Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Source:
Source: www.accessexcellence.org
www.accessexcellence.org
Miracle
Miracle foods
foods for
for aa hungry
hungry world.....
world.....
http://scope.educ.washington.edu/gmfood/
http://scope.educ.washington.edu/gmfood/
.....or
.....or public
public menace?
menace?
http://www.foeeurope.org/press/eric01.jpg
http://www.foeeurope.org/press/eric01.jpg
i.cnn.net/.../10/biotech.us.europe/story.gm.jpg
i.cnn.net/.../10/biotech.us.europe/story.gm.jpg
http://www.newint.org/issu
http://www.newint.org/issu
e320/Images/tradepic.jpg
e320/Images/tradepic.jpg
Questions:
What’s a GMO?
⇒ A
⇒ A GMO
GMO is
is aa “genetically
“genetically modified
modified organism”
organism”
⇒ Today
⇒ Today this
this means
means aa crop
crop plant
plant with
with extra
extra genes
genes
Question: Are GMOs new?
⇒ GM
⇒ GM means
means “genetically
“genetically modified”
modified”
⇒ All
⇒ All human
human food
food crops
crops are
are genetically
genetically modified
modified
⇒ To
⇒ To survive
survive in
in the
the wild,
wild, plants
plants must
must scatter
scatter seeds
seeds
⇒ For
⇒ For people
people to
to harvest
harvest seeds,
seeds, they
they have
have to
to stick
stick
www.kukurydza.org.pl/images/teosinte1.jpg
www.kukurydza.org.pl/images/teosinte1.jpg
www.kukurydza.org.pl/images/teosinte1.jpg
www.kukurydza.org.pl/images/teosinte1.jpg
evolution.berkeley.edu/.../images/c
evolution.berkeley.edu/.../images/c
ornfld.jpg
ornfld.jpg
http://www.arini.ac.uk/pics/maize%202AltD.jpg
http://www.arini.ac.uk/pics/maize%202AltD.jpg
Familiar genetically modified foods
http://scope.educ.washington.edu/gmfood/
http://scope.educ.washington.edu/gmfood/
http://primera.tamu.edu/kcchome/homeowner/riored.htm
http://primera.tamu.edu/kcchome/homeowner/riored.htm
⇒ Today’s
⇒ Today’s GMO
GMO aa crop
crop plant
plant with
with extra
extra genes
genes
⇒ The
⇒ The extra
extra genes
genes were
were added
added using
using recombinant
recombinant
DNA
DNA techniques
techniques
⇒ Changing
⇒ Changing plants
plants with
with recombinant
recombinant DNA
DNA techniques
techniques
is
is called
called “genetic
“genetic engineering”
engineering”
Plasmid
Making
Foreign DNA
recombinant
DNA
DNA is cut
with EcoRI
Sticky ends
DNA ligase
Source:
Source: www.accessexcellence.org
www.accessexcellence.org
Source:
Source: www.accessexcellence.org
www.accessexcellence.org
Bacterial transformation
Antibiotic sensitive
bacterial cell
CaCl2 treatment
to permeabilize
cell walls
Add plasmid DNA
Ti plasmid
T-DNA
Plant’s DNA
Agrobacterium Nucleus
Plant cell
The new gene is integrated into the plant’s DNA
NEW GENE
Plant’s DNA
Nucleus
Plant cell
Here’s how it looks in the laboratory
A plant with a new gene added
Molecular methods in plant improvement
Today:
http://www.apsnet.org/educat
http://www.apsnet.org/educat
ion/feature/papaya/Top.htm
ion/feature/papaya/Top.htm
The story of papaya
ringspot virus
The story of papaya
ringspot virus
1980s:
1980s: PRSV-resistance
PRSV-resistance project
project starts
starts under
under direction
direction of
of Dennis
Dennis Gonsalves
Gonsalves
1991:
1991: First
First transgenic
transgenic PRSV-resistant
PRSV-resistant papaya
papaya plant
plant
1992:
1992: PRSV
PRSV discovered
discovered in
in Puna
Puna district
district
1992:
1992: First
First field
field trials
trials PRSV-resistant
PRSV-resistant papaya
papaya plants
plants
1994:
1994: USDA
USDA grants
grants permission
permission for
for large
large scale
scale field
field trials
trials
1995-97:
1995-97: Approvals
Approvals for
for release
release from
from USDA,
USDA, EPA,
EPA, FDA
FDA
1992-1997:
1992-1997: PRSV
PRSV takes
takes its
its toll;
toll; many
many farmers
farmers go
go out
out of
of business
business
1998:
1998: Seeds
Seeds released,
released, free
free of
of charge,
charge, to
to growers
growers
2000:
2000: Papaya
Papaya industry
industry bounces
bounces back;
back; crop
crop back
back to
to pre
pre 1995
1995 levels
levels
The story of papaya
ringspot virus
http://www.apsnet.org/education/feature/papaya/Top.htm
http://www.apsnet.org/education/feature/papaya/Top.htm
Bt corn
http://dragon.zoo.utoronto.ca/~jlm-gmf/T0201A/corn1.jpg
http://dragon.zoo.utoronto.ca/~jlm-gmf/T0201A/corn1.jpg
Fusarium
Fusarium ear
ear rot
rot produces
produces fumonisins
fumonisins
Kernel
Kernel rot
rot produces
produces aflatoxin
aflatoxin
http://www.apsnet.org/online/feature/BtCorn/Images/healthy%20ear.JPG
http://www.apsnet.org/online/feature/BtCorn/Images/healthy%20ear.JPG
Bt corn
http://dragon.zoo.utoronto.ca/~jlm-gmf/T0201A/corn1.jpg
http://dragon.zoo.utoronto.ca/~jlm-gmf/T0201A/corn1.jpg
Fusarium
Fusarium ear
ear rot
rot produces
produces fumonisins
fumonisins
Kernel
Kernel rot
rot produces
produces aflatoxin
aflatoxin
http://www.apsnet.org/online/feature/BtCorn/Images/healthy%20ear.JPG
http://www.apsnet.org/online/feature/BtCorn/Images/healthy%20ear.JPG
Molecular methods in plant improvement
No, DNA is broken down into tiny pieces in our digestive tracts
Transfers to gut bacteria have been looked for, but not found
Are GM foods safe to eat?
⇒ Allergy facts
Gene transfer from crops to other plants is now called “gene flow”
http://www.scu.edu/cas/research/images/smecology.jpg
http://www.scu.edu/cas/research/images/smecology.jpg
http://www.newsroom.ucr.edu/images/releases/997_0.jpg
http://www.newsroom.ucr.edu/images/releases/997_0.jpg
⇒ Will GM crops reduce biodiversity?
“The less focused and productive this agriculture is, the more
destructive its effects will be.”
Peter
Peter Raven,
Raven, Director
Director of
of the
the Missouri
Missouri Botanical
Botanical Garden
Garden
Why are attitudes toward GM foods so negative?
Does it matter whether we accept GM crops?
“You people in the developed world are certainly free to debate the
merits of genetically modified foods, but can we please eat first?”
-- Florence Wambugu, 2003