GAPAN CITY COLLEGE

City Hall Compound, Brgy. Bayanihan, Gapan City, Nueva Ecija

DEPARMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

“BRIDGING PROGRESS”
HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND CRIM 223
VICTIMOLOGY

MODULE 2

Factors that shape and affect human behavior

1. REWARD

Said to be the desirable behavioral consequences likely to increase the frequency of

occurrence of the behavior
a thing given in recognition of one's service, effort, or achievement

Kinds of rewards

Positive reward
Increase the frequency of approved behavioral behavior by adding something desirable
to the situation.

Negative reward
Increase the frequency of the approved behavior by removing something distressful
from the situation

2. Punishment
 GAPAN CITY COLLEGE
City Hall Compound, Brgy. Bayanihan, Gapan City, Nueva Ecija

DEPARMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

“BRIDGING PROGRESS”
HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND CRIM 223
VICTIMOLOGY

undesirable behavioral consequences likely to decrease the frequency of

occurrence of that behavior

Positive punishment
Decrease the frequency of unwanted behavior by adding something undesirable to
situation

Negative punishment
Decrease the frequency of unwanted behavior by removing something desirable from
the situation

3. Heredity

Refers to the process of transmitting genetic characteristics from parents to children that
determine many of their characteristics , especially those that affect development.

4. Environment factors
Refers to all conditions inside and outside of an organism that is anyway
influence behavior, growth and development of life process.
 GAPAN CITY COLLEGE
City Hall Compound, Brgy. Bayanihan, Gapan City, Nueva Ecija

DEPARMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

“BRIDGING PROGRESS”
HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND CRIM 223
VICTIMOLOGY

a. Physical environments (external force)

Refers to those things that affects man directly and stimulates the sense
organs. These are social environment that are physical influences steaming
from outside contact, with other people home is said to be the intercellular
and extra cellular

5. Self

Refers to the ability of a person to do the act base on his own free will on choice.
As the self structures develops, it becomes the integrating core of the personality.

The following are the three kinds of assumptions that provide an individual a
frame of reference or cognitive map which is the consistent view of self in relation
to the environment.
a. Reality assumptions- assumption about how things really are and kind of
person you are
b. Possibility assumptions- assumptions about how things could be, about
personalities for change, opportunities for personal growth and social
progress.
c. Value assumption- assumptions about the way things ought to be, about
right and wrong, good or bad desirable and undesirable.

Factors influencing evaluation of behavior

1. Social values
2. Different standards set by individual
3. Incomparable frames of reference used by individuals.
 GAPAN CITY COLLEGE
City Hall Compound, Brgy. Bayanihan, Gapan City, Nueva Ecija

DEPARMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

“BRIDGING PROGRESS”
HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND CRIM 223
VICTIMOLOGY

3 elements of Human Behavior

1. Needs- refers to an organisms condition which exists within the individual and
which demand certain activity
2. Purpose of behavior
3. Satisfy the needs

Maslow Hierarchy of needs

 GAPAN CITY COLLEGE
City Hall Compound, Brgy. Bayanihan, Gapan City, Nueva Ecija

DEPARMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

“BRIDGING PROGRESS”
HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND CRIM 223
VICTIMOLOGY

MODULE 3

Types of human behavior

Normal behavior- both equilibrium within the individual. One who behaves according to
the norms and standards of society

 Adequate self-knowledge
 An ability to exercise voluntary control over behavior
 Self-steem and acceptance
 Ability to form affectionate relationship
 Productivity

Abnormal behavior- it is one that violates the social norms or which is statistically
different from average, it is diverging from normal behavior

 Disordered sensation and perception

 Disordered intelligence and thought
 Disordered affection
 Disordered motivation

NEUROTIC BEHAVIOR
- A group of mild functional personality disorders in which there is no gross
personality.
- Disorganization and the individual is not required for hospitalization
- Person who is in twilight zone between normal and abnormal
- Sometime called PSYCHONEUROTIC.

Further, neurosis embraces a wide range of behaviors that are considered the core of
the most maladaptive life style. Base to the neurotic lifestyles are:

1. Neurotic Nucleus- the faulty evaluation of reality and the tendency to avoid
rather than to cope up with stress.

2. Neurotic paradox- the tendency to maintain the lifestyle despite its maladaptive
nature. It is characterized by unhappiness and dissatisfaction
 GAPAN CITY COLLEGE
City Hall Compound, Brgy. Bayanihan, Gapan City, Nueva Ecija

DEPARMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

“BRIDGING PROGRESS”
HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND CRIM 223
VICTIMOLOGY

What is anxiety disorder?

Group of mental disorders (phobias, obsession and impulsion) characterized by

emotional distress caused by feeling of vulnerability, apprehension or fear.

Common types of anxiety

1. generalized anxiety- people with disorder worry constantly but cannot say why.

2. panic attacks- episode of acute and overwhelming tension, experienced by those with
generalized anxiety. It can cause difficulty in breathing, choking sensations, chest pain
and a like.

3. Obsessive compulsive disorder- disorder characterized by the presence of persistent

of unwanted thoughts, urges and actions. Persons with this disorder combat anxiety by
carrying out rituals behavior that reduce tention.

4. Posttraumatic stress disorder- state of anxiety, depression and psychological

numbering following exposure to severe trauma, such as warfare, rape and violent
death of love one, or a disaster. Involuntary mental flashback.

5. Phobic disorder- fear of, and consequent attempt to avoid the specific objects or
situations. A person who exhibits a phobia fear a situation and tends to avoid it even
though he knows that there is no real danger.

Common types of phobia

Acrophobia- fear of high places

Algophobia- fear of pain
Claustrophobia- fear of enclosed places
Ergasiophobia- fear of work
Gamophobia-fear of marriage
Hephephobia-fear of being touch
Hematophobia- fear of blood
hydrophobia- fear of water
monophobia- fear of being alone
necrophobia- fear of cadaver
nyctophohbia- fear of darkness
ocholophobia- fear of crowds
pharmacophobia- fear of medicine
 GAPAN CITY COLLEGE
City Hall Compound, Brgy. Bayanihan, Gapan City, Nueva Ecija

DEPARMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

“BRIDGING PROGRESS”
HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND CRIM 223
VICTIMOLOGY

photophobia- fear of light

xenophobia- fear of strangers
thanatophobia- fear of death
zoophobia- fear of animal

Somatoform and dissociative disorders

Somatoform disorders- soma latin word for body. Involves a neurotic pattern in which
individuals complains of bodily symptoms that suggests the presence of physical
problem but which no basis could be found.

Hypochondriasis- persistent and irrational fear of having disease despite

reassurance that no physical illness exists

Psychogenic Pain disorder- characterized by a report of severe and lasting

pain. Either no physical basis is apparent or reaction is greatly in excess of what
to be expected.

Conversion disorder- also called hysteria, neurotic in which symptoms of some

physical malfunction or loss of control appears without any underlying organic
pathology

Sensory Symptoms of Hysteria

1. Anesthesia- loss of sensitivity

2. Hyperesthesia- excessive sensitivity
3. Hypoesthesia- partial loss of sensitivity
4. Analgesia- loss of sensitivity to pain
5. Paresthesia-exceptional sensation

Motor Symptoms of Hysteria

1. Paralysis- selective loss function
2. Astasia-abasia- inability to control leg when standing
3. Aphonia- partial inability to speak
4. Mutism- total inability to speak

Visceral Symptoms of Hysteria

1. Chocking sensation
2. Coughing spells
 GAPAN CITY COLLEGE
City Hall Compound, Brgy. Bayanihan, Gapan City, Nueva Ecija

DEPARMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

“BRIDGING PROGRESS”
HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND CRIM 223
VICTIMOLOGY

3. Difficulty in breathing
4. Cold and clammy extremities
5. nausea

Dissociative disorder
Involve a sudden and unusual temporary disruption in a person’s memory,
consciousness or identity. In some cases, a person suddenly suffers as loss.

It is an obvious stress characterized by the following:

1. amnesia- partial or total inability to recall or identify past experiences
a. brain pathology amnesia- total loss of memory and it cannot be
retrieved by simple means. It requires long period of medication
b. psychogenic amnesia- failure to recall stored information and still they
are beneath the level of consciousness but “ forgotten material”
2. Multiple Personality- also called as “dual personality” the person manifests two or
more symptoms of personality usually dramatically different
3. Depersonalization- loss of self or the so called out of the body experience.

Affective Disorder
Also known as Mood Disorder, in which extreme of inappropriate levels of mood-
extreme elation or extreme depressions
Forms of affective disorder:
a. Neurotic affective: also called as “neurotic mania”, characterized by over
acting, dominating, and deficient of self criticism
b. Neurotic Depression: sadness and dejection
The individual fails to return to normal after a reasonable period of time
resulted to high level of anxiety and lower self confidence and loss of initiative
c. Major depressive disorder- “ severe affective disorder”.