ABCD and S-Parameters

Prof. Girish Kumar

Electrical Engineering Department
IIT Bombay

gkumar@ee.iitb.ac.in
prof.gkumar@gmail.com
(022) 2576 7436
 ABCD Parameters
I1 I2
+ +
Linear
V1 Port 1 Port 2 V2
Network
_ _

𝑽𝟏 𝑨 𝑩 𝑽𝟐 𝑉1 𝑉1
= 𝐴= ቤ 𝐵= ቤ ohm
𝑰𝟏 𝑪 𝑫 −𝑰𝟐 𝑉2 𝐼 −𝐼2 𝑉 =0
2 =0 2

𝑉1 = 𝐴𝑉2 − 𝐵𝐼2 𝐼1 𝐼1
𝐶= ቤ mho 𝐷= ቤ
𝐼1 = 𝐶𝑉2 − 𝐷𝐼2 𝑉2 𝐼 −𝐼2 𝑉 =0
2 =0 2
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 2
ABCD Parameters for Series Impedance
I1 + Z + I2
V1 V2 For Symmetrical
_ _ Network:
A=D
V1 = V2 - Z I2 and I1 = − I2
𝑽𝟏 𝑨 𝑩 𝑽𝟐 For Reciprocal
=
𝑰𝟏 𝑪 𝑫 −𝑰𝟐 Network:
𝑨 𝑩 𝟏 𝒁 A D – BC = 1
=
𝑪 𝑫 𝟎 𝟏
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 3
ABCD Parameters for Shunt Admittance
I1 + + I2

V1 Y V2 𝑽𝟏 𝑨 𝑩 𝑽𝟐
=
_ _ 𝑰𝟏 𝑪 𝑫 −𝑰𝟐

V1 = V2 and I1 = YV2 − I2

𝑨 𝑩 𝟏 𝟎 ⟹ Symmetrical Network
=
𝑪 𝑫 𝒀 𝟏 and Reciprocal Network
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 4
ABCD Parameters for Transmission Line
I1 I2
+ +
V1 Z0 V2 𝑨 𝑩 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜷𝒍) 𝒋𝒁𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜷𝒍)
=
_ _ 𝑪 𝑫 𝒋𝒀𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜷𝒍 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜷𝒍)
l
𝝀 𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝝅 𝝀 𝝅
F𝐨𝐫 𝒍 = , 𝜷𝒍 = 𝒍 = × =
𝟒 𝝀 𝝀 𝟒 𝟐
𝑨 𝑩 𝟎 𝒋𝒁𝟎
⟹ =
𝑪 𝑫 𝒋𝒀𝟎 𝟎
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 5
ABCD Parameters for Cascaded Network
I1 Z1 Z1 I2 ABCD parameters of
+ + cascaded circuits are
V1 Y2 V2 obtained by multiplying
_ _ individual ABCD
parameters.
𝑨 𝑩 𝟏 𝒁𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝒁𝟏
=
𝑪 𝑫 𝟎 𝟏 𝒀𝟐 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏
𝑨 𝑩 𝟏 + 𝒁𝟏 𝒀𝟐 𝟐𝒁𝟏 + 𝒁𝟐𝟏 𝒀𝟐 ⟹ Symmetrical and
=
𝑪 𝑫 𝒀𝟐 𝟏 + 𝒁𝟏 𝒀𝟐 Reciprocal Network
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 6
S-Parameters for Two Port Network
a1 b2
Two Port
Port 1 Network Port 2
b1 a2

𝒃𝟏 𝑺𝟏𝟏 𝑺𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟏 𝑏1 𝑏1
= 𝑆11 = ቤ 𝑆12 = ቤ
𝒃𝟐 𝑺𝟐𝟏 𝑺𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝑎1 𝑎 𝑎2 𝑎
2 =0 1 =0

𝑏1 = 𝑺𝟏𝟏 𝑎1 + 𝑺𝟏𝟐 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑏2
𝑆21 = ቤ 𝑆22 = ቤ
𝑏2 = 𝑺𝟐𝟏 𝑎1 + 𝑺𝟐𝟐 𝑎2 𝑎1 𝑎 𝑎2 𝑎
2 =0 1 =0
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 7
S-Parameters for Two Port Network (contd.)
• S11 is reflection co-efficient at Port 1.
• S22 is reflection co-efficient at Port 2.
• S21 is a measure of gain or loss from Port 1 to Port 2
• S12 is a measure of gain or loss from Port 2 to Port 1
𝒃𝟏 = 𝑺𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏 + 𝑺𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟐 or 𝒃𝟏 = 𝝆𝟏 𝒂𝟏 + 𝝉𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟐
𝒃𝟐 = 𝑺𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟏 + 𝑺𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐 or 𝒃𝟐 = 𝝉𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟏 + 𝝆𝟐 𝒂𝟐
𝑏1 𝜌1 𝜏12 𝑎1
= 𝜏 𝜌 𝑎 (Γ = 𝜌)
𝑏2 21 2 2
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 8
S-Parameters for N-Port Network
a2
b2

a1 N Port bN
Port 1 Port N
b1 Network aN

𝑏1 = 𝑺𝟏𝟏 𝑎1 + 𝑺𝟏𝟐 𝑎2 + … . . + 𝑺𝟏𝑵 𝑎𝑁

𝑏2 = 𝑺𝟐𝟏 𝑎1 + 𝑺𝟐𝟐 𝑎2 + … . . + 𝑺𝟐𝑁 𝑎𝑁
…
𝑏𝑁 = 𝑺𝑁𝟏 𝑎1 + 𝑺𝑁𝟐 𝑎2 + … . . + 𝑺𝑁𝑁 𝑎𝑁
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 9
 S-Matrix Properties
For N - Ports: [b] = [S] [a]
For Symmetrical network: 𝑆 = 𝑆 𝑇 ⟹ 𝑆𝑖𝑗 = 𝑆𝑗𝑖
For Loss-Less network: [S][S*]T = I
2
1. Unitary Property: σ𝑁
𝑖=1 𝑆𝑖𝑗 𝑆 ∗
𝑖𝑗 = σ 𝑁
𝑖=1 𝑆𝑖𝑗 = 1 ; where 𝑗 = 1, . . , 𝑁
For 𝑗 = 1, 𝑆11 2 + 𝑆21 2 + ⋯ + 𝑆𝑁1 2 =1
2 2 2 2
𝑏1 + 𝑏2 + ⋯ + 𝑏𝑁 = 𝑎1
2. Orthogonal Property: σ𝑁
𝑖=1 𝑆𝑖𝑗 𝑆 ∗
𝑖𝑘 = 0 ; where 𝑗 ≠ 𝑘
∗ ∗ ∗
For 𝑗 = 1 and 𝑘 = 2, 𝑆11 𝑆12 + 𝑆21 𝑆22 … + 𝑆𝑁1 𝑆𝑁2 =0
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 10
 S-Parameters (Example)
Example: The S-parameter matrix of a 3-port network is given below:
0.178900 0.6450 0.4450
0.6450 0 0.3 −450
0.4450 0.3 −450 0
Is this network reciprocal? 𝑆 𝑇 = 𝑆 ⟹ Yes
Is this network lossless? 0.178 2 + 0.6 2 + 0.4 2 = 0.55 ≠ 1
⟹ Lossy network
Return loss at port 1? RL = −20𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑆11 ≃ 15 dB
Insertion loss and phase delay between Ports 2 and 3?
IL = −20𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑆23 ≃ 10.5 dB; Phase delay = −Phase of 𝑆23 = 450
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 11
 Wave Parameters in Terms of V and I
𝑉 + 𝑥 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑥 ; 𝑉 − 𝑥 = 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑗𝛽𝑥
𝑉 + (𝑥)
Z0 ZL 𝑉 𝑥 = 𝑉+ 𝑥 + 𝑉− 𝑥
𝑉− 𝑥

𝒙=𝟎 𝒙=𝒍 𝑉+ 𝑥 𝑉− 𝑥
𝐼 𝑥 = 𝐼+ 𝑥 + 𝐼− 𝑥 = −
𝑍0 𝑍0
At any port of the network:
𝑉+ 𝑉− 𝑉− 𝑏
𝑎= ; 𝑏= ; Γ= +=
𝑍0 𝑍0 𝑉 𝑎
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 12
 ABCD to S-Parameters
𝑺 𝑨𝑩𝑪𝑫 For Symmetrical
𝑺𝟏𝟏 𝑨 + 𝑩/𝒁𝟎 − 𝑪𝒁𝟎 − 𝑫 Network:
𝑨 + 𝑩/𝒁𝟎 + 𝑪𝒁𝟎 + 𝑫 S11 = S22
𝑺𝟏𝟐 𝟐(𝑨𝑫 − 𝑩𝑪) (A = D)
𝑨 + 𝑩/𝒁𝟎 + 𝑪𝒁𝟎 + 𝑫

𝑺𝟐𝟏 𝟐 For Reciprocal

𝑨 + 𝑩/𝒁𝟎 + 𝑪𝒁𝟎 + 𝑫 Network:
𝑺𝟐𝟐 −𝑨 + 𝑩/𝒁𝟎 − 𝑪𝒁𝟎 + 𝑫 S21 = S12
𝑨 + 𝑩/𝒁𝟎 + 𝑪𝒁𝟎 + 𝑫 (A D – BC = 1)
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 13
S- Parameters for Series Impedance
a1 Z b2

Port 1 Port 2 𝑨 𝑩 𝟏 𝒁
=
𝑪 𝑫 𝟎 𝟏
b1 a2

𝑨 + 𝑩/𝒁𝟎 − 𝑪𝒁𝟎 − 𝑫 𝒁/𝒁𝟎 𝒁

𝑺𝟏𝟏 = = =
𝑨 + 𝑩/𝒁𝟎 + 𝑪𝒁𝟎 + 𝑫 𝟐 + 𝒁/𝒁𝟎 𝟐𝒁𝟎 + 𝒁

𝟐 𝟐 𝟐𝒁𝟎
𝑺𝟐𝟏 = = =
𝑨 + 𝑩/𝒁𝟎 + 𝑪𝒁𝟎 + 𝑫 𝟐 + 𝒁/𝒁𝟎 𝟐𝒁𝟎 + 𝒁
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 14
 S- Parameters for Series Impedance
a1 Z b2 Another Approach:

Port 2
Zin = Z + Z0
Port 1
𝒁𝒊𝒏 − 𝒁𝟎 𝒁
b1 a2 𝚪𝒊𝒏 = 𝑺𝟏𝟏 = =
𝒁𝒊𝒏 + 𝒁𝟎 𝟐𝒁𝟎 + 𝒁

|𝐒𝟏𝟏 |𝟐 + |𝐒𝟐𝟏 |𝟐 = 1 ⟹ Valid only if Z is lossless.

𝒁 𝟐𝒁𝟎
|𝐒𝟐𝟏 |𝟐 |𝟐
= 1 - |𝐒𝟏𝟏 = 𝟏 − | |𝟐 ⟹ |𝐒𝟐𝟏 | =
𝟐𝒁𝟎 +𝒁 𝟐𝒁𝟎 +𝒁

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 15