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Lingkungan Bisnis: (Business Environment)
Lingkungan Bisnis: (Business Environment)
(Business Environment)
Background
A manager is someone skilled in
knowing how to analyze and
improve the ability of an
organization to survive and grow in
a complex and changing world. This
means that managers have a set of
tools that enable them to grasp
(menggenggam/memahami) the
complexity of the organization's
environment.
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Background (continued)
A management system describes the
organization and the set of significant
interacting institutions and forces in the
organization's complex and rapidly
changing environment that affect its
ability to serve its customers. The firm
must continuously monitor and adapt to
the environment if it is to survive and
prosper. Disturbances in the environment
may spell profound threats or new
opportunities for the firm. The successful
firm will identify, appraise, and respond
to the various opportunities and threats in
its environment.
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Internal Environment
The management system can be conceptualized on
two levels. The first level involves the organization's
internal environment. Internally, an organization can
be viewed as a resource conversion machine that
takes inputs (labor, money, materials and equipment)
from the external environment (i.e., the outside world),
converts them into useful products, goods, and
services, and makes them available to customers as
outputs.
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External Environment
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Environmental forces create challenges and opportunities
for the organization. Managers must react and adapt to
changes in their internal and external environment.
Globalization is an example of an opportunity for an
organization. Improving technologies, such as
transportation and communications, have enabled
companies to expand into global or worldwide markets.
Globalization affects how organizations are managed.
Managers must learn to deal effectively with multiple
cultures and political systems in the midst of rapidly
changing markets and technology. They must be able to
anticipate this changing environment and develop the
vision and competencies at all levels in their
organizations to embrace this dynamic future.
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FAKTOR-FAKTOR LINGKUNGAN
EKSTERNAL MAKRO
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ORGANISASI
LINGKUNGAN
EKSTERNAL MIKRO
LINGKUNGAN
EKSTERNAL MAKRO
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LINGKUNGAN EKSTERNAL MIKRO
1. PESAING (COMPETITORS)
2. PELANGGAN (CUSTOMERS)
3. PEMASOK (SUPPLIERS)
4. PASAR TENAGA KERJA
5. LEMBAGA KEUANGAN
6. PEMERINTAH
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1. PESAING
Tipe pesaing
Jumlah pesaing dan perilaku
organisasi pesaing
Struktur pasar (persaingan)
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2. PELANGGAN
Pasar sasaran
Profil pelanggan
Perilaku pelanggan
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3. PEMASOK
Tipedan jenis pemasok (pemasok
material dan tenaga kerja)
Syarat dan cara pembelian
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4. PASAR TENAGA KERJA
Ketersediaan lembaga-lembaga
penyedia tenaga kerja
Kondisi pasar tenaga kerja
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5. LEMBAGA KEUANGAN
Ketersediaan lembaga keuangan
seperti bank komersial, bank
investasi, asuransi, dan pasar modal
Perlu dibina hubungan yang baik
dengan lembaga-lembaga keuangan
tersebut
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6. PEMERINTAH
Peraturan-peraturan pemerintah
Perijinan
Pajak
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LINGKUNGAN EKSTERNAL MAKRO
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LINGKUNGAN SOSIO-BUDAYA
Kondisi yang mencakup kebiasaan,adat
istiadat,nilai, dan karakteristik demografis
masyarakat di tempat organisasi beroperasi
Proses sosio-budaya menentukan barang dan
jasa dan juga standar perilaku bisnis yang
kemungkinan dinilai dan diterima masyarakat
Faktor-faktor yang dipertimbangkan dalam
lingkungan sosio-budaya antara lain:
Pilihan dan selera pelanggan
Praktik perilaku etika dan tanggung jawab sosial
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LINGKUNGAN EKONOMI
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LINGKUNGAN HUKUM-POLITIK
Kondisi yang mencerminkan hubungan
antara dunia bisnis dan pemerintah,
biasanya dalam bentuk regulasi
pemerintah
Sistem hukum menetapkan hal-hal yang
dapat dilakukan oleh organisasi
Stabilitas politik diperlukan untuk
menjamin kelancaran bisnis terutama
bisnis internasional
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LINGKUNGAN TEKNOLOGI
Teknologi adalah semua cara yang
ditempuh perusahaan untuk
menciptakan nilai bagi konsumen.
Teknologi mencakup pengetahuan
manusia,metode kerja, peralatan
fisik,elektronik dan telekomunikasi
serta berbagai sistem pengolahan
yang digunakan untuk
melaksanakan kegiatan bisnis
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