ANATOMY PRIMARY FEATHERS (NUMBERED 1 THROUGH 10)
AND AXIAL FEATHER OF AN ADULT CHICKEN

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 COMB TYPES found in Brahmas, Buckeyes, Cornish,
Cubalayas and Sumatras.

 V-Shaped comb is formed of two well defined

horn like sections that are joined at their base,
as in breeds such as Houdans, Polish,
Crevecoeurs, LeFleche and Sultans.

OTHER TYPES OF COMB

 Strawberry comb is a low comb that is set well-
forward. The shape and surface resemble the
outer part of half a strawberry with a large end
nearest the beak of the chicken.

 The Rose is a solid, broad and nearly flat comb
on top. It is a low, fleshly comb that concludes
in a well-developed tapering spike at the back.
It may turn upward as in Hamburg breeds, be
nearly horizontal as in Rose Comb Leghorn
breeds, or follow the contour of the head as in
Wyandotte breeds. The top surface of the main
part should be slightly convex and studded with
small, rounded protuberances. The general
shape varies in the different breeds.
 Silk comb is an almost round, somewhat lumpy
comb, inclined to be greater in width than
length; covered with small corrugations on top
and crossed with a narrow transverse
indentation slightly to the front of the comb.
Sometimes two or three small rear points are
hidden by a crest, others are without points.
Generally, they are considered to be
genetically a rose comb changed by a rose
comb plus crest.

 Single comb is a moderately thin, fleshy INTERNAL ANATOMY

formation of smooth soft surface texture, firmly
attached from the beak along the top of the
skull with a strong base. The top portion shows DIGESTIVE TRACT OF CHICKEN
five or six rather deep serrations or distinct
points, the middle points being higher than the
back or front, forming a semi-oval shape when
viewed from the side. The comb is always
upright and much larger and thicker in males
than in females. It may be lopped or upright in
the female. This depends on the breed. The
comb is divided into three sections: the front,
the middle and that extending past the rear
base of the skull, the posterior or blade.

 Cushion is a solid low, moderately small comb;

smooth on top, the front, rear and sides are
nearly straight with rounded corners. It has no
spikes.

 Buttercup consists of a single leader from base

of beak to a cup-shaped crown set firmly on the MERCKEL’S DIVERTICULUM
center of the skull and completely surmounted
by a circle of regular points. The cavity within
the circle of points is deep, the texture of the
comb is fine.

 Pea is a medium length, low comb, the top of

which is marked with three low lengthwise
ridges, the centre one is slightly higher that the
outer ones. The outer ones are either
undulated or marked with small rounded
serrations. This is a breed characteristic that is

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 PARTS OF THE FEMALE CHICKEN REPRODUCTIVE
CHICKEN
OVARY OF A CHICKEN IN EGG PRODUCTION
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
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SECTIONS OF OVIDUCT
 Infundibulum (Or Funnel) – is 3 to 4 inches long
and engulfs the ovum released from the ovary.
 yolk remains in the infundibulum for 15 to
17 minutes.
 Fertilization take place.
 Magnum – at 13 inches long, it is the largest
section of the oviduct.
 yolk remains here 3 hours, during which
time the thick albumen (egg white) forms
 Isthmus- 4 inches long.
 isthmus is where the inner and outer shell
membranes form. The developing egg
remains here for 75 minutes.
 Shell Gland (or uterus) – which is 4 to 5 inches
long.
 egg remains here for 20 or more hours.
 Vagina – last part of the oviduct, is about 4 to 5
inches long, the bloom, or cuticle, forms on the
egg in the vagina prior to oviposition.
 made of muscle that helps push the egg
out of the hen's body
NOTE: Near the junction of the shell gland and the
vagina are deep glands known as sperm host
glands that can store sperm for long periods of
time, typically 10 days to 2 weeks.
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
 Sternum (breastbone or keel) has a surface area
large enough to allow for the attachment of the main
flight muscles.
 The tail is a short section of fused bones called
a pygostyle.
 The ribs include the uncinate process, which
involves overlying flaps that project from the
ribs and connect adjacent ribs.
 Pneumatic bones, include the skull, humerus,
clavicle, keel, pelvic girdle, and lumbar and sacral
vertebrae.
 the bones are hollow and actually act as part of
the avian respiration.
 Medullary bones – these bones include the tibia,
femur, pubic bone, ribs, ulna, toe bones, and
scapula.
 an important source of calcium when hens
are laying eggs.
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
TWO IMPORTANT PARTS OF CHICKEN
Pectoralis – for powerful “down beat”
Supracoracoideus – for “upbeat”
 Smooth muscle is controlled by the autonomic
nervous system (ANS) and is found in the blood
vessels, gizzard, intestines, and other organs.
 Cardiac muscle is the specialized muscle of the
heart.
 Skeletal muscle (also called striated muscle) is the
muscle that forms the shape of a chicken and is
used for the chicken's voluntary movements.
 The breast meat of chicken often is referred to as
white meat.
 The leg meat, such as thigh meat, typically is
referred to as dark meat.
AVIAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
FUNCTIONS
 absorption of oxygen (O2)
 release of carbon dioxide (CO2)
 release of heat (temperature regulation)
 detoxification of certain chemicals
 rapid adjustments of acid/base balance
 vocalization
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PARTS OF THE CHICKEN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
 nasal openings
 nasal cavities
 the pharyngeal region of the mouth
 cranial larynx (sometimes referred to as the
superior larynx or glottis)
 the trachea(windpipe)
 The syrinx (or caudal larynx)
 bronchi
 Lung
 Parabronchi
 air sacs
9 AIR SACS
 an unpaired one in the cervical area
 two interclavicular air sacs
 two abdominal air sacs
 two anterior thoracic air sacs
 two posterior thoracic air sacs
THREE DEFENSIVE MECHANISMS
 Cilia- are tiny hairlike structures in the trachea
that are responsible for propelling entrapped
particles for disposal
 Mucus- is produced in the trachea, the
consistency of the mucus produced is
important for the efficiency of the ciliary
activity
 Scavenging cells- in the lungs actively
scavenge inhaled particles and bacteria that
gain entrance to the lower respiratory tract
IMMUNE SYSTEM MECHANISMS IN CHICKEN
 Nonspecific immune mechanisms - include
the inherent ways in which a chicken resists
disease
 Specific immune mechanisms:
1. Non-cellular component includes
immunoglobulins (or antibodies) and
the cells that produce them
2. Cellular Component -
a) T-lymphocytes (T-cells)
b) B-lymphocytes (B-cells)
 The Broiler Industry
INTRODUCTION
 Widely diverse production and marketing
systems.
 Consists of few but very large integrated
livestock enterprise and very large number of
small hold farmers keeping few head of poultry.
 Large commercial and small- and medium-
scale operators depend largely on imported
stocks, feedstuffs, and other inputs.
 Implementation of General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade (GATT-WTO) in 1994 opened
the country for the entry of cheaper imported
products (e.g., leg quarters).
 Broiler industry still facing with problems
despite the level of sophistication (e.g., bird flu
in 2004).
 Local broiler industry successfully exported
1.5(M)kg broiler meat to Japan.
 End of 2004, local broiler industry recovered of
about 4% positive growth output.
 Local broiler production increased from 452,
000.84 t in 2002 to 493, 000.72 t in 2004 with
annual growth rate of 4.42%.
 In general, poultry population in the Philippines
consists primarily of chicken and smaller
population of other poultry species.
 Chicken inventory shows that broiler population
increased from 28M in 1995 to 40M in 2005
with average growth rate of 3.63% annually.
 Highest concentration observed in Central
Luzon region (31%), Southern Tagalog and
Northern Mindanao regions.
BROILER FARM CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO
SIZE OF FARM
Large Commercial  Produce 100,000 or more
Farms broilers per harvest
Medium  Produce 21,000 – 99,000
Commercial Farms broilers per harvest
Small Commercial  Produce 1,000 – 20,000
Farms broilers per harvest
Smallhold/Backyard  Produce not more than
Farms 1,000 broilers per harvest.
BROILER FARM CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO
OPERATION
 Integrated Grower Farms
 Breed, hatch, grow and market their
own products at their own expense.
 Contact Grower Farms
 Grow chicken for the integrator.
 Contract-to-Buy Grower Farms
 Ties-ups with integrators or
cooperatives, whereby latter sell to
growers a minimum of 10,000 broiler-
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type chicks and/or feeds at an agreed
price.
 Independent Commercial Grower Farms
 Buy broiler chicks at current market
prices and mix their own feeds.
 Contact Breeding Farms
 Produce hatching eggs for companies
that supply the PS and feed and buy
back the hatching eggs at pre-
arranged price.
 Independent or Commercial Breeder
Farms
 Buy PS and sell hatching eggs and/or
day-old chicks to commercial
growers.
THE BROILER BREEDING OPERATIONS
 Vital component of local broiler industry
 Success dependent on the quality of genetic
materials used and flock’s production
performance
 Important objective must achieve and
maintain is uniformity of birds produces in
terms of physical characteristics and
production performance
 Uniformity- grading sizes of birds, females
best graded at 23-28 days old; male after 35
days of age
 Supply chain structure of Phil. broiler industry is
largely characterized by integrated operations of
companies that dominate output and has
significant control of local industry
 San Miguel Foods, Inc.
 Swift foods, Inc.
 Universal Robina Corp.
 Vitarich Corp.
 Tyson agro-Ventures Corp.
 All members of PABI
 Smaller and non-integrated companies focus on
providing contract services for breeding,
hatchery, growing and dressing
 Viajeros, traders in the supply chain, buy live
THE SUPPLY CHAIN STRUCTURE
broiler chicken from integrators and independent
commercial growers.
STARTING A BROILER PROJECT
THINGS TO CONSIDER:
 Personal qualifications and capabilities
 should have keen interest and sufficient
technical know-how on broiler production
  Regular supply of quality broiler chicks  Good lumber – ideal when available and
from reliable DOC suppliers affordable
 necessary to plan the schedules of
loading, rearing, and marketing 2. Roofing materials
 Sustained supply of feeds and other farm  GI sheets
inputs  Asbestos
 availability of quality feeds, feed  Aluminum
supplements, medicaments, vaccines,  Lighter roofing (ex. nipa, cogon)
water, electricity and other farm inputs is
an important factor to consider COCONUT LUMBER
SELECTION OF STOCKS

PARAMETERS IN SELECTING STRAIN OF

BROILER:

 Performance
 consistent production of more meat at
the least cost possible given the
available inputs
 Adaptability and availability of stocks
 adapted to local conditions performs
efficiently
 Reliability of suppliers
 purchase DOCs from reputable and GOOD LUMBER
dependable supplier or chick dealer

COMMERCIAL DOCs

STRAIN

1) Ross  San miguel Foods, Inc./Tyson Agro-

Ventures Inc.
2) Cobb  Cobb Vantress Phils./Phil-malay/San
Miguel Foods, Inc.
3) Hybro  Swift Foods, Inc./Tyson Agro-
Ventures Corp.
4) Avian  Swift Foods, Inc. ASBESTOS AND GI SHEET
5) Hubbard  Universal Robina Corp./Mat Agro
6) Starbro  Universal Robina Corp.

HOUSING AND FACILITIES

BASIC DESIGN/REQUIREMENTS:
1. Provide essential requirements for comfort,
biosecurity, and protection of the chickens
against the elements of nature
2. Provide convenience and ease of work for the
caretakers
3. Provide strength and durability to allow
maximization of investments ALUMINUM
4. Use locally available and cheap construction
materials without sacrificing durability and
comfort

MATERIALS AND STRUCTURE

1. Main Frame
 Coconut lumber-commonly used

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 NIPA 6. Posts – concrete w/ at least 20.3cm (8 in)
diameter
7. Walls and dividers – plastic net, fishnet or
bamboo

 Litter-floor type – good option if provided with

tunnel ventilation that allows degree of control
of the in-house environment.

LITTER-FLOOR TYPE

COGON

GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF HOUSING

 Slatted-floor type- better ventilation and

convenient waste handling

SLATTED-FLOOR TYPE

HOUSES FOR BROILER CHICKEN

 Long but narrow in width
 Constructed in east-west orientation
 Width- 7.3-9.0 m (24-30 ft.)
 Space b/w houses- 13.7 m (45 ft.)
 Floor height (slatted type)- 1.8 m (5.9 ft.)
 Height from floor to ceiling- 2.4 m (8ft.)
 Concrete post diameter- not less than 20.3 cm
Materials:

1. Flooring (Bamboo, Wood, or Rattan) PRIMARY CONCERN PHIL. HOUSING DESIGN:

2. Space b/w slats- 2.5-3.8cm (1-1.5 in) – Provide optimum ventilation
3. Width – at least 2.5cm – Lowest in-house temperature
4. Welded wires  Cooling devices are added: sprinklers,
5. Nets/fishnets - 2.5cm holes foggers, and ventilating fans
 Reflector paints – to deflect heat from roof

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 PRIMARY CONCERN PHIL. HOUSING DESIGN  Ideal Body Weight Range is
+/- 10% of Average Sample Weight

 10% of Average Sample Weight:

0.01 × 466 g (0.98 lbs) = 45 g (0.099 lbs)

Therefore,

 +10% of Average Weight:

446 + 45 g (0.98 + 0.099 lbs) = 491 g (1.08 lbs)

 -10% of Average Weight:

446 + 45 g (0.98 + 0.099 lbs) = 401 g (0.88 lbs)

 115 birds out of 197 weighed are within the

weight range that is +/- 10% of the average
body weight (401 g – 491 g) (0.88 lbs – 1.08
lbs)
UNIFORMITY
115/197 birds = 0.58
 CURRENT DATA METRIC Uniformity is therefore 58%
 Total Weighed: 197
 Average Weight: 0.446 CHICKEN SITUATION REPORT, APRIL – JUNE 2020

Band Limits Total  As of 01 July 2020, the total inventory of

0.320 to 0.339 4 chicken was recorded at 186.47 million birds,
lower by 2.7 percent from the 191.70 million
0.349 to 0.359 7
birds recorded in the same period of 2019.
0.360 to 0.379 10
Stocks of broiler chicken and layer chicken
0.380 to 0.399 12
decreased by 11.1 percent and 1.4 percent,
0.400 to 0.419 14
respectively. On the other hand, native/
0.420 to 0.439 16 improved chicken inventory increased by 3.6
0.440 to 0.459 27 percent.
0.460 to 0.479 30  Among the regions, the highest inventory of
0.480 to 0.499 28 native/improved chicken of 13.13 million birds
0.500 to 0.519 22 or 15.4 percent of the total native/improved
0.520 to 0.539 13 chicken inventory was recorded in Western
0.540 to 0.559 8 Visayas. Broiler chicken inventory was highest
0.560 to 0.579 6 in Central Luzon at 18.86 million birds or 30.8
percent of the total broiler chicken inventory.
 CURRENT DATA IMPERIAL Meanwhile, CALABARZON shared the highest
 Total Weighed: 197 inventory of layer chicken of 14.35 million birds
 Average Weight: 0.98 or 36.2 percent of the total layer chicken
Band Limits Total inventory. (Figure 2 and Table 2).
0.320 to 0.339 4
0.349 to 0.359 7
0.360 to 0.379 10
0.380 to 0.399 12
0.400 to 0.419 14
0.420 to 0.439 16
0.440 to 0.459 27
0.460 to 0.479 30
0.480 to 0.499 28
0.500 to 0.519 22
0.520 to 0.539 13
0.540 to 0.559 8
0.560 to 0.579 6

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  The total chicken production from April to June
BROILER (MEAT TYPE/DUAL PURPOSE)
2020 was estimated at 440.00 thousand metric
tons, liveweight. This was 7.8 percent lower 1. Starbro
than the previous year’s same quarter output of 2. Plymouth Rock
477.11 thousand metric tons, liveweight. 3. Cornish
 Among the regions, Central Luzon was the top 4. Sussex
producer of chicken during the quarter with 5. Brahma
155.05 thousand metric tons, liveweight. This 6. Hy-line
was followed by CALABARZON and Northern 7. Ross Broiler
Mindanao with corresponding productions of 8. Asil
82.44 thousand metric tons, liveweight, and 9. Cochin
39.81 thousand metric tons, liveweight. These 10. Chantecler
three regions contributed 63.0 percent to the 11. Croad Langshan
country’s total chicken production. 12. Kosher king
 Relative to their levels a year ago, 10 regions
CORNISH
posted decreases in production during the
quarter in which Bicol Region recorded the
highest annual decline of 33.9 percent. This
region posted a production of 10.01 thousand
metric tons, liveweight, this quarter, from 15.14
thousand metric tons, liveweight in the same
period of 2019. (Figure 1 and Table 1)

JERSEY GIANT

 The average farmgate price of broiler chicken

in commercial farms during the quarter was
PhP 67.45 per kilogram, liveweight. This was
9.5 percent lower than the previous year’s
same quarter average price of PhP 74.50 per
kilogram, liveweight.
 During the period, the highest farmgate price
was recorded in June at PhP 77.29 per
kilogram, liveweight, while the lowest was
quoted in April at PhP 61.37 per kilogram,
liveweight. (Figure 3 and Table 3). AUSTRALORP

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 BROWN LEGHORN DELA WARE

BUCK EYE
DORKING

ORPINGTON EGYPTIAN FAYOUMI

FREEDOM RANGERS

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 PLYMOUTH ROCK WYANDOTTE

RHODE ISLAND RED

BRESSE

TURKEN

WHITE LEGHORN

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16 | zoot 1 1 5 : P oultry production and flock H E A L T H M A N A G E M E N T