REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

BICOL UNIVERSITY
POLANGUI CAMPUS

MARK CARLO SANORJO

BSCPE - 3B

MODULE 1-LESSON 2

Review questions

Q-1. Why it is necessary to have layering in a network?

Layering allows standards to be developed, but also to be adapted to new hardware and
software over time. For example, different software packages (applications) may use the
same transport, network and link layers but have their own application layer.
A computer network is a complicated system. As a single entity, it becomes extremely
difficult to implement. The layered technique breaks a very complex task into little
sections, each of which is independent of the others, allowing for an organized approach
to network implementation. A layered architecture's primary concept is to break the
design into little sections. Each layer augments the services supplied by the previous
layers so that the top layer has a complete set of services to handle connections and
operate applications.

Q-2. What are the key benefits of layered network?

The following are the primary advantages of a layered network:

• Complex systems can be subdivided into manageable subsystems.

• Any facility implemented in one layer is visible to all other layers.
• Services provided at one level may overlap with those provided at a lower
level.
• Each layer may be individually analyzed and tested.
• At any point, layers can be simplified, extended, or eliminated.
• Improve the interoperability and compatibility of diverse components
manufactured by various vendors.

Q-3. What do you mean by OSI?

The OSI Model (Open Systems Interconnection Model) is a conceptual framework used
to describe the functions of a networking system. The OSI model characterizes
computing functions into a universal set of rules and requirements in order to support
interoperability between different products and software.
The Open System Interconnection (OSI) reference model outlines how information goes
from a software program on one computer to a software application on another computer
via a network medium. The OSI reference model is a conceptual model made up of seven
levels, each of which specifies a certain network function. The International
Standardization Organization (ISO) created the model in 1984, and it is currently
regarded as the fundamental architectural paradigm for inter-computer communications.
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) developed the open systems
interconnection (OSI) model, which allows various communication systems to
communicate using standard protocols. In layman's terms, the OSI establishes a standard
for different computer systems to communicate with one another.

The OSI Model can be thought of as a universal computer networking language. It is

based on the idea of dividing a communication system into seven abstract levels, each of
which is piled on top of the previous one.

Q-4. What are the seven layers of ISO’s OSI model?

Physical Layer

● Presentation Layer
● Data Link Layer
● Network Layer
● Transport Layer
● Session Layer
● Presentation Layer
● Application Layer

Q-5. Briefly write functionalities of different OSI layers?

1. Physical Layer: Manages the actual data flow across the network wire. It specifies
the electrical signals, line statuses, data encoding, and connector types. 10BaseT is
 one example.
2. Data-Link Layer: This layer receives data frames or messages from the Network
Layer and transmits them. This layer receives incoming data and delivers it to the
network layer for processing at the receiving computer. By utilizing the physical
layer, the Data-Link Layer also ensures error-free data transfer between the two
computers. It accomplishes this by encapsulating data from the Network Layer in a
frame that includes error detection information. The Data-Link Layer reads the
incoming frame and develops its own error detection information depending on the
data in the received frame at the receiving machine. After receiving the complete
frame, it checks its error detection value to the incoming frames, and if they
match, the frame was correctly received.
3. Network Layer: This layer is in charge of addressing messages and data so that
they are delivered to the correct destination, as well as translating logical addresses
and names (such as the machine name FLAME) into physical addresses. This
layer is also in charge of determining the best route through the network to the
destination computer.
4. Transport Layer: Ensures that data is transmitted without errors, in sequence, and
without loss, duplication, or corruption. This layer additionally repackages data by
breaking down large messages into smaller messages for transmission and then
repackaging the smaller messages back into the original larger message at the
receiving end.
5. Session Layer: Allows two apps to create, use, and disconnect a connection known
as a session. Provides name recognition as well as extra features such as security,
which are required for programs to communicate over a network.
6. Presentation Layer: Specifies the format in which data is sent between networked
computers.
7. Application Layer: Allows applications to connect to network services.

Q-6. How two adjacent layers communicate in a layered network? (or What do you mean
by Service Access Point?)

Every layer communicates using it’s transition protocol. e.g. for Transport layer there are
TCP and UDP, for Network layer there is IP and for DataLink layer there is Ethernet.

Each layer in a layered network has its own set of entities, and the entities of layer I give
services to the entities of layer i+1. The services can be accessible via a service access
point (SAP), which has a specific address through which layer i+1 can access the services
supplied by layer.

Q-7. What are the key functions of data link layer?

The main functions of data link layer include framing, error detection and correction,
acknowledgement, flow control, ensuring well-defined reliable service interface to the
network layer, encapsulating packets from network layer to frames, etc.
Data link layer transfers data in a structured and reliable manner so that the service
provided by the physical layer is utilized by data link layer. The primary functions of the
data link layer are framing and media access control.

Q8. What do you mean by Protocol?

A protocol is a set of rules and guidelines for communicating data. Rules are defined for each
step and process during communication between two or more computers. Networks have to
follow these rules to successfully transmit data.
A protocol is a formal set of rules and conventions that govern how computers exchange
information over a network medium in the context of data networking. A protocol
implements the functions of one or more of the OSI layers. A protocol is a set of rules for
formatting and processing data. A network protocol is like a common language for
computers. Computers on the network can use very different software and hardware;
however, the use of protocols allows them to communicate with each other
independently.