Information Security

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 OSI Model

Data Link Layer

Data link layer attempts to provide reliable communication over the
physical layer interface.
Breaks the outgoing data into frames and reassemble the received
frames.
Create and detect frame boundaries.
Implement Error Control by implementing an acknowledgement and
retransmission scheme of damaged or lost frames.
Implement flow control.
Supports point-to-point as well as broadcast communication.
Supports simplex, half-duplex or full-duplex communication.
Examples of Link layer protocols are Ethernet, WiFi and PPP
(point-to-point)

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 Figure 2.6 Data link layer

2.3
 Functions of Data Link Layer
• Framing: Frames are the streams of bits received from the network layer
into manageable data units. This division of stream of bits is done by Data
Link Layer.
• Physical Addressing: The Data Link layer adds a header to the frame in
order to define physical address of the sender or receiver of the frame, if
the frames are to be distributed to different systems on the network.
• Flow Control: A flow control mechanism to avoid a fast transmitter from
running a slow receiver by buffering the extra bit is provided by flow
control. This prevents traffic jam at the receiver side.
• Error Control: Error control is achieved by adding a trailer at the end of
the frame. Duplication of frames are also prevented by using this
mechanism. Data Link Layers adds mechanism to prevent duplication of
frames.
• Access Control: Protocols of this layer determine which of the devices has
control over the link at any given time, when two or more devices are
connected to the same link.

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 Error Detection and Correction
TCP/IP Modelin Data Link Layer

• Types of Error
• Single Bit Error
• Multi Bit Error
• Brust Error

• Error Detection
• Parity Check
• Cyclic Redundancy Check

• Error Correction
• Backward Error Correction
• Forward Error Correction

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 Data Link Control
TCP/IP Model

• Types of Control
• Stop and Wait
• Sliding Window

• Sliding Window Types

• Stop and Wait ARQ
• Go Back-N ARQ
• Selective Repeat ARQ

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7
Note
The data link layer is responsible for moving
frames from one hop (node) to the next.

2.8
 OSI Model

Network Layer
Implements routing of frames (packets) through the
network.
Defines the most optimum path the packet should take from
the source to the destination
Defines logical addressing so that any endpoint can be
identified.
Handles congestion in the network.
Facilitates interconnection between heterogeneous networks
(Internetworking).
The network layer also defines how to fragment a packet
into smaller packets to accommodate different media.

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 Figure. Network layer

2.10
 Note

The network layer is responsible for the

delivery of individual packets from
the source host to the destination host.

2.11
OSI Model

Transport Layer
Purpose of this layer is to provide a reliable
mechanism for the exchange of data between two
processes in different computers.
Ensures that the data units are delivered error
free.
Ensures that data units are delivered in sequence.
Ensures that there is no loss or duplication of data
units.
Provides connectionless or connection oriented
service.
Provides for the connection management.
Multiplex multiple connection over a single channel.

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 OSI Model

Session Layer
Session layer provides mechanism for controlling the dialogue
between the two end systems. It defines how to start, control and
end conversations (called sessions) between applications.
This layer requests for a logical connection to be established on an
end-user’s request.
Any necessary log-on or password validation is also handled by
this layer.
Session layer is also responsible for terminating the connection.
Synchronization : This layer allows a process to add checkpoints
which are considered as synchronization points into stream of data.
Example: If a system is sending a file of 800 pages, adding checkpoints after every 50 pages
is recommended. This ensures that 50 page unit is successfully received and acknowledged.
This is beneficial at the time of crash as if a crash happens at page number 110; there is no
need to retransmit 1 to100 pages.

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OSI Model

Presentation Layer
Presentation layer defines the format
in which the data is to be exchanged
between the two communicating
entities.
Also handles data compression and data
encryption.

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OSI Model

Application Layer
Application layer interacts with application
programs and is the highest level of OSI
model.
Application layer contains management
functions to support distributed
applications.
Examples of application layer are
applications such as file transfer (FTP),
electronic mail (SMTP), remote login
(TELNET), HTTP, DNS etc.

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 Functions of Application Layer
• Mail Services: This layer provides the basis for E-
mail forwarding and storage.
• Network Virtual Terminal: It allows a user to log on
to a remote host.
• Directory Services: This layer provides access for
global information about various services.
• File Transfer, Access and Management
(FTAM): It is a standard mechanism to access files
and manages it. Users can access files in a remote
computer and manage it. They can also retrieve files
from a remote computer.

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