PENGANTAR

BIOTEKNOLOGI
Program MBKM tahun 2021
 Impact of Biotechnology
• Genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
are consumed by millions of people
(especially Americans) EVERY DAY.
– Almost 56% of all soybean plantings
worldwide are genetically engineered (much
higher in the US)
 Defenisi Bioteknologi

Ilmu yang mempelajari tentang cara

pemanfaatan mahluk hidup atau
bagian-bagiannya untuk menghasilkan
atau memodifikasi suatu produk
 What is Biotechnology?
• Biotechnology is the manipulation of living
organisms and organic material to serve
human needs.
• Using scientific methods with organisms to
produce new products or new forms of
organisms
• Any technique that uses living organisms or
substances from those organisms to make
or modify a product, to improve plants or
animals, or to develop microorganisms for
specific uses.
 Contoh Produk Bioteknologi
❑ Produk dari agensia hayati: hasil fermentasi
seperti tempe, tape, tauco (substrat padat), wine,
yoghurt, alkohol (substrat cair)
❑ Produk dari komponen-komponen agensia
hayati misalnya : enzim, hormon, antibioti, DNA,
RNA,
❑ Pemanfaatan bakteri untuk bioremediasi dan
penanggulangan tumpahan minyak di laut
❑ Kloning dan ekspresi gen pada bakteri, tanaman
dan hewan---(Organisme transgenic/GMO)
• Dewasa ini, perkembangan
bioteknologi tidak hanya didasari
pada biologi semata, tetapi juga pada
ilmu-ilmu terapan dan ilmu murni lain
• bioteknologi adalah ilmu terapan yang
menggabungkan berbagai cabang
ilmu dalam proses pembentukan
produk
 Mikrobiologi
Biologi Molekular Biokimia

Genetika Molekular Biologi Sel Rekayasa Proses

Bioteknologi

Diagnosa Kesehatan Industri Kimia

Industri Fermentasi

Industri Farmasi Lingkungan dan Energi

Industri Pangan dan Pakan

 What are the purpose of
biotechnology?
• Produce traditional products in clever
new ways
– Increase crop productivity, meat and milk
production
– Bacteria that produce insulin for treatment of
diabetes
– Modified bacteria that secrete enzymes to
help dissolve oil spills in marine habitats
 What are the purpose of
biotechnology?
• Produce new products (drugs, protein) that did
not exist before
– Diagnostic tests to identify new diseases: covid19
(rapid test)
• Modify genetics to produce organisms with new
„recombinant“ traits
– Plants with resistance to disease and parasites
– Replacing a defective gene in plant, animal or
human
– In vitro fertilization, cloning
 What are the stages of
biotechnology?
ANCIENT/TRADITIONAL
BIOTECHNOLOGY
• Related to food and shelter; includes domestication

CONVENSIONAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
• Built on ancient biotechnology: Fermentation
promoted food production, and medicine

MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY
• Manipulates genetic information from
microorganisms: genetic engineering
 A Biotechnology Timeline

Technology Era Genetic interventions

Early farmers domesticated crops and
About 10 000 years animals from available biodiversity, began to
BC select plant materials for propagation and
Traditional animals for breeding
About 3 000 years Beer brewing, cheese making and wine
BC fermentation
Identification of principles of inheritance by
Late nineteenth
Gregor Mendel, the foundation for classical
century
breeding methods
1930s Development of commercial hybrid crops

Conventional ✓ Use of mutagenesis, tissue culture, plant

regeneration.
1940s to 1960s ✓ Discovery of transformation and transduction.
Discovery by Watson and Crick of the
structure of DNA.
Technology Era Genetic interventions

Advent of gene transfer through recombinant DNA

techniques. Use of embryo rescue and protoplast fusion
1970s
in plant breeding and artificial insemination in animal
reproduction

Insulin as first commercial product from gene transfer.

Tissue culture for mass propagation in plants and embryo
1980s
transfer in animal production.
Transgenic animal and fish production.
Modern
Extensive genetic fingerprinting of a wide range of
organisms.
First field trials of genetically engineered plant varieties in
1990s
1985 followed by the first commercial release in 1994.
Genetically engineered vaccines and hormones and
cloning of animals, marker-assisted breeding

Bioinformatics, genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, gene

2000s
silencing (iRNA)
Genetic Engineering
 Genetics in Practice
• Genetic engineering is used to change
genetic makeup of organisms
– Genes transferred between species
(Transgenic organisms)
– Genes modified and reinserted into same
species
 Genetic Engineering
❑ Gene Manipulation
• Identify a gene from another species which
controls a trait of interest
• Or modify an existing gene
❑ Gene Introduction
• Introduces that gene into an organism
• Technique called transformation
• Forms transgenic organisms
 Genetic Engineering
• Genes are isolated, modified, and inserted into an
organism
• Made possible by recombinant DNA technology
– Cut up DNA and recombine pieces
– Amplify modified pieces
 Discovery of Restriction Enzymes
• Hamilton Smith studied how bacterium
Haemophilus influenzae cut invading viral DNA
• Discovered that bacteria have an enzyme that
chops up viral DNA
 Specific Cuts
• Restriction enzymes cut DNA at a specific
nucleotide sequence
• Cuts leave “sticky ends” on DNA fragments
that pair with matching cuts
DNA Ligase
Making Recombinant DNA
With DNA Ligase

5’ G A A T T C

3’ C T T A A G

one DNA fragment another DNA fragment

5’ G A A T T C 3’

3’ C T T A A G 5’
Making Recombinant DNA
With DNA Ligase

nick
5’ G A A T T C 3’

3’ C T T A A G 5’
nick

DNA ligase action

G A A T T C

C T T A A G
 Using Plasmids
• Plasmid: a small circle of bacterial DNA

• Foreign DNA inserted into plasmid

– is replicated and distributed along with plasmid

• Plasmid becomes a cloning vector

– delivers DNA into another cell
Cloning Vectors
DNA/Plasmid Recombinant
 Genetically Engineered Bacteria
✓ Produce medically valuable proteins

✓ Breakdown environmental contaminants

✓ Designed to survive only under narrow conditions

 Environmental Science
• Use of biotechnology techniques in
environmental science for cleaning
contaminants and protecting endangered
species
– Bioremediation-use of natural organisms to
clean contaminants
 HASIL KEGIATAN BIOTEKNOLOGI
MODERN DI BIDANG PERTANIAN
GMO - Genetically modified organisms
Suatu jasad yang memiliki sifat baru, yang
sebelumnya tidak dimiliki oleh jenis jasad tersebut,
sebagai hasil penambahan gen yang berasal dari
jasad lain. Juga disebut organisme transgenik
Jagung tahan serangga

✓ Racun Bt yang dikandungnya membunuh

cornborer
✓ Gen pengendali produksi racun berasal dari
bakteri

Normal Transgenic
 Transgenic Cotton
• Resistant to herbicides
• Insecticide gene
 Bioteknologi Pertanian
1. Kapas Transgenik

kapas yg dapat membunuh

serangga hama

Bacillus thuringiensis
 GENETICALLY MODIFIED COTTON
FOR INSECT RESISTANCE

Transgenic cotton Non-transgenic cotton

expressing Bt gene
(from soil bacterium Bacillus
thuringiensis)
 Golden Rice

• Scientists transferred
daffodil genes into rice
• Rice with beta-carotene
may help prevent vitamin
A deficiencies
 Bioteknologi Pertanian
Golden Rice Gen pengkode
Vitamin A

Bakteri

Beras yg mengandung
Vitamin A
Beras biasa
 Transgenic Animals

• Early experiments in mice

– Injection of rat gene corrected a growth-
hormone deficiency
– Injection of human growth-hormone gene
produced giant mice

• Human genes are now routinely

transferred into animals to produce
human proteins for use as drugs
Genetically Modified Animals
 Bioteknologi Peternakan
Sapi Transgenik

❖ meningkatkan kandungan
kasein pada susu
❖ Tahan terhadap infeksi
penyakit
❖ Susu yang rendah
laktosa
 Animal Sains
Kloning Domba Dolly

KLONING : Menghasilkan suatu keturunan yg identik

dengan orangtuanya tanpa melalui proses perkawinan
 Transgenic Mouse

• With genes for

fluorescent protein
 Gene Therapy For SCID-X1
• Designed to cure “bubble babies”
– Immune system can’t fight infection
 Gene Therapy For SCID-X1
• Retrovirus inserts normal allele into cultured stem cells
• Modified stem cells returned to child’s bone marrow
• Successfully created immune function
 Xenotransplantation
• Human organs are in short supply
• Pig organs are similar, but human body
rejects them as foreign
• Scientists work to knockout pig genes
that trigger rejection
• Can interspecies transplants introduce
new diseases to humans?
Xenotransplantation
 DNA Sequencing

• Order of fluorescent
bands indicates DNA
sequence
 Polymerase Chain Reaction
(PCR)
• In Vitro DNA Replication using
Polymerase Chain Reaction Machine
✓ Sequence to be copied is heated
✓ Primers are added and bind to ends of single strands
✓ DNA polymerase uses free nucleotides to create
complementary strands
✓ Doubles number of copies of DNA
PCR Steps
 DNA Fingerprints
• Unique array of DNA fragments

• Inherited from parents in Mendelian

fashion

• Even full siblings can be distinguished

from one another by this technique
 Analyzing DNA Fingerprints
• DNA is separated by gel electrophoresis

• Pattern of bands is used to

– Identify or rule out criminal suspects
– Identify bodies
– Determine paternity
A DNA Fingerprint
 DNA Sequence Data
• Evolutionary trends
• Potential therapies for genetic diseases
• Data bases using computer technology
 Problems with Biotechnology
• Transfer of genes found in transgenic organisms
to natural populations.
• Unexpected impacts of genetically modified
organisms and biotechnology processes on
other organisms and the environment
• the safety and ethics of incorporating GMO’s into
food for human consumption (allergens)
Terima
kasih！