Full

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
AN ANALYSIS OF VINAY AND DARBELNET’S

TRANSLATION PROCEDURES USED
IN THE FAULT IN OUR STARS NOVEL
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Yacintha Septrianti Nago
Student Number: 131214084
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2018
AN ANALYSIS OF VINAY AND DARBELNET’S

TRANSLATION PROCEDURES USED
IN THE FAULT IN OUR STARS NOVEL
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Student Number: 131214084
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2018
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TO MY FAMILY
I dedicate this thesis to my family who always support me through my ups

and downs in writing my thesis. Below is my favourite qoute that always
motivates me silently and reminds me of the strengths and supports given by my
family.
“God sent you an angel to help you out

He gave you direction
Showed you how to read a map
With a long journey ahead
Said it ain't over
Oh, even in the midst of doubt
Life is worth living
Life is worth living, so live another day
I put my heart into Your hands

Here’s my soul to keep
I let You in with all that I can
Learn the lessons You teach
No matter when, wherever I am
You're not hard to reach
And You've blessed me with the best gift
That I've ever known
You give me purpose every day
You give me purpose in every way
Oh, You are my everything”
Justin Drew Bieber
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ABSTRACT
Nago, Yacintha Septrianti. (2018). An Analysis of Translation Procedures Used in

The Fault In Our Stars Novel. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study
Program, Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers
Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.
Movies, musics, songs, poems, and stories are concrete examples of how a
language has a role to communicate ideas or feelings. These forms can be found in
one of many entities such as best-selling translated novels. By applying translation
procedures, the messages contained in these forms are transferred from one
language into another language. By taking this phenomenon into account, the
researcher chose The Fault in Our Stars novel to be examined.
In this research, the researcher addressed two research questions. The first
research question is 1) Which translation procedures are used to translate
utterances in The Fault in Our Stars novel? The second research question is 2) To
which extent is the message transferred successfully viewed from the
communicative and semantic method?
In conducting this research, the researcher employed a qualitative method,
specifically document analysis. The data were collected from the utterances on
The Fault in Our Stars novel. Then, the data were analyzed using the table of
comparison between the Source Text and the Target Text. The researcher found
23 utterances translated using a certain translation procedure. To answer the first
research question, the data were classified into which translation procedures were
used in translating process by Vinay and Darbelnet’s translation procedure. To
answer the second research question, the data were analyzed by using the
translation method theory proposed by Peter Newmark and the equivalence theory
proposed by Popovic.
The research results revealed that from seven types of translation
procedures, only six translation procedures were applied in the translating process.
The translation procedures were borrowing, calque, literal translation, modulation,
equivalence, and adaptation. The messages were transferred successfully in
semantic and communicative translation methods. The messages were transferred
semantically if the transferred message contained the context of source text or in
other words the translation is source-text oriented, while it is a sucessful
communicative method if the message transferred was adjusted to the culture of
the target text regardless the linguistic aspects of the languages.
Keywords: The Fault in Our Stars, translation procedures, semantic translation

method, communicative translation method.
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ABSTRAK
Nago, Yacintha Septrianti. (2018). An Analysis of Translation Procedures Used in

The Fault In Our Stars Novel.Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa
Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu
Pendidikan Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Film, musik, lagu, puisi, dan cerita adalah contoh konkrit tentang peran
sebuah bahasa untuk menyampaikan ide-ide atau perasaan. Bentuk-bentuk
tersebut bisa ditemui di dalam banyak hasil karya seperti sebuah novel terjemahan
terlaris. Untuk menerjemahkan makna yang terkandung dalam bentuk-bentuk
tersebut dari sebuah bahasa sumber ke bahasa sasaran, diperlukan sebuah metode
terjemahan yakni prosedure terjemahan. Dengan adanya fenomena bentuk-bentuk
penggunaan sebuah bahasa dalam novel terjemahan, peneliti meneliti novel The
Fault In Our Stars.
Dalam melakukan penelitian ini, terdapat dua permasalahan. Masalah
pertama adalah 1) Prosedur Terjemahan mana yang digunakan untuk
menerjemahkan ujaran-ujaran di novel The Fault in Our Stars? Masalah kedua
adalah 2) Sejauh mana ujaran-ujaran tersebut diterjemahkan dengan baik
dianalisis dari metode semantik dan komunikatif?
Dalam melakukan penelitian ini, peneliti menggunakan metode kualitatif,
khususnya analisis dokumen. Data penelitian dikumpulkan dari ucapan-ucapan di
dalam novel The Fault in Our Stars. Lalu, data tersebut dianalisis menggunakan
table perbandingan antara Teks Sumber dan Teks Sasaran. Peneliti menemukan 23
ujaran-ujaran yang diterjemahkan menggunakan sebuah prosedur terjemahan
tertentu. Untuk menjawab permasalahan pertama, data tersebut diklasifikasikan
berdasarkan teori Tipe-tipe Prosedur Terjemahan menurut Vinay dan Darbelnet.
Untuk menjawab permasalahan kedua, data tersebut dianalisis berdasarkan teori
Metode Terjemahan menurut Peter Newmark dan teori equivalence menurut
Popovic.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari tujuh tipe Prosedur Terjemahan,
terdapat enam tipe Prosedur Terjemahan yang digunakan. Tipe-tipe tersebut
adalah borrowing, calque, literal translation, modulation, equivalence, dan
adaptation. Makna yang terkandung di dalam ucapan-ucapan berhasil
diterjemahkan ke ruang lingkup Metode Semantik dan Komunikatif. Makna dari
Teks Sumber berhasil di terjemahkan dengan Metode Semantik apabila makna
yang terkandung dalam ujaran-ujaran tersebut diterjemahkan dengan
memperhatikan konteks di dalam bahasa Teks Sumber atau berpedoman pada
konteks linguistik Teks Sumber. Sementara itu, makna yang terkandung di dalam
ujaran-ujaran tersebut berhasil diterjemahkan secara komunikatif apabila makna
yang terkandung di dalam Teks Sumber disesuaikan dengan kondisi sosial budaya
Teks Sasaran terlepas dari aspek linguistik dari kedua bahasa.
Kata Kunci: The Fault in Our Stars, translation procedures, semantic translation
method, communicative translation method.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I am very blessed and gratitude for Jesus Christ’s Blessings in my whole

life that stregthen me in writing this undergraduate thesis. Here I am at the final
journey of my college life.
I would like to express my gratitude to my family especially, my parents,
Yonas Bayubuwono and Martha Rodina, for their unconditional love, affection,
suppports, and prayers. I also want to thank to my older sister, Theresia Rosalina
Nago, for her support and advice, and my older brother, Ignatius Arnold Nago, for
his love and financial support during my college life.
I would also like to thank my advisor, Laurentia Sumarni S.Pd.,
M.Trans.St., for her guidance, counselling, time, patience to assist me in finishing
this undergraduate thesis. I would also like to send my gratitude to the English
Language Education Study Program (ELESP) lecturers. They have taught and
given me useful education during my study in Sanata Dharma University.
My next gratitude goes to my close-knit sisters as known as closest
classmates, Claudia, Dian Natalia Aryani, Emma Hadiana Cahyani, Tri Mulyani
Tampubolon, and Yosephin Diva Fabiola Nuralita. They have motivated, helped,
and coloured my college life by doing great things together.
Finally, my gratitude goes to my classmates, members of Class C batch
2013, I am so happy that I have many beautiful friends in this class to make my
college life unforgettable. Moreover, I would like to thank those whose names I
cannot mention one by one for their love and support to me.
With warmest love and gratitude.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ................................................................................................... i

APPROVAL PAGES ....................................................................................... ii
DEDICATION PAGE ...................................................................................... iv
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ............................................... v
PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ................................................. vi
ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................... vii
ABSTRAK ......................................................................................................... viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................. ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................. x
LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................... xii
LIST OF APPENDICES .................................................................................. xiv
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................... 1

A. Research Background ......................................................... 1
B. Research Questions ............................................................. 4
C. Research Significance ......................................................... 4
D. Definition of Terms ............................................................ 5
1. Translation Procedures .................................................... 5
2. The Fault In Our Stars Novel .......................................... 5
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ............................... 6

A. Theoretical Description ...................................................... 6
1. Translation ...................................................................... 6
2. Translation Procedures ................................................... 7
3. Translation Methods ....................................................... 12
4. The Unit of Translation .................................................. 14
5. Translation Process ......................................................... 15
6. Translation Equivalence ................................................. 16
7. Pragmatic Dimension in Translating and Translation .... 17
8. Idiom ............................................................................... 19
B. Theoretical Framework ..................................................... 20
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ........................................... 22

A. Research Method ............................................................... 22
B. Research Setting ................................................................ 23
C. Research Subjects .............................................................. 23
D. Research Instruments ....................................................... 24
1. Human .......................................................................... 24
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2. Document ...................................................................... 24
E. Data Gathering Technique................................................. 25
F. Data Analysis Technique................................................... 25
CHAPTER IV. RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ...................... 27

A. Translation Procedures in translation of
The Fault in Our Stars Novel ........................................... 27
1. Borrowing .................................................................... 27
2. Calque ........................................................................... 30
3. Literal translation .......................................................... 31
4. Transposition ................................................................ 33
5. Modulation.................................................................... 33
6. Equivalence................................................................... 35
7. Adaptation..................................................................... 43
CHAPTERV. CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND

RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................... 46
A. Conclusions .................................................................. 46
B. Implications .................................................................. 48
C. Recommendations......................................................... 48
REFERENCES ................................................................................................ 50
APPENDICES ................................................................................................ 52
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
2.1 The Example of Borrowing Procedure ...................................................... 8
2.2 The Example of Calque Procedure ............................................................ 9
2.3 The Example of Literal Translation Procedure ......................................... 9
2.4 The Example of Transposition Procedure .................................................. 10
2.5 The Example of Modulation Procedure ..................................................... 10
2.6 The Example of Equivalence Procedure .................................................... 11
2.7 The Example of Adaptation Procedure ...................................................... 12
2.8 The Example of Communicative Translation Method ............................... 13
2.9 The Example of Semantic Translation Method ......................................... 14
2.10 The Example of Unit of Translation in Grammatical Meaning ............... 14
2.11 The Example of Unit of Translation in Lexical Meaning ........................ 15
3.1 The Example of Data Table ....................................................................... 26
4.1 The Data Table of Borrowing Procedure .................................................. 27
4.2 The Data Table of Borrowing Procedure ................................................... 29
4.3 The Data Table of Calque Procedure ......................................................... 30
4.4 The Data Table of Literal Translation Procedure ..................................... 32
4.5 The Data Table of Transposition Procedure .............................................. 33
4.6 The Data Table of Modulation Procedure .................................................. 33
4.7 The Data Table of Equivalence Procedure ................................................ 35
4.8 The Explanation of ‘that cheesy’ phrase .................................................... 40
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4.9 The Example of Adaptation Procedure ...................................................... 43
4.10 The Explanation of the word ‘you’ .......................................................... 43
xiii
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix Page
1. The Biography of John Green .................................................................. 53
2. The Summary of The Fault In Our Stars ................................................. 54
3. Data Collection of Translation ................................................................. 55
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter consists of four subdivided sections, namely (a) research
background, (b) research questions, (c) research significance, and (d) definition of
terms. Each will be discussed in details.
A. Research Background
People have many ways to enjoy entertainment such as movies, music,
songs, poems and stories, etc. Movies, music, songs, poems and stories are
concrete examples of how a language has a role to communicate ideas or feelings.
From these works, it can be found how a language is used in the lyrics of songs,
stanzas of poems, sentences or dialogues in movies and stories. A language can be
used to express ideas or feelings implicitly and explicitly. The way ideas and
feeling are expressed through a language implicitly and explicitly is supported by
the aesthetic aspects of a language itself such as, idioms, slangs, senses, situations,
contexts, structure of the sentences, structure of the words, etc. All these aspects
can be found in one of many media such as a novel.
Best-selling novels are often translated into many languages. People enjoy
reading the work of authors with different language backgrounds because people
are basically interested in learning and understanding different languages and
cultures. People can learn many new things about other languages and cultures
from translated novels. Language is the expression of a culture, for example in
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English, it is tolerable to call someone who is older than someone else by her/his
name or simply by using the word „you‟. While, in Indonesian, it is not tolerable
or it is impolite to call someone who is older than someone else by her/his name
or by using the word „you‟ instead by using the word „Ibu, Bapak, Kakak, Abang‟.
“Many of the words in a language are inextricably bound up with that culture”
(Lefevere, 1992, p. 17). One single word in a language can have many senses. A
word may have many senses which are used in different ways and situations, for
example the word „rice‟ in English which has several meanings in Indonesian
such as „beras‟ and „nasi‟. How a single word is used affects its sense in how the
language is used. The words in a sentence, phrase, or idiom have function to
convey meaning in explicit or implicit way. The words that construct a sentence
also affect the message of the sentence. The phenomology as aforementioned can
be found in the translated-novel.
Translated-novel is one of the examples of translation activity. Translation
activity does not only focus on the linguistics aspect but it also focuses on the
cultural aspect of a language. Linguistic and cultural aspects work hand in hand in
the translating process because the language system is affected by the society, for
example in translating the „you‟ from English into Indonesian into „Anda‟ instead
of „kamu‟. Language is a guide to social reality and that human beings are at the
mercy of the language that has become the medium of expression for their society
(Sapir as cited in Bassnett, 2002, p. 21). Therefore, translation is a process of
transferring messages from a source language into a target language by making
the closest adjustment of equivalence from the linguistic and cultural aspects.
Translating activity can be divided into two types of text: literary and non-literary
texts. Literary text can be in form of poems, novel, short-stories, while the literary
the non-literary texts can be in form of news, brochure, magazine, etc.
In this study, the researcher decided to study translation phenomena of a
literary text namely The Fault in Our Stars written by John Green. The Fault in
Our Stars novel is about a love story between two teenagers who suffer from
cancer and who struggle to conquer cancers. The researcher chose the novel
because the researcher found interesting translating phenomena in the novel. The
novel contains aesthetic devices such as phrases, idioms, cultural aspects, etc.
These aesthetic devices contains meaning that transfer the messages of the stories
in the Source Text into the Target Text. In order to know how the aesthetic
aspects were translated, the researcher analyzed translation procedures that
applied in the translating process. Peter Newmark (1988b) defines translation
procedures as “the procedures that are used to translate a source language text in
to a target language especially for sentences and the smaller units of language” (p.
81). Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to analyze the translation procedures that
were used by the translator to translate utterances and to discover the message
which is transferred effectively from the source text into the target text by using
the translation procedures proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet.

B. Research Questions
Based on the background above, the researcher has two problems to
discuss:
1. Which translation procedures are used to translate utterances in The Fault in
Our Stars novel?
2. To which extent is the message transferred successfully viewed from the
communicative and semantic method?
C. Research Significance
The advantages of this research on translation procedures used in The
Fault in Our Stars novel are:
1. For English Language Lecturers
This research is expected to be able to assist English Language Learners in
teaching translating. Translation procedures is one of translation aspects that can
be an interesting topic to be taught in the class. This research can helps the student
to have more insight about translation procedures especially in translating literary
text.
2. For English Language Learners
English Language Learners will enrich their knowledge about translating,
especially translation procedures in literary text. The students will be able to
comprehend the causes factor why a certain translation procedures is applied in
the translating process. This research is expected to assist the students in
conducting reseacrh related to the translation procedures.

3. For Future Researchers
The researcher expects that this researh will be beneficial and provide
information for translation, especially translation procedures. The researcher
expects that from the thoery of translation procedures, a new research can be
conducted and broaden the area of research from different point of view.
D. Definition of Terms
The researcher provides the definition of terms used in this study in order to
clarify concepts and avoid misinterpretation.
1. Translation Procedures
Peter Newmark (1988b) defines translation procedures as “the procedures
that are used to translate a source language text into a target language especially
for sentences and smaller units of language” (p. 81). Translation procedures
focuses on the semantic and syntax realm of words or sentence structure.
Procedures means ways of translating Source Language text into Target Language
text.
2. The Fault in Our Stars novel
The Fault in Our Stars is written by John Green. The story of the novel
was written by using slangs, idioms, and phrases, and etc in the plot story. The
Fault in Our Stars novel is about a love story between two teenagers who suffer
from cancer and who struggle to conquer cancers. The Fault in Our Stars novel in
Indonesian version is translated by Ingrid Dwijani Nimpoeno.

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In this chapter, the researcher has provided some theories related to the
subject matter. The chapter consists of two parts, namely: (1) Theoretical
Description, which presents theories which are directly relevant to the research,
(2) Theoretical Framework, which discusses theories used to answer the research
questions.
A. Theoritical Description
Several relevant theories to the research are used as the basis theories in
the research as mentioned below. The first theory is theory of Translation
which is proposed by several experts such as Catford, Peter Newmark, and
Wills as explained below.
1. Translation
There are many translation theories. Each theorist has hers/his own
definition and focus of translation definition. Translation is an operation
performed on languages: a process of substituting a text in one language for a text
in another (Catford, 1965, p. 1). Catford‟s theory is supported by Peter
Newmark‟s theory. Peter Newmark (1981) defines translation as a craft consisting
in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by
the same message and/or statement in another language (p. 7). Translation is the
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replacement of textual material in one language (Source Language) by equivalent
textual material in another language (Target Language) (Catford, 1965, p. 20).
Translation is a transfer process which aims at the transformation of a
written source language text into an optimally equivalent target language text and
which requires the syntactic, the semantic and the pragmatic understanding and
analytical processing of the source language (Wills, 1982, p. 3).
From these theories, the researcher concluded that translation is a process
of substituting or replacing messages in a text in one language to another language
by optimizing the equivalent between source text/language and target text/target
language.
2. Translation Procedures
In this research, the researcher used the definition theory of translation
procedures proposed by Peter Newmark which is collaborated with the seven
translation procedures proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet.
Peter Newmark (1988b) defines translation procedures as “the procedures
that are used to translate a source language text in to a target language especially
for sentences and the smaller units of language” (p. 81). Translation procedures
focuses on the semantic and syntax realm of words or sentence structure.
Procedures means ways of translating Source Language text into Target Language
text. Newmark also states that the literature which applies linguistics to translation
procedures perfectly was composed by Vinay and Darbelenet. There are seven
translation procedures proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet (2000: 84-93) (as cited in
Munday, 2001, p. 56-59):
 Borrowing
Borrowing is a translation procedure that involves using the same word,
phrase or expression in the source language into the target language without
translation. The words, phrases, or expressions borrowed are usually written in
italics. For example:
Table 2.1 The Example of Borrowing Procedure

Source Text Target Text
Page.51 “No monster.” Page.126 “Tidak ada monster.”
Table 2.1 shows the example of borrowing procedure which is taken from
the English Version and Indonesian Version of The Kite Runner novel. This
example is taken from the result of translation procedure analysis written by
Muhammad Hanif. According to the writer, the borrowed word is transferred
without any modification in the Target Text as well as the meaning of the word is
maintained in the Target Text.
 Calque
Calque is a translation procedure in which an expression in the source
language is translated word-by-word into the target language literally. The
translator adopted the structure of the source language in the target language.
Table 2.2 The Example of Calque Procedure

Page.22 “Imbecile.” Page.40 “Imbesil.”
Table 2.2 shows the example of calque procedure which is taken from the
English Version and Indonesian Version of The Kite Runner novel. This example
is taken from the result of translation procedure analysis written by Muhammad
Hanif. According to the writer, the word is transferred differently in written way
in the Target Text, but the pronunciation in the Target Text is the same as
„Imbecile‟ in the Source Text.
 Literal Translation
Literal translation is a procedure of translating directly source language
word-by-word grammatically and idiomatically suitable and appropriate in the
target language. Literal translation is acceptable if the translated language contains
the same word, phrase, or sentence structure, meaning, and style as the source
language.
Table 2.3 The Example of Literal Translation Procedure

Page.5 “Hey, you!” he said. “I Page.15 “Hey,kamu!” katanya.
know you.” “Aku kenal kamu.”
Table 2.3 shows the example of literal translation procedure which is taken
from the English version and Indonesian version of The Kite Runner novel. This
Muhammad Hanif. According to the writer, the word is transferred perfectly
without any borrowed words.

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 Transposition
Transposition procedure is a procedure of changing the word class of a
word or certain word combination without changing the message in the translation
process. It introduces a change in grammatical structure.
Table 2.4 The Example of Transposition Procedure

Page.1 “That ought to count for Page.13 “Mestinya itu berarti
something.” sesuatu.”
Table 2.4 shows the example of transposition procedure which is taken
from the English version and Indonesian version of Twilight novel. This example
is taken from the result of translatin procedure analysis written by Ulfa Warhamni.
According to the writer, the transposition occur to the position of adverb mestinya
in front of subject itu. The subject is replaced by adverb in front of the sentence.
The position of adverb in front of the subject does not exist in the Source
Language.
 Modulation
Modulation is a translation procedure that occurs in the translation process
which involves changing the point of view of the source language in the target
language in the semantic realm.
Table 2.5 The Example of Modulation Procedure

Page.13 “I mean to speak to you man Page.30 “Kita berbicara antara
to man. Do you think you pria dengan pria. Kau
can handle that for once?” bisa kupercaya, kan?.”
Table 2.5 shows the example of modulation procedure which is taken from
the English version and Indonesian version of The Kite Runner novel. This

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Muhammad Hanif. According to the writer, this procedure is neeeded to achieve
naturalness.
 Equivalence
Equivalence procedure is used to transfer the message of an expression in
the source language by transferring the expression into the closest equivalence of
an expression in the target language in totally different way of stylistic and
structural method. The expression in both source language and target language
describe the same situation.
Table 2.6 The Example of Equivalence Procedure

Page.68 “Just a cold. So are we Page.156 “Cuma masuk angin.
going Friday, Baba?” Jadi, kita akan pergi hari
jumat nanti, Baba?”
Table 2.6 shows the example of equivalence procedure which is taken from
the English version and Indonesian version of The Kite Runner novel. This
Muhammad Hanif. According to the writer, the word is translated by paying
attention to the Target Text culture. Target Text culture has term Masuk angin to
describe stomach.
 Adaptation
Adaptation procedure is used when certain word, phrase or expression in
the source language is not suitable or appropriate culturally in the target language.
The translator must replace the word, phrase, or expression in the source language
by adapting the suitable or appropriate word, phrase, or expression of the target
language.
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Table 2.7 the example of adaptation procedure

Foie gras Hati bebek
Table 2.7 shows the example of adapatation procedure which is taken from
a journal entitle translating English-Indonesia Authentic Text Entitled Osaka
written by Fransiska Sanur. According to the writer of the journal, the word foie
gras is translated to hati bebek in the Target Text because the word foie grass,
root from French, means fat liver. Fat liver itself is a food made of the fattened
liver of a duck or goose.
3. Translation Methods
The reseacher used Newmark‟s theory of translation methods. Newmark
defined translation methods into two ways namely communicative translation and
semantic translation. This theory is used as references in analyzing how utterances
in the Fault of Our Stars novel were translated whether semantically or
communicatively. Translation method is a method to translate the sentences by
focusing to the whole message in a sentence by taking account of the source
language text and target text point of view.
Newmark proposed two types of translation methods that are appropriate to
any text (Newmark, 1981, p. 22):
 Communicative translation
The translation product produces the same effect on the target language
readers as on the source language readers or in another word communicative
translation is target reader-oriented. Communicative translation focuses on the

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culture between two languages regardless on the linguistic aspects in languages.
Culture affects how a language is used in the society, and a language is the
expression of a culture. The cultural messages in another language might very
hard being transferred to another language in order to be acceptable and
comprehensible in the Target Language.
Table 2.8 The Example of Communicative Translation Method

Page.68 “Just a cold. So are we Page.156 “Cuma masuk
going Friday, Baba?” angin. Jadi, kita
akan pergi hari jumat
nanti, Baba?”
Table 2.8 shows the example of communicative translation method which
is taken from the English version and Indonesian version of The Kite Runner
novel.
 Semantic translation
The translator attempts, within the bare syntactic and semantic constraints
of the target language, to produce the precise contextual meaning of the author by
looking at how the grammatical structure of language in a sentence affects its
meaning. The meaning of a sentence itself is also affected by the realm of the
equivalence of words semantically with concentration on the meaning of the
source text.
14
Table 2.9 The Example of The Semantic Translation Method

Page.5 “Hey, you!” he said. “I Page.15 “Hey,kamu!” katanya.
know you.” “Aku kenal kamu.”
Table 2.9 shows the example of the semantic translation method which is
taken from English version and Indonesian version of The Kite Runner novel.
4. The Unit of Translation
Units of translation normally refer to the source language unit which can
be recreated in the target language without addition of other meaning elements
from the source language (Newmark, 1981, p. 140). The unit of translation is
always as small as possible and as large as is necessary it can be classified as
grammatical meaning and lexical meaning. Units of translation consist of
sentences and units of language, such as a, the, this, that, he, she, it, many,
some,etc,
Table 2.10 The Example of Unit of Translation in Grammatical Meaning

Unit of Translation Grammatical Meaning
Source Text (page. 67) : Target Text (page. 94) :
“He has an assistant.” “Van Houten punya asisten.”
Table. 2.10 shows the example of unit of translation in grammatical
meaning cited from The Fault in Our Stars novel. In table 2.10, the example of
grammatical meaning lies in the pronoun “He” which is an anaphoric to Van
Houten. “He” is translated into “van Houten” instead “Dia” in order to make the
readership understand the word “he” itself.

15
Table 2.11 The Example of The Unit of Translation in Lexical Meaning

Utterance Lexical meaning
Source text (page. 7): Target text (page. 14):
“I refuse to attend Support Group.” “Aku tidak mau menghadiri
pertemuan Kelompok Pendukung.”
Table 2.11 shows the example of the unit of translation in lexical meaning
cited from The Fault in Our Stars novel. Lexical meaning means that the words
above are translated literally by finding its closest equivalence such as I is
translated as Aku, refuse is translated as tidak mau, to attend is translated as
menghadiri and Support Group as Kelompok Pendukung.
5. Translation Process
The stage of translation process aimed to initiate exactly what should be
analyzed to each utterances in the Source Language so as to select the appropriate
equivalence in the Target Language. Each stage helps the researcher to pay
attention from grammatical or lexical realms, semantic and pragmatic, the
messages in the utterances are transferred effectively into the target language by
constructing a new certain form of equivalence. The researcher uses Nida‟s stage
of translation process as a guideline to discover the translation procedure that is
applied to translate a certain utterance as the researcher also has to analyze the
utterances with the role as a translator.
Nida (1974) defines translation process as a process of decoding and
encoding (p.35). The translation process stages involve:

16
Source Language Receptor Language
text translation
analysis restructuring
transfer
The translation process involved the following stages:
a) Analysis
The surface structure (i.e the message as given in source language) is
analyzed in terms of (a) the grammatical relationships and (b) the meanings of the
words and combinations of words.
b) Transfer
The analyzed material is transferred in the mind of the translator from
source language to target language.
c) Restructuring
The transferred material is restructured in order to make the final message
fully acceptable in the target language.
6. Translation Equivalence
Popovic‟s theory of translation equivalence types is used in this research to
classify which types of equivalence utterances in the source language are
transferred into the target language. Furthermore, Popovic‟s theory helps the
researcher to discover which translation procedure is applied in the translating
process after classifying the types of equivalence. Translation equivalence is

17
important in the translation process since translation is not only about the transfer
of meaning of words or sentence from one language to another but also about how
the meaning is transferred in a different form of closest equivalence in another
language words.
Popovic distinguishes four types of translation equivalence (as cited in
Bassnett, 2002, p.32):
 Linguistic equivalence, where there is homogeneity on the linguistic level
of both Source Language and Target Language texts, i.e word for word
translation.
 Paradigmatic equivalence, where there is equivalence of „the elements of
a paradigmatic expressive axis‟, i.e elements of grammar.
 Stylistic (translational) equivalence, where there is „functional
equivalence of elements in both original and translation aiming at an
expressive identity with an invariant of identical meaning.
 Textual (syntagmatic) equivalence, where there is equivalence of the
syntagmatic structuring of a text, i.e equivalence of form and shape.
7. Pragmatic Dimension in Translating and Translation
Pragmatic is the study of the relations between language and its context of
utterance. The language and utterance are performed in action which is called
speech act. The researcher used six types of speech act proposed by Traugott and
Pratt (1980), following Searle (1976) (as cited in Hatim & Mason, 1990, p.60) in
order to know the purposed for which utterances are used in the novel :
18
 Representative: acts which seek to represent a state of affairs (such as
stating, telling, insisting, etc).
 Expressive: acts which give expression to the speaker‟s mental and
emotional attitude towards a state of affairs (e.g deploring, admiring, etc).
 Verdictives: acts which evaluate and relay judgement (e.g assessing,
estimating, etc).
 Directives: acts which seek to influence text receivers‟ behavior (e.g.
ordering, requesting, daring, etc).
 Commissives: acts which commit the speaker to a course of action (e.g
promising, vowing, pledging, etc).
 Declarations: acts whose utterance performs the action involved (e.g.
blessing, baptising, dismissing, etc).
Pragmatic translation is “the kind of translation which focus not only to the
denotative meaning of a word or combination of word but also to the way a word
or combination of word is uttered in communicative situations and the way how it
is interpreted or translated in context” (Shuttleworth-Cowie, 2007:128 ).
The researcher uses pragmatic in the research because pragmatic aspects
cannot be separated from the translation process. Pragmatic theory gives insight
for certain utterances which translated in the pragmatic realm, besides what
aspects that is contained in the utterances.

19
8. Idiom
Peter Newmark (1981) defined idioms as phrases or word-groups whose
meaning cannot be elicited from the separate meanings of each word of which
they are formed. (p.125). The researcher used Peter Newmark and Fernando‟s
theory of idioms in order to provide insight in classifying utterances in the novel
that contain idiom and analyzing how the idiom is transferred from the Source text
into the Target Text.
Based on Fernando‟s (1995:35-36) theory, there are three types of idiom:
1. Pure idioms
Pure idiom is a type of idiom in which the denotative meaning of the words
in the phrase does not adding up the meaning of the phrase. For example: the
idiom „break a leg‟ means ‘semoga beruntung. The idiom has nothing to do with
breaking a leg literally.
2. Semi idioms
Semi idiom is a type of idioms in which at least one word has denotative
meaning. For example: the idiom „my foot has gone to sleep‟ means „Kakiku
kesemutan’. In the idiom, the word „my foot‟ has a denotative meaning, while „has
gone to sleep‟ has non-denotative or non-literal meaning.
3. Literal idioms
Literal idiom are idioms that less complex semantically and easier to
understand. For example: the idiom „ give and take‟means „saling memberi dan
menerima’.
20
Theory of idioms helps the researcher to identify which types of idiom in
the source text that is translated into the target language. The theory also give
insight to the researcher in analyzing whether an idiom in the Source Text is
transferred into its closest equivalence of idioms in the Target Language. Idioms
can be translated into its closest equivalence in the Target Text if the idioms can
be translated literally and can be translated into an idiom which contained the
same message as in the Source Text.
B. Theoretical Framework
In the theoretical framework, several relevant fundamental theories to
answer the research problems in analyzing translation procedures in The Fault in
Our Stars novel are presented in the following paragraphs.
The researcher employed Vinay and Darbelnet‟s theory of translation
procedures to discuss and answer the first research problem, i.e „Which translation
procedures are used to translate utterances in The Fault in Our Stars novel?‟. In
order to answer the research problem, the researcher used Vinay and Darbelnet‟s
translation procedures, namely borrowing, calque, literal translation, transposition,
modulation, equivalence or reformulation, and adaptation. The first three
procedures, i.e borrowing, calque, literal translation, deal with delivering the
message in the source language or source text from the semantic translation realm
into the target language or target text, while the other four translation procedures
deal with delivering the message in the source language or source text from the
communicative translation realm.

21
The researcher also employed several relevant theories to answer the
second research problem, i.e „To which extent is the message transferred
successfully?‟. In order to answer the second research problem, the researchers
used two theories that are proposed by Newmark and Popovic.
The first relevant theory to the second research problem is proposed by
Newmark. Newmark proposed two types of translation methods, namely
communicative translation and semantic translation. The theory works as
guideline to the researcher‟s point of view of linguistics and cultural aspects to
utterances in the source text and in the target text.
The second theory to discuss the second research problem is Popovic‟s
theory of equivalence which consists of linguistic equivalence, paradigmatic
equivalence, stylistic (translational) equivalence, and textual (syntagmatic)
equivalence. Theory of equivalence helps the researcher to discover how the
translator overcomes the gap of language between the source text and the target
text.
From these theories, the researcher will discuss the translation procedures
that the translator used to translate utterances in the Fault in Our Stars novel. The
researcher analyzed from the linguistic aspects, i.e the grammatical meaning and
the lexical meaning, and the pragmatic aspect without ignoring the cultural
aspects contained in the source text in order to know how effective the applied
translation procedures.
22
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In this chapter, the researcher discussed the method of the research and
method of the data analysis to solve the research problem. This chapter consists of
five subdivided sections, namely (a) research method, (b) research setting, (c)
research participants/subjects, (d) instruments and data gathering, (e) data analysis
technique.
A. Research Method
This research is a translation research by using document analysis method.
According to Smith (1966), document analysis is a research method to discover
certain information from a specified material which is objectively and
systematically analyzed” (p. 314). The document can be of written or text-based
records (novels, journals, newspaper, etc) or can be of non-written records
(videotapes, audiotapes, photographs, etc). As Merriam (1988) pointed out,
„Documents of all types can help the researcher uncover meaning, develop
understanding, and discover insights relevant to the research problem‟ (p. 118).
Document analysis focuses on analyzing and interpreting recorded material to
learn human behavior.
In this research, the researcher analyzed The Fault in Our Stars in which
the researcher found interesting problems. This research is a qualitative document
analysis which focus on the content and contextual meaning of the text. Document
22
23
analysis is the most applicable method to analyze the translation procedures that
were used by the translator to translate The Fault in Our Stars novel.
B. Research Setting
In a qualitative research with document analysis method, the research
setting of time and place in the process of making and finishing this research
occurs in several months, starting from March 2017 to October 2017, for the
researcher to gather and analyze the research data from the document, i.e a novel
entitled The Fault in our Stars written by John Green and translated by Inggrid
Dwijani Nimpoeno without any manipulation or changing to the research subject
since the main purpose of a qualitative study is to study the real social phenomena
experienced by mankind.
C. Research Subjects
The subjects of this research were utterances spoken by the characters in
The Fault in Our Stars novel. The research subjects were taken both from the
English version and Indonesian version of The Fault in Our Stars novel written by
John Green and translated by Ingrid Dwijani Nimpoeno.

24
D. Research Instruments
In this research, there are two research instruments namely human and
document.
1. Human
In this research, the researcher herself is the instrument. The researcher
read the Fault in Our Stars novel in the English version, which is the source text
and in the Indonesia version, which is the target text. The researcher read the
novel to gather the data and analyze the data found to answer the research
problems. In a qualitative study, the human investigator is the primary instrument
for gathering and analyzing the data, as Creswell (2009) stated that “qualitative
researchers are the one who collect the data through examining documents,
observing behavior, or interviewing participants.” (p.164).
2. Document
The instrument of this research is a novel by John Green entitled The Fault
in Our Stars both in English version which is the source text and in Indonesia
version which is the target text. The target text was translated by Ingrid Dwijani
Nimpoeno and was published by Penerbit Qanita in 2014. The story of the novel
is about a seventeen-years-old girl, named Hazel, who suffers from cancer. Her
life changed when she met a boy named Augustus Waters and her story is
completely rewritten.
25
E. Data Gathering Technique
In order to gather the data, the researcher uses document analysis method
to gather the research data. The researcher made table comparison of the Source
Text and the Target Text.
1. Making a table of comparison of utterances from the Source Text and the
Target Text to gather the raw data.
2. Collecting all the utterances in the The Fault in Our Stars novel from both
versions.
3. Reducing the utterances by selecting utterances which might contain
translation procedures in the translation process.
F. Data Analysis Technique
As stated by William and Chesterman (2002), “The analysis of the
translated texts involves the textual comparison of a translation with its original”
(p. 6). Therefore, the researcher provided the selected data in a table of
comparison between the Source Text and the Target Text.
The researcher created several steps of data analysis techniques as follows:
1. Making a table of comparison between the Source Text and the Target
Text for the selected utterances which might be translated using certain
translation procedures.
2. Classifying the selected data into several categories such as sentences,
idioms, exclamations, and slangs.

26
3. Classifying tables for the selected data into more specific categories based
on the translation procedures proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet.
In a qualitative research, the researcher must organize and categorize or
code the large mass of data so that they can be described and interpreted (Ary,
Cheser, and Soresen, 2006: 32). Therefore, the researcher provided the selected
data in tables as shown below. For example:
Table 3.1 The Example of Data Collection Table

Source Text Target Text Type of Procedure
Page.11 I‟m on a roller Page. 20 Serasa berada Borrowing
coaster that only di atas roller
goes up, my coaster yang
friend. hanya melesat
ke atas,
Sobatku.
27
CHAPTER IV
RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Translation Procedures in translation of The Fault in Our Stars Novel
In this chapter, the researcher analyzes selected sentences, idioms,
exclamations, and slangs of utterances in the Source Text to be compared with
selected sentences, idioms, exclamations, and slangs of utterances in the Target
Text in two steps. The researcher discusses the research problems by presenting
the selected utterances in tables with a brief comprehensible analysis below the
tables.
The researcher identifies the translation procedures which are used “to
translate a source language text in to a target language especially for sentences
and the smaller units of language” (Newmark, 1988:88b), that are applied in the
translation as mentioned below.
1. Borrowing
Vinay and Darbelnet (1958) define borrowing as a translation procedure
that involves using the same word, phrase, or expression in the original text into
the target text without translation.
Table 4.1 The Data Table of Borrowing Procedure

Page.11 I‟m on a roller Page. 20 Serasa berada Borrowing
coaster that only di atas roller
goes up, my coaster yang
friend. hanya melesat
ke atas,
Sobatku.
27
28
Table 4.1 shows that the Source Text “roller coaster” is transferred into
rollercoaster in the Target text. The word roller coaster is Augustus Waters‟
answer to Hazel Grace‟s question about his condition. As a response to the
question, the word roller coaster has a figurative sense that Augustus Water‟s life
condition is like the sensation of riding a roller coaster.
The word roller coaster is an example of a figurative cultural word in
context. The word roller coaster in Farlex Online Dictionary means a period of
drastic changes that occur without warning. Moreover, in the Oxford Dictionary,
roller coaster means a situation that keeps changing very quickly. On the other
hand of the Target Text culture, the word roller coaster is familiar to an entity of a
vehicle that rides fast on railway track which has many tight turns and steep
slopes. From the definitions of roller coaster aforementioned, the researcher
concluded that Augustus Waters uses the word rollercoaster to tell that he
experienced certain ups and downs changes in his life.
However, the word roller coaster lost its meaning in the Target Text
because the word roller coaster is not familiar in the sense of figurative meaning
in the Target Text cultural realm. Furthermore, the word roller coaster in the
Source Text and in the Target Text is not communicatively equivalent in terms of
style which aims at expressing the message of the sentence. In conclusion, the
borrowing procedure does not transfer the message in the sentence from Source
Text into the Target Text effectively.

29
Table 4.2 The Example of Borrowing Procedure

Source Text Target Text Type of
Procedure
Page.34 Does it feature Page. 50 Ada zombie- Borrowing
zombies? nya?
Page.82 Is that a Rik smits Page.114 Itu jersey-nya Borrowing
jersey? Rik Smits?
Table 4.2 shows that the word zombie and jersey in the Source Text is
transferred precisely as zombie and jersey in the Target Text. According to Oxford
dictionary, the word zombie has two meanings that are a person who seems to be
only partly alive, without any feeling or interest in what is happening; and a dead
body that has been made alive again by magic. The word jersey according to the
Oxford dictionary means a shirt worn by somebody playing a sport game.
The word zombie and jersey in the Source Text semantically can be
defined as mayat hidup for zombie and baju olahraga for jersey, but the function
of the words in referring to an entity in the Source Language and in the Target
Language is not equivalent culturally. The words zombie and jersey would not
lose its meaning if it was translated as mayat hidup and baju olahraga in the
Target Text, but the entity might not be represented effectively in the Target Text.
As Larson (1984) stated, “the translator will have difficulty in translating a
source language word which represents a concept which is unfamiliar to the
receptor language speakers. Therefore, translator needs to borrow a word from the
source language” (p. 70). By the fact that the words zombie and jersey are widely
known and familiar in the society, these words are borrowed from the source-text
and are viewed from author-centred point of view in order to avoid misleading
translation and losing the cultural aspect of the words.

30
By applying borrowing procedure, the target readers will comprehend the
message and the plot of the story in the novel. The function of borrowing is to
introduce the culture of source language in the translation to create specific
stylistic effect as Vinay and Darbelnet stated.
2. Calque
Calque is a translation procedure in which an expression in the Source
Language is translated word-by-word into the target language literally. The
Source Language structure is adopted to translate the Source Text into the Target
Text.
Table 4.3 The Example of Calque Procedure

Procedure
Page.16 Counterinsurgence Page. 26 Main Calque
tomorrow? Kontrak-
Pemberontak
besok?
Page.34 My favorite book is Page.50 Mungkin buku Calque
probably An favoritku
Imperial Affliction. adalah
Kemalangan
Luar Biasa
Page.51 I will withhold Page.73 Aku akan Calque
judgement until I menahan
finish. However, I penilaianku
will say that I‟m sampai aku
feeling a bit selesai. Tapi,
embarrased to have bisa ku
given you The katakan aku
Price of Dawn. merasa sedikit
malu
memberimu
Ganjaran
Fajar.
31
Table 4.3 shows that the translator applied the calque procedure to translate
three phrases or expressions in the Source Text, namely Counterinsurgence, An
Imperial Affliction, and The Price of Dawn. Counterinsugence in the Source Text
is translated as Kontrak Pemberontak in the Target Text. In the novel,
Counterinsurgence is a type of video game with a rescue mission for civilians. An
Imperial Affliction in the Source Text is translated as Kemalangan Luar Biasa in
the Target Text. An Imperial Affliction is a book that Hazel Grace and Augustus
Waters read in the story of the novel. The Price of Dawn is translated as Ganjaran
Fajar in the Target Text. The Price of Dawn is a novel based on Augustus
Waters‟ favorite video game.
The phrases are translated in the source language-oriented meaning, word-
by-word by maintaining the linguistic unit of the phrase into the target language.
By applying calque translation procedure, the readers will comprehend the
meaning beneath each word of the expressions which also make the readers
achieve the whole message of the new expression from the novel.
3. Literal Translation
Vinay and Darbelnet stated literal translation is a procedure of translating
the Source Language directly word-by-word grammatically and idiomatically.
Literal translation is acceptable if the translated language contains the same word,
phrase, or sentence structure, the same meaning, and the same style as in the
Source Language.
32
Table 4.4 The Example of Literal Translation Procedure

Page.7 I refuse to attend Page. 14 Aku tidak mau Literal Translation
Support Group. menghadiri
pertemuan
Kelompok
Pendukung.
Table 4.4 shows that “I refuse to attend Support Group” (page.7) is
translated into “Aku tidak mau menghadiri pertemuan Kelompok Pendukung”
(page. 14). The phrase “Support Group” is translated into Kelompok Pendukung in
order to have a precise meaning in the Target Text. In this case, the phrase
“Support Group” is grammatically negotiable with the grammatical structure of
Indonesian which is Kelompok Pendukung. “Support Group” is a noun phrase
consisting of a noun and a noun in which the word “Group” as the head noun is
modified by the word “Support” as the premodifier. Kelompok Pendukung is a
noun phrase consisting of a noun and a noun in which the word Kelompok as the
head noun is modified by the word Pendukung as the postmodifier. It can be
concluded that Support Group and Kelompok Pendukung is textually equivalent.
According to the Oxford Dictionary, the phrase “Support Group” as a noun
has meaning „a group of people who meet to help each other with a particular
problem‟ which is translated as Kelompok Pendukung´ in Indonesian.
Semantically, the word “Support” is equivalent to Pendukung in Indonesian and
the word “Group” is equivalent to Kelompok in Indonesian. The phrase “Support
Group” is grammatically and semantically equivalent to Kelompok Pendukung. It
can be concluded that the translator used literal translation procedure in the
process of translating the phrase “Support Group”.

33
4. Transposition
Transposition is a translation procedure that introduces a change in
grammatical structure. The procedure involves changing the word class of a word
or certain word combination without changing the message in the translation
process.
Table 4.5 The Example of Transposition Procedure

Page. “Just thinking, Page. 135 “Kurasa aku Transposition
98 I guess.” hanya
sedang
berpikir.”
Table 4.5 shows that the transposition procedure is applied to transfer the message
contained the selected sentence by changing the position subclause in the Source Text “I
guess” at the end of the sentence changed position at the begininng of sentence in the
Target Text “Kurasa aku‟ without changing the message in the sentence. The procedure is
tolerable since in both language have similarity in sentence structure regarding the
position of main clause and sub-clause.
5. Modulation
Modulation is a translation procedure that occurs in the translation process
which involves changing the point of view of the Source Language in the Target
Language in the semantic realm.
Table 4.6 The Example of Modulation Procedure

Page.18 They‟re big Page. 30 Mereka suka Modulation
believers in PDA. sekali
menarik
perhatian
orang.
Page.33 No, I don‟t write. Page.49 Tidak. Aku Modulation
bukan penulis.
34
Table 4.5 shows that modulation translation procedure is applied to
transfer the message contained in „in PDA‟. PDA stands for Public Displays of
Affection. PDA is actions demonstrate by a couple to show affection in the public
such as kissing on the cheeks, kissing on the lips, kissing on the hugging, etc. „In
PDA‟ means that the characters in the novel have belief in PDA action to the
partner in the source text which is translated as „menarik perhatian orang‟ in the
target text. The researcher analyzed the utterance in two steps, analyzing the
utterance from its grammatical realm in order to discover whether there is
changing in the sentence structure, such as word of class changing, and analyzing
from its semantic realm. The two steps were conducted in order to know how the
message is transferred into the target text.
‟In PDA‟ is a prepositional phrase which changed into a verb in the target
text as „menarik’. „In PDA‟ is a prepositional phrase work as object complement
of noun, „big believers‟, in the uttterance „They‟re big believers in PDA‟. The
function word „In‟ in „in PDA‟ prepositional phrase is a preposition of a noun
„PDA‟. PDA is a culture in the source language society that is showed by the „big
believers in PDA‟ utterance. From the utterance, it can be deduced that the
characters believe PDA to their partner. However, PDA is not a common culture
in the target language society.
The „in PDA‟ is translated by paying attention to the non-linguistic aspects
in the sentence. Therefore, the meaning of PDA in the source text is lost. In the
Source Text, the „in PDA‟ means believe in PDA to be demonstrate to their
partner, whereas „in PDA‟ means having intention to attract people‟s attention in
35
the Target text. By changing the point of view, it will make the story in the novel
comprehensible and adjusted to the Target Text readers cultural realm.
Table 4.5 shows that the sentence “No, I don‟t write” is transferred as
„Tidak. Aku bukan penulis.” In the sentence „No. I don‟t write‟, the word „write‟
work as a verb. Therefore, the literal translation of “No, I don‟t write” would be
“Tidak, aku tidak menulis”. But, the word „write‟ is translated as „penulis‟ in the
target text which is a noun. The meaning of the sentence in the source text and in
target text is slightly different, but the message of this sentence is transferred
obviously that the readers can understand the utterance of the character in the
story.
6. Equivalence
Equivalence procedure is used to transfer the expression in the Source
Language by transferring the expression into the closest equivalence of Target
Language.
Table 4.7 The Example of Equivalence Procedure

Procedure
Page.7 See, that‟s the Page. 15 Nah, hal Equivalence
kind of thing I‟d macam itulah
know if you got yang akan ku
me a fake ID. ketahui kalau
Mom
memberiku
KTP palsu.
Page.13 Goddamn. Page.23 Astaga. Equivalence
Page.13 Aren‟t you Page.23 Kau hebat. Equivalence
something else.
Page.27 You‟re such a Page.41 Kau benar- Equivalence
Debbie Downer. benar
merusak
36
suasana.
Page.33 There! Page.49 Nah! Equivalence
page.43 What in heaven is Page. 62 Astaga, apa Equivalence
that? itu?
Page.57 Oh, goddamn it, Page.81 Oh, sialan, Equivalence
Isaac. Isaac.
Page.66 That‟s cheesy. Page.93 Norak sekali. Equivalence
Page.84 You nearly Page.116 Kau benar- Equivalence
charmed the benar
pants off my memukau
mom. ibuku.
Page.94 Delicious. Page.129 Asyik. Equivalence
Page.98 Twitterpated. Page.135 Mabuk Equivalence
kepayang.
Page.98 I am not a Page.135 Aku tidak Equivalence
bunny, and I am mabuk, dan
not in love with aku tidak
Gus Waters or sedang jatuh
anyone. cinta dengan
Augustus
Waters atau
siapapun.
Page.149 Dang! Page.202 Sialan! Equivalence
Page.204 God, you are Page.277 Astaga, kau Equivalence
sexy. seksi.
Table 4.6 shows words, phrases, and sentences which are translated from
the Source Text into the Target Text by applying equivalence translation
procedure. There are words such as exclamations in the Source Text that are
translated into the Target Text by using the same words to convey the meaning of
the Source Text in. The exclamation words such as ‘see’ (page. 7) and ‘there!‟
(page. 33) in the Source Text are transferred as ‘nah’(page. 15 and page. 49) in
the Target Text. The word „nah‟ in the Target Text functions as a tool to convey
the emotion or response to one situation and condition such as „see‟ into „nah‟ to
express the emotion for one situation over another situation and „there‟ into „nah‟
to express the emotion for one situation only.

37
Furthermore, there are also some exclamations such as „Goddamn‟ (page.
13); „what in heaven is that?‟ (page. 43); „God, you are sexy‟ (page. 204) in the
Source Text which are transferred into „Astaga‟ (page. 23; page. 43; page. 277) in
the Target Text. The word „astaga‟ in the Target Text is used to express the
emotion of certain situation such as to compliment and to show the feeling of
surprised. It is followed by a complementary sentence, word, or phrase in the
Source Text, for example, „Goddamn’ (page.13) is followed by a sentence which
says „Aren‟t you something else‟ (page. 13) and „God, you are sexy‟ (page. 204)
is also followed by a complimentary sentence. The word „astaga‟ in the Target
Text is also used to express the emotion of being surprised or curiosity in the
Source Text. For example in „what in heaven is that?‟ sentence.
Another function of equivalence translation procedure lies on the meaning
of „Oh, goddamn it, Isaac.‟ (page. 57) and „Dang!‟ (page.149) in the Source Text
is translated into „sialan‟ in the Target Text. “Oh, goddamn it, Isaac.‟ is Augustus
Water‟s utterance that when he and Isaac played a video game and the character in
a video game got attacked by enemies. On the contrary, “Dang” was uttered by
Augutus Waters when he watched a movie and the characters in the movie got
killed. By paying attention to the context, the researcher concluded that in the
Source Text both phrases are used to tell, show, or response to an unfortunate
situation and condition. The word „sialan‟ is meant to tell an unfortunate condition
or situation in the Target Text. In Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (An Official
Indonesian Dictionary), the word ‘sialan’ has three senses in which the second
sense is “(yg) mendatangkan sial”. Therefore the meaning of „Oh, goddamn it,
38
Isaac.‟ (page.57) and „Dang!‟ (page. 149) in the Source Text is conveyable in the
Target Text by using the word ‘sialan’ (page. 81 and page. 202).
Table 4.6 shows that “Aren‟t you something else” (page.13) is translated
into “Kau hebat.” (page.23). „Aren‟t you something else‟ grammatically is not an
interrogative sentence in English. The sentence „Aren‟t you something else” was
Augustus Waters‟ response to Hazel Grace shared idea in the Support Group
meeting. The sentence „aren‟t you something else” is used to response to or
describe something unusual in which the character‟s intention was to compliment
another character‟s idea.
Pragmatically “aren‟t you something else” is an expressive sentence
towards a statement of idea. The translator translated the sentence
communicatively into Indonesian as “Kau hebat” because the meaning of the
sentence does not lie in the meaning of each word, but the meaning of sentence
lies in the speaker‟s intention which tells the character‟s state of feeling. It is
related to the use of language pragmatically as a representative speech act, acts
which seek to represent a state of affairs as well as expressive speech act, acts
which give expression to the speaker‟s mental and emotional states towards a state
of affairs that is proposed by Traugott and Pratt (1980), following Searle (1976)
(as cited in Hatim & Mason, 1990, p.60). The translator pays attention to the
pragmatic context, linguistic context, of the sentence which affects the meaning of
the sentence and how the translator translates the sentence.
Linguistic context deals with word, phrase, expression or sentence that are
written earlier. As Shuttleworth and Cowie stated that the focus of “pragmatic
39
translation not only to literal meaning but also to the way a word or combination
of words are used in communicative situations and the way the translator interpret
them in context” (as cited in Nagy, 2016, p.2). The Source Text and Target Text
has equivalence in the stylistic equivalence level in both texts aimed to express a
feeling with the same meaning by different word and style. “Aren‟t you something
else” is translated as “Kau hebat” in the Target Text by applying the equivalence
procedure.
The next example of equivalence translation procedure is in the translated
phrase of Debbie Downer phrase in „You‟re such a Debbie Downer‟ sentence
(page.27) as merusak suasana in „Kau benar-benar merusak suasana‟(page.41).
The phrase Debbie Downer is originally rooted from a character of a television
show in the Source Text culture. Debbie Downer is an annoying character who
most of the time ruins one situation. The phrase Debbie Downer is uttered by
Augustus Water‟s mother when Augustus answered his mother question to Hazel
Grace. The phrase Debbie Downer is the example of allusion translation from the
Source Text to the Target Text. In order to deliver the meaning of the Debbie
Downer, the phrase is translated into a positive verb phrase as „merusak suasana’
to show that Augustus has ruined the atmosphere of one situation and his action is
annoying. The allusion is translated into a positive verb phrase since the allusion
of Debbie Downer is not exist in the target text besides to achieve the closest
equivalence.
Table 4.6 also shows another example of the application of equivalence
translation procedure; the meaning of „that‟s cheesy‟ (page. 66) in the Source Text
40
is conveyed as „norak sekali‟ (page. 93) in the Target Text. The sentence „that‟s
cheesy‟ (page.66) in the Source Text is uttered by Augustus Waters to tell that his
prior utterance, “Like it was a gift? Like you‟d given me something important.”
(page.66), is an exaggeration of emotion towards Hazel Grace‟s book
recommendation, An Imperial Affliction.
Table 4.8 the explanation of ‘that’s cheesy’ phrase

Textually “that‟s chessy” (page. 66) “norak sekali” (page.93)
Pragmatically To tell someone‟s feeling To tell someone‟s
about something that feeling about something
have been given to that that have been given to
person or in other word to that person or in other
respond to how someone word to respond to how
says thank you about someone says thank you
something that have been about something that
given. have been given.
According to the Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, the phrase ‘norak sekali’
means ‘sangat berlebih-lebihan‟ in Indonesian. Therefore, the meaning of „norak
sekali’ refers to someone‟s exaggerated actions. It is showed that the intended
meaning of the Source Text is achievable in the Target Text.
„You nearly charmed the pants off my mom‟ (page. 84) in the Source
Text is delivered as „kau benar-benar memukau ibuku‟ (page. 116) in the Target
Text. Hazel Grace uttered the utterance after watching at Augustus‟ leaned over
and whispered to Hazel‟s mother where Augustus and Hazel were going to.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary, the idiom of „charmed
the pants off‟ means to make somebody extremely charmed. The idiom „charmed
the pants off‟ has the closest equivalence to „benar-benar memukau‟ in the Target
41
Text. It successfully delivered the meaning of the idiom in the Source Text into
the Target Text. The word is translated communicatively by adjusting the terms of
the Source Text culture into the Target text culture so that the target readers will
be able to understand of one situation in the story.
Another example of equivalence is the word „delicious‟ (page. 94) in the
Source Text. The word „delicious‟ (page.94) is equivalent to „asyik‟ (page. 129) in
the Target Text. According to the Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary that the
word „Delicious‟ means in the literary context to tell that something is extremely
pleasant or enjoyable. According to the Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, the word
„Asyik‟ means „senang‟. The sense of „senang‟ is to tell about pleasure or the
feeling of pleasant. The word „Asyik‟ and „Senang‟ both have different degree of
formality sense in language. „Asyik‟ is used in an informal context, while
„senang‟ is used in a formal context. By looking at the sense degree, the word
„delicious‟ in the Target Text is equivalent to „Asyik‟ in the Target Text. By
applying the equivalence translation procedure, the intention of the word
„delicious‟ in the Source Text is delivered successfully in the Target Text.
Another example of the Equivalence translation procedure that is used in
order to have the closest equivalence is in „twitterpated‟ (page.98) word and „I am
not a bunny, and I am not in love with Gus Waters or anyone.‟ (page.98).
„Twitterpated‟ was uttered by Hazel‟s father reaction to her silent behaviour
during dinner which Hazel‟s father assumed that Hazel was thinking about
Agustus while the fact Hazel was thinking about those condolence posts on the
internet about Augustus‟ former girlfriend. „I am not a bunny, and I am not in

42
love with Gus Waters or anyone‟ was uttered by Hazel Grace as a response to
Hazel‟s father‟s previous utterance. „twitterpated‟ (page.98) in the Source Text is
equivalenct to „mabuk kepayang‟ (page.135). The word „twitterpated‟ in the
Source Text is related to the following word which is „I am not a bunny, and I am
not in love with Gus waters or anyone‟ (page. 98) that was uttered in the
following moment. By connecting the two sentences, the word „twitterpated‟ can
be interpreted as a state of feeling contented by a romantic feeling. Furthermore,
according to the Online Oxford dictionary „twitterpated‟ means infatuated or
obsessed. „mabuk kepayang‟ refer to a feeling contented by romantic love in the
Target Text culture. Therefore, by having „mabuk kepayang‟ as the closest
equivalent for „twitterpated‟, the readers of the novel can understand the situation
and feeling that is felt by the character in the story.
The next example is „I am not a bunny, and I am not in love with Gus
Waters or anyone.‟ (page.98) in the Source Text is translated into „Aku tidak
mabuk, dan aku tidak sedang jatuh cinta dengan Augutus Waters atau siapapun.‟
(page.135) in the Target Text. According to the Online Oxford Dictionary the
word „Bunny‟ means a person of a specified type or in a specified mood. The
word „bunny‟ in the Source Text contains a sense of feeling of a situation which is
further explained in the following sentence. By translating „I am not a bunny‟ into
„aku tidak mabuk‟ as closest equivalence in Target Text, the idiom which
culturally does not exist in the Target Text can be delivered successfully.
43
7. Adaptation
Adaptation procedure is used when certain word, phrase or expression in
the Source Language is not suitable or appropriate culturally in the Target
Language. The translator must replace the word, phrase, or expression in the
Source Language by adapting the suitable or appropriate word, phrase, or
expression of the Target Language.
Table 4.9 The Example of Adaptation Procedure

Page.52 Did you just wait Page. 75 Mom Adaptation
here the entire menunggu saja
time?. disini dari
tadi?
Table 4.8 shows that “Did you just wait here the entire time?” (Page. 52) is
translated into “Mom menunggu saja disini dari tadi?” (Page. 75). “Did you just
wait here the entire time?” is a sentence in which Hazel Grace‟s asking to her
mother.
Table 4.10 the explanation of the word ‘you’

Literally You Kamu, kau, anda,
engkau,dikau, dirimu
Cultural Equivalence You Ibu
Stylistics Equivalence You Mom
The word „you‟ in English literally has means as ‘kamu, kau, anda,
engkau, dikau, dirimu’ in Indonesian. Therefore, the translator should choose one
word that is stylistically appropriate to convey the sense of word in the Source
Text. However, the word „you‟ in the Source Text is translated as „Mom‟ in the
44
Target Text. The translation is a culture-based translation means that culture
affects a language. Thus, translating a culture word must take the Source Text and
Target Text cultures into account. The word „Mom‟ shows that there is a culture
gap between the Source Language and the Target Language. In the Source Text,
an older woman can be called as „you‟, while in the Target Text there is a specific
way to call an older woman as „Ibu‟. It showed that the word was translated
pragmatically by showing how the word „Mom‟ contains level of politeness in
interpersonal relation regarding with social context. In another word, it is
necessary to understand the social values of a society in order to speak politely
and to translate the Source Text into the Target Text culturally and linguistically.
Linguistically polite means speaking to people appropriately regarding with the
people relationship to the speaker. As Holmes and Wilson (1992) stated that
utterances can be modified in many ways according to the attitude and
relationship of the speaker to the listener of utterances (p. 276) .
Pragmatic knowledge is needed in translating the word in order to know
how the language is used to communicate in a certain context. In this case, the
word „you‟ is translated by paying attention to the pragmatic context which deals
with the social relationships and roles between people in the society. In the Target
Language culture, it is impolite for a child to call someone who is older than he or
she especially his or her mother by using the word ‘kamu, kau, anda,
engkau,dikau, dirimu’ or simply by calling her name because mother has a higher
status than her children. The word „you‟ is translated as „Mom‟ in the Source Text
45
to indicate the power of relation and social norms that children must respect and
act politely to their parents.
However, the word „Mom‟ is used instead of „Ibu‟ in the Target Text. The
word „Mom‟ is not translated literally into „Ibu‟ in order to maintain the essential
aspect of author‟s uniqueness of the „world-view‟ which is being communicated.
In this case, the Target Text Readers may be expected to understand the meaning
the word „Mom‟ as the Source Text readers would understand.

46
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
In this chapter, there are three sections which consist of conclusions,
implications and recommendations. The conclusions section contains the
summary of the overall findings of the research; the implications section contains
the implications of the research for language teaching and learning; and the
recommendations section contains the recommendations for future research and
current practice.
A. Conclusions
This research aims at analyzing translation procedures used in translating
utterances in The Fault in Our Stars novel to show how the messages transffered
in the field of diverse linguistic and cultural boundaries. Based on the research
results, the research drawn two conclusions based on the research questions.
From the result of the first research question, it can be concluded that
seven procedures were applied in the translation process. There are borrowing,
calque, literal translation, transposition, modulation, equivalence, and adaptation.
First, borrowing is used to avoid misleading depiction of messages and
entities contained in the words, rollercoaster, zombie, and jersey. Borrowing can
be used in transferring the cultural messages communicatively. Second, the
researcher discover calque. Calque is used in translating proper names of a video
game, a book , and a novel. The names of each entity in the Source Text is
46
47
translated word-by-word literally. The cultural messages contained is translated in
semantic realm succesfully. Third, literal translation. Literal translation is used in
translating the Support Group phrase semantically successful. Forth,
transposition. Transposition is used to change the position of main clause and
subclause. The fifth translation procedures that was discovered by the reseacher is
modulation. The procedure is used in translating the unfamiliar culture
semantically and communicatively successful into the Target Text point of view,
that is Public Display Affection. As well as in changing the point of view
semantically into the Target Text in No, I don’t write sentence. Sixth, equivalence.
Equivalence procedure is used in translating several phrases and words into the
closest equivalence in the Target Text, such as God, Goddamned into one single
word in the Target Text as Astaga. The cultural messages contained are
transferred succesfully in communiative way. The last translation procedure is
adaptation. Adaptation is used to translate the meaning of the word you by
adaptating the Target Text point of view in culture. However the word you is
translated as Mom semantically. The message contained is transferred
communicatively successful.
The researcher concluded that the causes of using one translation
procedures are both from cultural and linguistics realm. The messages are
transferred both succesfully in semantic and communicative realm. These aspects
always can be found in the translation activity in literary text like what the
researcher has found in the translated novel entitiled The Fault in Our Stars.
48
B. Implications
There were two objectives of this research. The first objective was to
discover the translation procedures that were used in translating utterances in The
Fault In Our Stars. The second objective was to discover how effective was the
messages in the utterances were transferred.
Lecturers can teach translation procedures to their students as a part of
translation course viewed from linguistic and cultural aspects. Lecturers can
provide examples not only from a novel, written sources, but also from oral
sources such a movies, tv series, podcasts, etc.
English Learners can find new insight and enrich their knowledge about
how translation procedures are applied or occured in the translating process in the
written or oral sources.
3. For Future Researchers
This research can be used as a references to translation researches who
conduct research about translation procedures.
C. Recommendations
There are some recommendations for English language lecturers, English
language learners, and future researchers which are presented below.

49
The researcher would like to suggest English language lecturers to provide
more examples of translation procedures in translating to be discussed in class.
The researcher hopes that this research can be very useful as learners‟
references in enriching examples about translation procedures.
3. For Future Research
The researcher would like to suggest for future research in conducting and
extending the translation phenomenon in translation procedures in a new research
focus such as the translation procedures‟ accuracy.

50
REFERENCES
Bassnett, S. (2002). Translation studies. New York: Routledge.
Catford, J. C. (1965). A linguistic theory of translation. London: Oxford

University Press.
Farlex Dictionary of Idioms. (2015).

https://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/a+roller+coaster
Fernando, C. (1996). Idiom and idiomaticity. New York: Oxford University Press.
Green, J. (2012). The fault in our stars. New York: Penguin Group.
Green, J. (2014). The fault in our stars. Bandung: Qanita. (translated version)
Hanif, M. (2017). A thesis of an analysis of English – Indonesia translation

procedure applied in dialogues of the kite runner by Berliani
Nugrahani‟s,from
http://eprints.uny.ac.id/52951/1/2.%20A%20THESIS.pdf.
Hatim, B & I, Mason. (1990). Discourse and the translator. Harlow: Pearson
Education Limited.
Holmes, J & Nick, W. (2017). An introduction to sociolinguistics. London and

New York: Routledge.
Holmes, J. (2013). An introduction to Sociolinguistics (4th ed.). London and New

York. Routledge.
Kamus besar bahasa indonesia edisi keempat. (2008). Jakarta: PT. Gramedia
Pustaka Utama.
Larson, M. (1984). Meaning-based translation. Boston: America University Press
Lefevere, A. (1992). Translating literature. Practice and theory in a comparative

literature context. New York: The Modern Language Association of
America.
Munday, J. (2001). Introducing translation studies. London: Routledge.
Newmark, P. (1988b). Approaches to translation. Hertfordshire: Prentice Hall.
Newmark, P. (1998). Approaches to translation. Oxford: Pergamon Press Ltd.
50
51
Nida, E. A & Charles R. T. (1974). The theory and practice of translation.

Leiden: Published For The United Bible Societies.
Oxford advanced learner’s dictionary. (2010). Oxford: Ocford University Press.
Sanur, F. (2017). Translating English- Indonesia Authentic Text Entitled Osaka,

from https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/languange/article/view/31063.
Shuttleworth, M &Cowie (1997). Dictionary of Translation Studies. Manchester:

St Jerome
Warhamni, U. (2010). A thesis of analysis of English – Indonesia translation

procedure on twilight novel, from
http://repository.uinjkt.ac.id/dspace/bitstream/123456789/1038/1/9800
6-ULFA%20WARHAMNI-FAH.pdf.
Will, W. (1982). The science of translation. Stuttgart: Gunter Narr Verlag

Tubingen.
52
APPENDICES
5
52
53
Appendix 1
The Biography of John Green
(Source: https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/authors/10955/john-green)
John Green is an award-winning, New York Times- bestselling author
whose many accolades include the Printz Medal, a Printz Honor and the Edgar
Award. He has twice been a finalist for the LA Times Book Prize. With his
brother, Hank, John is one half of the Vlogbrothers (youtube.com/vlogbrothers),
one of the most popular online video projects in the world. You can join the
milions who follow John on Twitter (@realjohngreen) and tumblr
(fishingboatproceeds.tumblr.com), or visit him online at johngreenbooks.com.
John lives with his family in Indianapolis, Indiana.
(Source: Green, J. (2012). The fault in our stars. New York: Penguin Group.)
54
Appendix 2
The Summary of The Fault In Our Stars
(Source: https://www.snapdeal.com/product/the-fault-in-our-stars/636713087327)
Despite the tumor-shrinking medical miracle that has bought her a few
years, Hazel has never been anything but terminal, her final chapter inscribed
upon diagnosis. But when a gorgeous plot twist named Augustus Waters suddenly
appears at Cancer Kid Support Group, Hazel‟s story is about to be completely
rewritten.
(Source: Green, J. (2012). The fault in our stars. New York: Penguin Group.)
55
Apppendix 3
Data Collection of Translation

Page. 7 I refuse to attend Support Page. 14 Aku tidak mau
Group. menghadiri pertemuan
Kelompok Pendukung.
Page. 11 I‟m on a roller coaster Page. 20 Serasa berada di atas
that only goes up, my rollercoaster yang hanya
friend. melesat ke atas, Sobatku.
Page. 13 Goddamn. Page. 23 Astaga.
Page. 13 Aren‟t you something Page. 23 Kau hebat.
else.
Page. 16 Counterinsurgence Page. 26 Main Kontrak-
tomorrow? Pemberontak besok?
Page. 18 They‟re big believers in Page. 30 Mereka suka sekali
PDA. menarik perhatian orang.
Page. 27 You‟re such a Debbie Page. 41 Kau benar-benar
Downer. merusak suasana.
Page. 33 No, I don‟t write. Page. 49 Tidak. Aku bukan
penulis.
Page. 33 There! Page. 49 Nah!
Page. 34 My favorite book is Page. 50 Mungkin buku favoritku
probably An Imperial adalah Kemalangan Luar
Affliction? Biasa.
Page. 34 Does it feature zombies? Page. 50 Ada zombie-nya?
Page. 43 What in heaven is that? Page. 62 Astaga, apa itu?”
Page. 51 I will withhold Page. 73 Aku akan menahan
judgement until I finish. penilaianku sampai aku
However, I will say that selesai. Tapi, bisa
I‟m feeling a bit kukatakan aku merasa
embarrased to have given sedikit malu memberimu
you The Price of Dawn. Ganjaran Fajar.
Page. 52 Did you just wait here Page. 75 Mom menunggu saja
the entire time? disini dari tadi?
Page. 57 Oh, goddamn it, Isaac. Page. 81 Oh, sialan, Isaac.
Page. 66 That‟s cheesy. Page. 93 Norak sekali.
Page. 82 Is that a Rik Smits Page. 114 Itu jersey-nya Rik Smits?
jersey?
Page. 84 You nearly charmed the Page. 116 Kau benar-benar
pants off my mom. memukau ibuku.
Page. 94 Delicious. Page. 129 Asyik.
Page. 98 Twitterpated. Page. 135 Mabuk kepayang.
56
Page. 98 I am not a bunny, and I Page. 135 Aku tidak mabuk, dan
am not in love with Gus aku tidak sedang jatuh
Waters or anyone. cinta dengan Augusts
Waters atau siapapun.
Page. 149 Dang! Page. 202 Sialan!
Page. 204 God, you are sexy. Page. 277 Astaga, kau seksi.

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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

AN ANALYSIS OF VINAY AND DARBELNET’S

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

AN ANALYSIS OF VINAY AND DARBELNET’S

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

I dedicate this thesis to my family who always support me through my ups

“God sent you an angel to help you out

I put my heart into Your hands

Nago, Yacintha Septrianti. (2018). An Analysis of Translation Procedures Used in

Keywords: The Fault in Our Stars, translation procedures, semantic translation

Nago, Yacintha Septrianti. (2018). An Analysis of Translation Procedures Used in

I am very blessed and gratitude for Jesus Christ’s Blessings in my whole

With warmest love and gratitude.

Yacintha Septrianti Nago

TITLE PAGE ................................................................................................... i

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................... 1

CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ............................... 6

CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ........................................... 22

CHAPTER IV. RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ...................... 27

CHAPTERV. CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND

2.1 The Example of Borrowing Procedure ...................................................... 8

2.2 The Example of Calque Procedure ............................................................ 9

2.3 The Example of Literal Translation Procedure ......................................... 9

2.4 The Example of Transposition Procedure .................................................. 10

2.5 The Example of Modulation Procedure ..................................................... 10

2.6 The Example of Equivalence Procedure .................................................... 11

2.7 The Example of Adaptation Procedure ...................................................... 12

2.8 The Example of Communicative Translation Method ............................... 13

2.9 The Example of Semantic Translation Method ......................................... 14

2.10 The Example of Unit of Translation in Grammatical Meaning ............... 14

2.11 The Example of Unit of Translation in Lexical Meaning ........................ 15

3.1 The Example of Data Table ....................................................................... 26

4.1 The Data Table of Borrowing Procedure .................................................. 27

4.2 The Data Table of Borrowing Procedure ................................................... 29

4.3 The Data Table of Calque Procedure ......................................................... 30

4.4 The Data Table of Literal Translation Procedure ..................................... 32

4.5 The Data Table of Transposition Procedure .............................................. 33

4.6 The Data Table of Modulation Procedure .................................................. 33

4.7 The Data Table of Equivalence Procedure ................................................ 35

4.8 The Explanation of ‘that cheesy’ phrase .................................................... 40

4.9 The Example of Adaptation Procedure ...................................................... 43

4.10 The Explanation of the word ‘you’ .......................................................... 43

1. The Biography of John Green .................................................................. 53

2. The Summary of The Fault In Our Stars ................................................. 54

3. Data Collection of Translation ................................................................. 55

This chapter consists of four subdivided sections, namely (a) research

terms. Each will be discussed in details.

People have many ways to enjoy entertainment such as movies, music,

concrete examples of how a language has a role to communicate ideas or feelings.

stanzas of poems, sentences or dialogues in movies and stories. A language can be

feeling are expressed through a language implicitly and explicitly is supported by

can be found in one of many media such as a novel.

are basically interested in learning and understanding different languages and

from translated novels. Language is the expression of a culture, for example in

language is used. The words in a sentence, phrase, or idiom have function to

be found in the translated-novel.

Translated-novel is one of the examples of translation activity. Translation

(Sapir as cited in Bassnett, 2002, p. 21). Therefore, translation is a process of