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W9 Newton's Method
W9 Newton's Method
Suppose you are asked to solve an equation but there is no algebraic method
that will give you the answer?
e.g. Solve the equation 𝑥 𝑥 1 0 (this equation has only one solution)
Newton’s method involves trying to find the tangent to 𝑓 𝑥 which has the
same 𝑥 intercept as 𝑓 𝑥 .
We then find the equation of the tangent to 𝑓 𝑥 at that point and work out
the 𝑥 intercept of the tangent.
So we then use 𝑥 as our new starƟng point and repeat the process
𝟓
IteraƟon 2, using 𝒙 :
𝟔
We can derive a formula for calculating the 𝑥 value at each step to make the
calculations simpler:
At the 𝑛th iteration we can denote the 𝑥 value we are using as 𝑥 , thus the
point on the curve has coordinates 𝑥 , 𝑓 𝑥 and the gradient at this point is
𝑓′ 𝑥 .
Using the formula 𝑦 𝑦 𝑚 𝑥 𝑥 , the tangent has equation:
𝑦 𝑓 𝑥 𝑓′ 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 𝑓 𝑥 𝑓′ 𝑥 𝑥 𝑓′ 𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 𝑓′ 𝑥 𝑥 𝑓′ 𝑥 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
This is the 𝑥 intercept that is used in the next iteration which is the 𝑛 1 𝑡ℎ
iteration.
Newton’s Method:
Using an initial guess of 𝑥 , the 𝑥 intercept of the 𝑛 1 𝑡ℎ tangent is given
by:
𝒇 𝒙𝒏
𝒙𝒏 𝟏 𝒙𝒏 where 𝑛 0,1,2, …
𝒇 𝒙𝒏
Step 4: Calculate 𝑣 𝑥
(either copy the value down or use 𝑣 𝑎𝑛𝑠 )
This value is 𝑥 𝑥
Step 5: Repeat the above step unƟl you get 𝑥
2 answers that are the same to 𝑥
at least 4 decimal places. Once this 𝑥
happens, that answer is the 𝑥
esƟmate of the 𝑥 intercept.
𝒙 𝟐. 𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝑥 𝑥
B. 𝑥
C. 𝑥 𝑥
D. 𝑥
E. 𝑥
If we try and use a value of 𝑥 for which the funcƟon has a staƟonary point
Newton’s method won’t work because the tangent there is parallel to the
𝑥 axis so does not have an 𝑥 intercepts, so we cannot get a value of 𝑥 .