Layering in Networking

GROUP REPORT OF VOLTEZ 5 IN NETWORKING

LEARNING TARGETS:
• CO N CE PT S O F LAY E R IN G
• TH E O SI M O D E L A N D I TS LAY E RS
• DESC R I PTI O N A N D PUR PO S E O F EAC H LAYE RS
Concept of Layering
What is layering? Layering is an interoperable process used to simplify
network communication, to help a sender and its receiver to interact
with each other effectively.
In networking, the term layering also means to break up the process
of sending messages into separate components where each layer
plays a specific role in communication. The OSI model is our prime
subject of this topic.
What is the OSI Model?
The OSI Model (Open Systems
Interconnection Model) is a conceptual
framework used to describe the
functions of a networking system. The
OSI model characterizes computing
functions into a universal set of rules
and requirements in order to support
interoperability between different
products and software.
In the OSI model, there are seven layers
but the seventh layer is the one on top
or the first layer. The layers are:
7. Application Layer
or human-computer interaction
layer, provides network services to
the end user, these services or
protocols that work with client is
using one of this protocols.
Software applications like web
browsers and email clients use the
application layer to initiate
communications. This layer has
protocols that make sure the user is
presented with understandable and
meaningful data.
Application Layer Protocols
1. Web surfing – it is done by Hypertext Transfer protocol (HTTP)

2. File transfer – it is done be File transfer protocol (FTP)

3. Mail services – it is done by Simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP)

6. Presentation Layer
The presentation layer receives
the data from the application
layer and translates it into a
format and syntax that’s readable
by other computers. It ensures
that data is in usable format and
is where data encryption occurs.
Sub-Layer In Presentation Layer
• Common Application Service Element (CASE) - The CASE sub-layer offers
application services in the application layer.

• Specific Application Services Elements (SASE) – The SASE sub-layer

provides services that are more application specific.
Functions of Presentation Layer
1. Data translation – it is where the
presentation layer receives a data from
the application layer in a form of
character and number.
2. Data compression – Before the data
will be transmitted, presentation layer
reduces the number of bits, that are
used to represent the original data.
3. Data encryption – it encrypt and
decrypt data that it will receive or send
5. Session Layer
This layer allows users on different machines to
establish active communications sessions
between them. It is responsible for establishing,
maintaining, synchronizing, terminating
sessions between end-user applications. In
Session Layer, streams of data are received and
further marked, which is then resynchronized
properly, so that the ends of the messages are
not cut initially and further data loss is avoided.
This layer basically establishes a connection
between the session entities. This layer handles
and manipulates data which it receives from the
Session Layer as well as from the Presentation
Layer.
Functions of Session Layer
1. Session Establishment - Responsible foe establishing connections
between systems, known as "Sessions". This connection allows
users to share data, remote access, and file handling.
2. Data Transfer - One of the core functions of the session layer is to
handle the exchange of data between systems in half-duplex or
full-duplex network mode.
Functions of Session Layer
3. Dialog Management - Session layer is responsible for keeping log
data on which the systems establish connections to exchange data; this
is known as dialog management.

4. Synchronization - Session layer maintains the proper interaction

between the systems and provides a recovery option known as the
known state in case of an error.
Protocols of Session Layer
 Appletalk Data stream protocol (ADSP)
 Real-time Transport control Protocol (RTCP)
 Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP)
 Password Authentication Protocol (PAP)
4. Transport Layer
This layer performs the task of
segmenting the data for proper
transmission of data packets.
Provides the data packets with
the port number for
identification, like UDP & TCP.
It is also responsible for handling
connectionless and non-
connection network services.
Functions of Transport Layer
1. Process to process delivery:
• It is one of the main tasks of the
transport layer to effectively
deliver the data segments to the
correct process among all the
working applications.
• This task applies a 16-bit port
number to identify the sender-
destination applications
correctly.
2. Multiplexing and De-
Multiplexing:
It is also one of the core tasks of
the transport layer to allow
simultaneous use of multiple
networks over the sender side,
known as "Multiplexing."
Demultiplexing is executed at the
receiver side to obtain the data
from multiple sender applications.
Functions of Transport Layer
3. Congestion Control:
• This function is used to handle the
traffic of data in the network model
due to excess data being transmitted.
• The congestion of data is handled in
two parts:
-Open-Loop Control - Applied/ Used to
stop congestion condition in the
network.
-Closed-Loop Control - Applied to
eradicate the congestion situation in
the network.
4. Flow Control:
• The transport layer also
performs flow management
services in the TCP/IP network
model in a communication
channel.
• This function applies the sliding
window protocol principle to
handle the data flow in the
network model.
Functions of Transport Layer
5. Error Control:
Transport layer also checks errors in
the information received from the
upper in the OSI Model.
Error detection is performed using
the checksum method and error-
detecting codes to check corrupted
data.
ACK and NACK Services are used to
inform the sender if the received
data is corrupted or damaged.
What is TLS? (Transport
Layer Securities)
The TLS service is responsible for
providing enhanced security to
the transport layer in the
network model.
To ensure that external services
do not affect the data being
handled in the transport layer.
3. Network Layer
Responsible for sending the
received segments and providing
them with the destination
address.
Ensures that the data packets are
transmitted through the best
possible route.
Uses the IP and IPv6 protocols.
Functions of Network Layer
1. Inter-Networking:
• It is one of the main tasks of
the network layer to handle
the network connection
between multiple devices in
the channel.
• This task applies multiple
protocols available in the
network layer of the OSI Model
for stable network connection.
2. Network Addressing:
• The network layer does the task
of adding the source and
destination address in the header
in the network channel.
• Networking addressing is
performed to identify the device
where the data is being shared.
Functions of Network Layer
3. Packet Routing:
Establishing a routing path for
the data packet is one of the
main functions of the network
layer in a network model.
The Network layer chooses the
most suitable path out of all the
paths available in the channel.
4. Packet Handling:
In this network function, the
layer is responsible for handling
the data received from the upper
layers of the OSI model.
The received data is converted
into packets by the network layer
for sharing over the
communication channel.
Responsibilities of the Network Layer
• Responsible for handling the shortest routing path for the data
packet in the network channel.

• Responsible for converting the received data into data packets for
transmission.

• Handles the network layer protocols, responsible for maintaining

the network traffic in the channel.
2. Data Link Layer
The data link layer is responsible
for the node-to-node delivery of
the message. The main function
of this layer is to make sure data
transfer is error-free from one
node to another, over the
physical layer when a packet
arrives in a network, it is the
responsibility of DLL to transmit
it to the Host using its MAC
address.
Data Link Layer is divided into two sublayers;
1.Logical Link Control (LLC) - it is a sublayer that generally provides the logic
for the data link as it controls the synchronization, multiplexing, flow
control, and even error-checking functions of DLL (Data Link Layer).
2.Media Access Control (MAC) - a media access control is a network data
transfer policy that determines how data is transmitted between two
computer terminals through a network cable.
- the essence of the MAC protocol is to ensure non-collision and eases the
transfer of data packets between two computer terminals. A collision takes
place when two or more terminals transmit data/information
simultaneously. This leads to a breakdown of communication, which can
prove costly for organizations that lean heavily on data transmission.
Functions of Data Link Layer:
1.Framing: Framing is a function of the data link layer. It provides a
way for a sender to transmit a set of bits that are meaningful to the
receiver. This can be accomplished by attaching special bit patterns to
the beginning and end of the frame.
2.Physical addressing: After creating frames, the Data link layer adds
physical addresses (MAC address) of the sender and/or receiver in the
header of each frame.
3.Error control: Data link layer provides the mechanism of error
control in which it detects and retransmits damaged or lost frames.
Functions of Data Link Layer:
4.Flow Control: The data rate must be constant on both sides else the
data may get corrupted thus, flow control coordinates the amount of
data that can be sent before receiving acknowledgement.
5.Access control: When a single communication channel is shared by
multiple devices, the MAC sub-layer of the data link layer helps to
determine which device has control over the channel at a given time.
1. Physical Layer
The lowest layer of the OSI reference
model is the physical layer. It is
responsible for the actual physical
connection between the devices. The
physical layer contains information in
the form of bits. It is responsible for
transmitting individual bits from one
node to the next. When receiving data,
this layer will get the signal received
and convert it into 0s and 1s and send
them to the Data Link layer, which will
put the frame back together.
Functions of Physical Layer:
• Representation of Bits: Data in this layer consists of stream of bits.
The bits must be encoded into signals for transmission. It defines
the type of encoding how 0's and 1's are changed to signal.
• Data Rate: This layer defines the rate of transmission which is the
number of bits per second.
• Synchronization: It deals with the synchronization of the transmitter
and receiver. The sender and receiver are synchronized at bit level.
• Interface: The physical layer defines the transmission interface
between devices and transmission medium.
Functions of Physical Layer:
• Line Configuration: This layer connects devices with the medium:
Point to Point configuration and Multipoint configuration.
• Topologies: Devices must be connected using the following
topologies: Mesh, Star, Ring and Bus.
• Transmission Modes: Physical Layer defines the direction of
transmission between two devices: Simplex, Half Duplex, Full
Duplex.
• Deals with baseband and broadband transmission.
Purpose of Each Layer
7. Application Layer – provides network services to the end user, to
get data through softwares.
6. Presentation Layer – gets data from the application layer and makes
it presentable.
5. Session Layer – enables users on different devices to establish
active connections and communication between them.
4. Transport Layer – segments the data for proper transmission of
data packets
Purpose of Each Layer
3. Network Layer – receives segments and sends packets of data to
receiving host.
2. Data Link Layer - inspects data for errors.
1. Physical Layer – transports data through physical means such as
cords and hubs.
 Thank You for Listening!
FROM VOLTEZ 5 OF BSIT2A
MEMBERS:
• ANDO, ANGELO M.
• ATENDIDO, JOHNREI ARIS B.
• BELAMIDE, JOHN DAVE
• BUBOG, FRITZ GERALD F.
• LAGATA, CLIFFORD ACE A.