Solution of Non-linear Equations

• Secant Method
• Regula-Falsi Method
Secant method
Motivation

“TO FIND ROOT OF NON-LINEAR EQUATIONS WITH

“TOOF
THE HELP FIND ROOT LINES
SECANT OF NON LINEAR
USING EQUATIONS
SECANT WITH
METHOD”
THE HELP OF SECANT LINES USING SECANT METHOD”
FORMULA:
𝑥𝑛−1 𝑓 𝑥𝑛 − 𝑥𝑛 𝑓 𝑥𝑛−1
𝑥𝑛+1 =
𝑓 𝑥𝑛 − 𝑓(𝑥𝑛−1 )

“TO FIND ROOT OF NON LINEAR 𝑛EQUATIONS

≥1 WITH
THE HELP OF SECANT LINES USING SECANT METHOD”
Method:

1. Given/Find two initial guess 𝑥0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥1

2. Use secant formula
𝑥𝑛−1 𝑓 𝑥𝑛 − 𝑥𝑛 𝑓 𝑥𝑛−1
“TO FIND𝑥𝑛+1
ROOT
= OF NON LINEAR EQUATIONS WITH
𝑓 𝑥𝑛 −USING
THE HELP OF SECANT LINES 𝑓(𝑥𝑛−1 )SECANT METHOD”
𝑛≥1
3. Termination criteria
𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦. . .
Example:Find root of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1 by using secant
method with an accuracy of 4dp. Take 0.4 and 0.5 as the initial guess.

1. Given two initial guess 𝑥0 = −10 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥1 = 2

2. Use Regula Falsi Formula: 𝑛 = 1
“TO FIND ROOT𝑥OF 𝑓 NON
𝑥 − 𝑥LINEAR
𝑓 𝑥 EQUATIONS WITH
THE HELP OF SECANT 𝑥2 = LINES USING SECANT METHOD”
0 1 1 0
𝑓 𝑥1 − 𝑓(𝑥0 )
𝑛≥1
𝑓 −10 = 11,109, 𝑓 2 = 9,
𝑥2 = 2.00973, 𝑓 𝑥2 = 𝑓 2.00973 = 9.22559
Repeat for n=2
Example:Find root of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1 by using secant
method with an accuracy of 4dp. Take 0.4 and 0.5 as the initial guess.

𝑛 𝒙𝑛 𝒇(𝒙𝑛 )
0 -10 11,109
1 2 9.0000
2 2.00973 9.22559
“TO FIND
3 ROOT OF1.61183
NON LINEAR 2.54819
EQUATIONS WITH
THE HELP OF 4SECANT LINES
1.45998 USING SECANT
1.10304 METHOD”
5 1.34408 0.29797
6 1.30119 0.05543
7 1.29139 0.00382
8 1.29066 0.00005
9 1.29065 ≈0
Advantages:

1. It converges faster than a linear rate so it is more rapidly

convergent.

2. Required two guesses that do not need to be bracket the root.

3. It doesn’t required the use derivatives of given function.

4. It required one function as compared to Newton method which

require two.
Disadvantages:

1. As secant method is not bracketing so it may not be

always convergent

2. As this method do not know when to stop. It must be

performed several times until the 𝑓 of the current guess is
very small.

3. If function is very flat then secant method can fail.

 1
Q: Find the root of 𝑓 𝑥 = with 𝑥0 = 0, 𝑥1 = 1 by
𝑥+1 2 −2
using

1- Bisection Method

2- Newton Raphson

3- Secant Method
 Regula-Falsi Method
or
False Position Method
Motivation

“TO FIND ROOT OF NON-LINEAR EQUATIONS WITH

“TO
THEFIND
HELPROOT OF NON LINEAR
OF REGULA-FALSI EQUATIONS WITH
METHOD”
THE HELP OF SECANT LINES USING SECANT METHOD”
FORMULA:
𝑥𝑛−1 𝑓 𝑥𝑛 − 𝑥𝑛 𝑓 𝑥𝑛−1
𝑥𝑛+1 =
𝑓 𝑥𝑛 − 𝑓(𝑥𝑛−1 )

“TO FIND ROOT OF NON LINEAR 𝑛EQUATIONS

≥1 WITH
THE HELP OF SECANT LINES USING SECANT METHOD”
Method:

1. Given/Find two initial guess 𝑥0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥1 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑓 𝑥0 𝑓 𝑥1 < 0

2. Use Regula Falsi Formula
𝑥𝑛−1 𝑓 𝑥𝑛 − 𝑥𝑛 𝑓 𝑥𝑛−1
“TO FIND𝑥𝑛+1
ROOT
= OF NON LINEAR EQUATIONS WITH
𝑓 𝑥𝑛 −USING
THE HELP OF SECANT LINES 𝑓(𝑥𝑛−1 )SECANT METHOD”
𝑛≥1
3. Termination criteria

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑡, 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑

Example:Find root of sin 𝑥 = 5𝑥 − 2 by using regula-falsi with an accuracy of
4dp. Take 0.4 and 0.6 as the initial guess.
𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 2
1. Given two initial guess 𝑥0 = 0.4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥1 = 0.6
2. Use Regula-Falsi Formula:
𝑓 0.4 = 0.389, 𝑓 0.6 = −0.435,
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓 𝑥0 𝑓 𝑥1 < 0
For 𝑛 = 1
𝑥0 𝑓 𝑥1 − 𝑥1 𝑓 𝑥0
“TO FIND ROOT
𝑥2 =
OF𝑓 𝑥NON LINEAR
EQUATIONS WITH
1 − 𝑓(𝑥0 )
THE HELP OF SECANT LINES
𝑛 ≥ 1USING SECANT METHOD”
𝑥2 = 0.494, 𝑓 𝑥2 = 𝑓 0.494 = 0.0042
Repeat for 𝑛 = 2
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓 0.6 𝑓 0.494 < 0
0.6(0.0042) − 0.494(0.435)
𝑥3 = = 0.4950
0.0042 + 0.435
𝑓 𝑥3 = 0.00003
Thus required root is 0.4950.
Advantages:

1. Effective alternate to Bisection method.

2. Roots convergence is faster than Bisection method.

3. Computational efforts are less.

4. Always converges.
Disadvantages:

1. Can’t predict number of iteration in advance as in

bisection method.

2. It is slow as compare to secant method.

Compute real roots of by using regula-falsi method of equation
𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑥 − 1.2 = 0 correct up to 4dp.
THANK YOU!!!

HAVE A GREAT
WEEKEND