CH-Slab

Introduction Example: thick stone slab only able to span

short distance because stone can’t resist
• A slab is a planar structural heavy bending forces
member that distributes the
loads in one or more
directions;
• Forces in the material of the
slabs is Bending and Shear;
• Slab is designed to resist
Bending and Shear/
Stresses.
 CH-Slab
Example: Leaf with
folded sections creates
enough cross sectional
depth to resist bending &
span distance like a slab.

Compression

Arm- L
Tension
 CH-Slab
Load Distribution Example: Slab as minor structural
system in Post & Beam
• Slab as a Minor Structural
system (e.g. in a Post &
Beam system)
• Figure 9.3
 CH-Slab
One way reinforced slab Example: one way reinforced slab
• Slab as a Major part of the
structural system;
• Example in slab, beam, joist as
single structural system;
• Figure 9.4- one way reinforced
concrete slab;
• The reinforcing steel bars in the
slab are placed 90°to beams;
• Slab spans across the shortest
distance of the rectangular bay.
 CH-Slab
2-way reinforced Slab Example: 2-way reinforced Slab
• Slab as a Major part of the
structural system;
• Figure 9.5: 2-way reinforced
concrete slab;
• The reinforcing steel bars in the
slab in 2 direction on 4 beams;
• Thinner and More efficient then
one way-Slab;
• 2 way slab spans across the
square bay.
 CH-Slab
Flat Slab Example: Flat Slab
• Figure 9.6: Flat concrete Slab;
• Drop panel: the square portion
of slab projecting out under;
• To increase the depth of the
slab to resist increasing
bending & stresses;
• Mushroom capitals under drop
panels increase the contact area
to prevent columns to break
through the slabs.
 CH-Slab
Flat Plate Example: Flat Plate
• Figure 9.7: Flat concrete
Plate;
• Load distribution same as
Flat Slab;
• Additional steel
reinforcements are used at
the portion of slab near the
vertical columns eliminating
the need for drop panels and
mushroom capitals.
 CH-Slab
Waffle Slab: Example: Waffle Slab
• Figure 9.8: waffle Slab;
• Load distribution same as Flat
Slab & Plate;
• Waffle Slabs are lighter as
unnecessary concrete is taken
out leaving concrete where it
has to cover steel
reinforcements and provide
structural strength near
vertical columns, where
stresses are high.
 CH-Slab
Three way Waffle Slab: Example: Three way Waffle Slab
• Figure 9.9: Three way
Waffle Slab;
• Three way Waffle Slabs the
steel reinforcement are
placed parallel and diagonal
to the side beams inside the
slab
 CH-Slab
Isostatic Waffle Slab Example: Isostatic Waffle Slab
• Figure 9.10: Isostatic Waffle
Slab;
• The steel reinforcement are
placed only in places where
the internal stresses exist in
the Slab;
• The internal stresses in the
slab form a pattern of load
distribution paths called
Isostatic lines;
 CH-Slab
Vertical Slab Example: Vertical Slab
 Figure 9.11: Vertical Slab;
 The loads travel the plane of
the horizontal slab to the
vertical slab then down to
ground or supports
(foundations) .
 CH-Slab
Vertical Slab on Columns Example: Vertical Slab on Columns
 Figure 9.12: Vertical Slab
on columns;
 The loads travel the plane of
the horizontal slab to the
vertical slab down to ground
or supports (columns); Compression

 Like thin beam with loads Tension

transmitted horizontally
rather than a bearing wall
where loads travel vertical.
 CH-Slab

Box Frame Construction Example: Box- Frame Construction

 Figure 9.13: Box Frame
Construction;
 Horizontal and Vertical
slabs may be combined to
form Box frame
construction;
 Vertical walls provide
internal stability by acting
as shear wall (wall to resist
shearing stresses).
 CH- Slabs
 In Figure 9.14 show
excessive deformation or
deflection in a thin
beam-Horizontal Slab;
 In Figure 9.15, but by
Tilting the beam
diagonally the deflection
is reduced- Tilting Slab;
 CH- Slabs
 In Figure 9.16 show Two
tilting slabs resting on
one of their edges-
Tilting Slab;
 By this arrangement the
tilting slabs neutralize
the thrust that causes
deflection or
deformations in the slab
form on the Top edge;
 But the free edges
deflect.
 CH- Slabs
 In Figure 9.17 show
series of tilting slabs;
 But opportunity for the
free edges deflection is
restrained by contact
with another edge of
making a folded
geometry- Folded Plates;
 Similar to one way slab;
 Span is distance between
valley and ridge;
 Failure due to large span
causing bending.
 CH- Slabs

Def: Folded Plates are assemblies of flat plates rigidly connected together along their
edges in such a way so as to make the structural system capable of carrying loads
without the need for additional supporting beams along the mutual edges;
• Efficient structure
 Able to resist Tension, Compression, Shear, and some Bending all occurring inside the
plane of the folded plates
 Used as roof system or structure
 Material: Reinforced concrete, metal, glass-reinforced plastic, and Plywood
CH- Slabs-Folded Plates
 CH- Folded Plates: Beam Action
 In Figure 9.18 show
Folded Plate;
 Each plate in its plane as;
 Beam action (resisting
tension & compression);
 Loads distribution in plate
like in beams;
 Loads transmitted to
supports like a beam.
 CH- Folded Plate: Efficiency
 In Figure 9.19 show Pitch of
Folded Plate;
 Beam action (resisting tension &
compression);
 Resisting Bending;
 Strength by folded Geometry,
pitch of the folds, and thickness
of the slabs
 As the pitch of the folds decrease
the strength decreases and it
becomes like a Horizontal Slab;
 As the pitch increases folded
plate system is more efficient;
 But the area covered is less;
 Optimum slope or pitch 45°
 CH- Short Folded Plate: Structural Behaviour
 In Figure 16.2 short-folded plate
systems;
 Short folded plates: Short
dimension on the longitudinal
axis (length); similar to barrel
shells;
 a) Acting as a Slab spanning btw
3-hinged end frames;
 b) A series of adjacent 3-hinged
frames spanning btw edge
beams;
 c) Gable roof supported with
continuously at the base.
 CH- Slabs
 In Figure 16.3-Long Folded
Plate-Structural Behaviour in
Long-folded plate system;
 Supported at corners;
 Acts as Beam with Tension and
Compression /stresses;
 Top (Ridge) in Compression;
 Bottom edge (valleys) in
Tension;
 Diaphragm action of the plate
resist the shear and bending;
 Depth to Span ration of folded
plates controls stresses in
material and its efficiency to
cover area;
 Depth to Span ration usually
ranges between 6 to 10
 CH- Slabs
 Long Folded Plate: Types
 In Figure 9.20 & 9.21
Long-folded plate system;
 In Figure 9.20-Tapered
Plates;
 In Figure 9.21-Three plate
system;
 In Figure 9.22- Zee Plates
& skylights;
 CH-Slabs
 Long Folded Plate:
Stability & Deformation
 In Figure 9.23- Thrust &
buckling out at lower
edges of plates;
 In Figure 9.24-Infill &
Bearing Walls (resist
deformation at the free
edge);
 In Figure 9.25-Ridge
Frame & Edge Beam;
 In Figure 9.26- Tie Rods &
Folded Edges;
 In Figure 9.27- Beam
Stiffeners;
 Lateral Stability- in figure
9.25 & 9.27;
 CH- Long Folded Plate: Thrust
 In Figure 9.28-Three
hinged plate;
 In Figure 9.29- Tie
rods & Rigid Frame
Plate;
 In Figure 9.30-
Multiple Folds;
CH- Folded Plates: Thrust &Bays
 CH-Slabs
FOLDED PLATES: Cable Railroad Terminal
 CH-Slabs
FOLDED PLATES: American Concrete Institute
 Resource
• https://youtu.be/gwfq3cdZflY
• https://youtu.be/gwfq3cdZflY
• https://youtu.be/dPTo9Mtgcag
• https://youtu.be/EYgjn5cpY-Q
• https://youtu.be/JgRzsODxS3k
• https://youtu.be/5li4SWuslbQ
• https://youtu.be/yrtxsYclJzg